Jharkhand Development Report 2010

Jharkhand in its Ninth Year
A Study for Prabhat Khabar
November 2009
www.in d icus .n et
N DICUS
Indicus Analytics Pvt. Ltd.
Nehru House, 2nd
Floor, 4 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 India
Ph: +91-11-42512400 Email: indic@indicus.net
2

Contents
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................5
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................6
Data Qualification........................................................................................................................................8
Jharkhand – A Review..................................................................................................................................9
State Profile.............................................................................................................................................9
Section I: The Past and Future of Economic Development of Jharkhand...................................................11
Section II: A review of growth and development in the state of Jharkhand..............................................15
Section III: Jharkhand in its Ninth Year......................................................................................................21
Governance in Jharkhand......................................................................................................................21
1. Law and Order...............................................................................................................................21
2. Public Finance ...............................................................................................................................29
Price Movement................................................................................................................................35
Infrastructure.....................................................................................................................................36
B. Jharkhand as a Knowledge Economy................................................................................................44
1. Communication..............................................................................................................................44
2. Educational Institutions.................................................................................................................48
C. Socio Economic Profile .....................................................................................................................53
Demography......................................................................................................................................54
2. Workforce......................................................................................................................................57
3. Basic Necessity...............................................................................................................................59
4. Health............................................................................................................................................64
6. Agriculture.....................................................................................................................................73
.................................................................................................................................................................73
7. Investment Scenario......................................................................................................................76
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8. Consumer markets.........................................................................................................................84
9. Fiscal Status...................................................................................................................................90
Section IV: The Districts of Jharkhand........................................................................................................96
1. Health and Civic Attainment .............................................................................................................97
2. Education...........................................................................................................................................99
3. Demography....................................................................................................................................102
4. Poverty.............................................................................................................................................104
......................................................................................................................................................104
5. Economy..........................................................................................................................................107
6. Overall Performance of the Districts................................................................................................115
Section V: Industrial Profile of Jharkhand ...............................................................................................121
Section VI: Jharkhand’s best and worst constituencies ..........................................................................142
Section VII: Potential Cities – An evaluation............................................................................................145
Section VIII: Ranking of Eastern Zone States............................................................................................148
Section IX: Looking into the Future .........................................................................................................151
Appendix .................................................................................................................................................157
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................165
4

Acknowledgement
First and foremost we would like to acknowledge Prabhat Khabar for initiating and supporting this project for
the fifth consecutive year for the people of Jharkhand. We would also like to thank Shri Harivansh ji for
providing us with insightful information and vision in putting together and backing such a project. We would
like to thank the eminent contributors for taking out their valuable time and sharing their thoughts about
Jharkhand.
Team Members
Dr. Sumita kale
Swati Gupta
Tarrung Kapur
Indicus Analytics, New Delhi
indic@indicus.net
November 2009
5

Introduction
The passing of the Bihar Reorganization Bill gave birth to the 28th
state of the nation, Jharkhand on
November 15th
2000 on the occasion of the birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan Birsa
Munda. Jharkhand as a state is known as a vast reservoir of natural resources in terms of forest areas
as well as minerals. However, in spite of this immense potential, it has not been able to utilize them
properly and is thus counted among the backward states in the country. Its inheritance is considered
to be one of the major reasons for this backwardness which is reflected in the development backlog
over the years. The widespread unrest among the naxal community in recent times has further added
to the problem. It thus puts a challenge before the state to provide good governance and to enable
equitable growth and socio-economic progress. With a population size a third of Bihar and
community-centered traditional ethos of tribal people, it will be relatively easier for the nascent state
to pass on the benefits of growth to its citizens equally.
The present study makes an attempt to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the state, objectively
using government's own data. Various aspects of Jharkhand's economy and the changes therein over
time have been tracked to see the extent of progress in different indicators of growth and
development. In each of the aspects, Jharkhand's status in comparison to other states has been
discussed. Further, a comparative analysis of various districts of the state has also been presented.
Given the importance of industries in engineering the growth of a region, a detailed profile of
industries is done, identifying the largest and fastest growing industries in each district of Jharkhand.
Latest available data from various government and semi-government sources have been used for this
analysis. Since this study is the fifth in the series, data has been updated from the previous edition,
where available.
The study is divided into five sections each dealing with various issues related to development.
Section I is an editorial by Dr. Laveesh Bhandari examining the present socio-economic situation of
Jharkhand.
The second section of the study studies the dependence of state’s economy on agriculture and the
influence of NREGA especially in the year when large part of the state faced drought like situation.
The third section of the study explores the quality of governance, examines knowledge and
communication base as well as the socio-economic profile of Jharkhand.
6

The fourth section of the Study deals with the intra state analysis where the districts of the state are
compared and ranked. The fifth section lays out the industrial profile of Jharkhand identifying the
key growth drivers of industrial sector in each district of the state.
The sixth section provides a comparative picture of the parliamentary constituencies in the state in
terms of various socio-economic and infrastructure based parameters. The seventh section explores
the potential cities of the state and finally the eighth section gives the state rankings in the eastern
zones in terms of socio-economic variables.
Gross domestic product and per capita income of Jharkhand vis-a-vis other states in 2020 has been
discussed in the seventh section.
The states, which are being considered for comparison, are in one way or the other, related to
Jharkhand. We have considered the parent state of Jharkhand, Bihar, new states that were formed at
the same time as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand and the other neighbors of Jharkhand
-West Bengal and Orissa. In some cases, where relevant, we have also considered states that have
performed significantly well in the area being discussed.
The Jharkhand Development Report is a depiction of the current scenario in Jharkhand across
different socio-economic parameters, which will enable readers to understand the various elements
crucial for growth and development in the state. It will also provide an indication to the policy
makers to take constructive steps in those areas where the state is lagging behind.
7

Data Qualification
Jharkhand was formed only eight years ago and generally the different government departments take an
average of two years to release their data. Hence the data for the year 2007-08, and 2008-09 is not available
more majority of the indictors. As a result, for most of the indicators, the latest data we have is for the period
of 2006-07. Hence depending on the availability of the data the analysis has been done from 2001to 2006-07.
Another point worth mentioning is that we have used the revised estimates rather than budgeted estimates
for indicators related to expenditure incurred by the state government on various sectors like education,
health etc. The revised estimates actually gives the estimates which has been revised and is thus an actual
indicator of the amount of expenditure incurred on health and family welfare. The latest year for which the
revised estimate is available is 2006-07.
With a relatively short time span, the data shows a lot of fluctuations during this period. While analysis for
these parameters is being done on the basis of this data, the trends will become clearer with passage of time
and release of the data in forthcoming years.
8

Jharkhand – A Review
State Profile
State Jharkhand
Capital Ranchi
Area (sq. km.) 79,714
Population 2001 29,945,829
Density of Population per sq. km. 338
Average Annual growth rate of population 1991-
2001 (%)
2.1
Annual Per Capita Income 2008-09 (Rs.) Rs. 21,465
Percentage of Urban Population (%) 22.25
Literacy Rate (%), 2007-08 62.1
Number of Districts 24
Number of Towns 152
Number of Villages 32,616
Prominent Cities Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro
Prominent Airports Ranchi
Principal Crops Maize, Rice, Wheat, Pulses
Major Industries
Heavy Engineering, Coal Mining, Tussar Silk,
Steel, IT, Tourism
Gross State Domestic Product Estimates
GSDP at current prices (Rs. crore)
GSDP (Rs. crore) Growth (%)
9

States 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 4244922 5132332 5487891 6322909 6925332 11.80 20.91 6.93 15.22 9.53
Bihar 6617388 7365376 7956001 9976685 11472152 1.86 11.30 8.02 25.40 14.99
Chhattisgarh 3880209 4358904 5099884 5780640 6803595 19.42 12.34 17.00 13.35 17.70
Uttarakhand 2043878 2372001 2617194 2970934 . 10.64 16.05 10.34 13.52 .
Maharashtra 34060005 38629684 43873116 50883615 59099522 13.73 13.42 13.57 15.98 16.15
Punjab 9008860 9666008 10865334 12118925 13846739 9.53 7.29 12.41 11.54 14.26
Tamil Nadu 17537080 20237357 23483693 27691723 30498868 10.89 15.40 16.04 17.92 10.14
Source: Central Statistical Organisation
Note: The current series of GDP is based on the new 1999-2000 series.
10

Section I: The Past and Future of Economic Development of
Jharkhand1
Soon after it was formed, Jharkhand decided to focus on all round economic development, this
involved improving all three – primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Since then there has been
significant learning. Agriculture is not really growing rapidly enough, and it is evident that the state
government does not have the required depth and human and financial capital to be able to finance
a rapid improvement in technology and infrastructure in agriculture. The tertiary sector has a mind
of its own – some services such as telecom are growing rapidly as they are in the rest of the country.
The IT and other business services sectors do not like to locate very far from the major metros and
therefore there is not much that the state can do there.
All of this is not to say that small islands of success have not been found, we do find instances of an
entrepreneur here or a farmer there who has done something out of the ordinary and shown to the
people of Jharkhand and nationally, that despite many inherent disadvantages success is possible.
However, these are at-best minor examples. The economic environment in Jharkhand today is not
one that can enable equitable progress in all major segments of its economy,
Hence large scale manufacturing that is based upon the great mineral wealth of the state appears to
be one area, in which not only can significant employment be generated for the less educated and
untrained, but also generate significant tax and non-tax revenues for the state government to
improve infrastructure and education and health for all. And there-in the government has a major
hurdle - Land.
Both large scale manufacturing and mining industries need large tracts of land. And acquisition of
this land is bound to displace many people from their land that their forefathers have lived in for
many centuries. Moreover, mining has the potential to significantly harm the environment in the
concerned area as well as a large ‘catchments’ area. On top of it, past history of land acquisition has
been extremely poor, and there have been rare cases where it has occurred in a fair manner. My
guess is that in 9 out of 10 cases, the owner has received significantly less than what his due was.
And so there is great opposition to land acquisition; this opposition is from all sources – tribals, civil
society, many political entities, and not to mention the Naxalite groups (who are exploiting this mass
concern to further their own ends). The result is that, no one really believes that large scale
industrialization of Jharkhand is possible in the next decade or so. And this thought is prevalent in
Ranchi, as well as the economic powerhouses in Delhi and Mumbai.
1
Laveesh Bhandari, Director, Indicus Analytics Pvt Ltd
11

When the problem is large, it makes sense to break it into smaller ones and to chip away at it one at
a time. Let us furst address the problem of land.
Jharkhand’s total land area is almost 80,000 square kilometers (79,714 sq. km to be precise). Of this
about 29% (or 24 thousand sq. km) is covered by forests and woodlands. About a quarter is
cultivated, and more than a third is classified as Barren land, waste land, or fallow land.
Only a very small percentage is under industry and urban areas. The point is, that industrialization
and urbanization do not require too much land and are able to generate employment and incomes
disproportionately higher than the quantity of land. My rouguess is that in the next 4-5 decades an
less than 4000 square kilometers are required additionally for all of industry and urban requirements.
Spread over 50 years this translates to about 80 square kilometers that are required or about 0.1% of
land per year. And this should be able to generate income growth of about 10% per annum.
Where will this land come from? Should total forest cover be reduced? Absolutely not. In fact we
need to aim at an increase in forest cover in Jharkhand, and the beauty is that it is possible to do so,
while having rapid economic growth. Countries in Europe are already achieving this – forest cover
in Europe for instance has been increasing by about 0.1% per annum. So how would this be
possible?
First we need to appreciate the occupational structure of Jharkhand – a very large segment of the
population undertakes multiple occupations simultaneously. Incomes from forest, agriculture and
other economic activities supplement each other. Conventional data collection mechanisms are
unable to capture this complexity of life in Jharkhand. In other words, people use land for
agriculture, use forest land for incomes derived from the forest, and may also undertake other
economic activities such as livestock etc. They do this, because incomes from none of these
activities are sufficient to meet their requirements. The solution is therefore to increase income
potential simultaneously from forests and agriculture. Is that possible? The answer is yes.
This might seem strange, but it is true – the greater the incomes from land (whether in forests or
agriculture) the lower will be the dependence on land in Jharkhand! Incomes from the forest are
much more than merely tendu leaf collection – which needs to be stopped anyway. These require
well functioning markets that can aggregate the forest dwellers collections and transfer them to areas
of consumption nationally or internationally. The government knows this but does not really have
the skills to manage this, and only private enterprise will be able to manage this. Greater agriculture
incomes also do not necessarily need fertilizer-pesticide-HYV seeds-irrigation combination. In fact
there is enough demand for organic produce in India and abroad to consume all that agriculturists in
Jharkhand can produce. And this demand is only going to increase in future years.
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Jharkhand should aim at increasing its land area under forests – from 30 to 35% in the next few
decades. And it should also aim at improving the ‘quality’ of its forests.
Land that is uncultivable and barren can be used for manufacturing. But, some of the land under
forests will need to be released for mining and related activities as the minerals are located therein.
What will happen to the dwellers residing there? What about their traditions and culture? There are
two parts to the answer. First, a do-nothing attitude will anyway lead to a rapid degradation of the
forest area to due to the population pressure, widespread migration to distant lands, decline of
traditions and an irreversible break-down of social structure. Second, increasing productivity from
forest related activities can strengthen all that we want to retain. And incomes and revenues
generated from mining and manufacturing can and should be devoted to improving precisely this
aspect of Jharkhand’s economy.
The current conditions are such that if I was dependent upon agriculture and forestry, I would
wholeheartedly oppose urbanization, industrialization and commercialization. For the greater wealth
that they can generate will most probably not benefit me. The solution therefore is to link wealth
creation in the non-traditional (I don’t like to use the word ‘modern’ for mining and industry)
economy with improvements in incomes from the forest and agriculture. To put it another way, if a
mining or manufacturing job provides Rs 5000 per month, occupations related to forests and
agriculture should provide 6 or 7000 per person per month at the very minimum.
For governments therefore the policy objective needs to be a sincere commitment to improving
incomes from traditional occupations. And this will need to be done in a credible manner. The
problem here is, no one really has any faith in Jharkhand’s political and bureaucratic classes’. Hence
the fight is not really a fight of modern vs traditional, or Naxalites vs state, but that of credibility and
sincerity of those who have political and economic power in Jharkhand.
How can this be achieved? The first step is to make a roster of all whose land has been acquired in
the last 60 years. And to ensure that they are properly rehabilitated. Note the emphasis on the word
proper. Providing a few thousand rupees, or a job cleaning the factory floor, is not rehabilitation.
When whole communities are uprooted, they not only need resettlement, but also occupational
outcomes that are in line with the set of skills they possess. Land Banks (where the acquirer buys
pieces of land that are voluntarily available for sale) are one option, converting of fallow or waste
land into cultivable land is another. Both require significant investment, but this is the only option
that is both fair and economically efficient.
Note that rehabilitation can be done by private entities as well as the government. They both need
to be answerable to the people if they fail in doing so. Hence just as the Constitution provides for a
Chief Election Commissioner and a Supreme Court, we need to create a Chief R&R Commissioner
who can take the central or state government to task.
13

The next issue is that of the environment. And here as well the problem can be addressed. Mining
activities the world over are known to cause tremendous damage if proper precautions are not taken.
Moreover, the damage may not be remain contained within the mine’s catchments, but spread to
other parts. The availability of satellite technologies, cheap telecommunications networks, and the
spread of a scientifically oriented civil society have made it possible to monitor the activities of the
commercial sector on a real time basis. A well informed and well empowered environmental
overseeing authority can exercise the right level of control on commercial entities.
Whatever be the problem, there are enough solutions. The critical constraint is absence of faith of
the masses in the sincerity of those who are economically and politically powerful. If this can be
addressed, and I believe it is possible to do so, economic development can go hand in hand with
improving the lifestyles of the masses as well as the environment.
14

Section II: A review of growth and development in the state of
Jharkhand2
In November 2000, the state of Jharkhand came into being as the 28th
state of India. Carved out of
Bihar, the new state had to deal with the burden of a huge backlog of basic development objectives,
a challenge in itself. With per capita
income of Rs. 21,465 in 2008-09,
Jharkhand has come a long way from
its inception, when per capita
income was just Rs. 10,345. It has left
behind its parent state Bihar whose per
capita income in 2008-09 remains a
mere Rs. 12,643. Though income
growth has significant
fluctuations on a year to year basis, the
economy has moved to a higher
growth path since its conception in 2000, with an annual growth rate of 7.8 percent compared to 5.9
percent in the period 1993-94 to 1999-00.
There has been a decline in the poverty levels as the percentage of people living below the poverty
line came down from 44 percent in 1999-00 to 33.15 percent in 2004-05, but this is still a significant
proportion of population whose needs need to be addressed. The ten percentage points reduction is
more than what Bihar has achieved, where poverty rates fell from 41 percent to 33.36 percent over
the same period.
The fastest growing sectors in the economy since 2000 have been communication – with the rise of
the mobile industry, manufacturing in the registered segment mainly and railways. However, the
matter of concern is that the slowest growth has been recorded in agriculture, which forms the
livelihood of 80 percent of the people, and which is still predominantly dependent on rainfall. Net
irrigated area forms just 9.3 percent of net sown area and the vagaries of monsoon hit the economy
hard, causing volatility in the economic growth of the state. An unfortunate trend has been of
declining growth in agriculture - from an annual rate of 3.87 percent in the period 1995-96 to 1999-
00 to a negative 0.6 percent for the period 2000-01 to 2008-09.
2
Sumita Kale, Chief Economist, Indicus Analytics Pvt. Ltd.
15
Sectoral Growth Annualised since 2000
Fastest Growth Slowest growth
Communication 23.0%Mining & quarrying 1.5%
Manufacturing
15.7%
Electricity, gas and water
supply 0.4%
Railways 11.1%Agriculture -0.6%
Economic Growth
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
1994-95 1996-97 1998-99 2000-01 2004-
2005
2006-
2007
2008-09
Jharkhand India

The drought in 2009 has further dealt a blow to the state. With all districts declared drought hit by
July, even though there was some relief in rain later, the situation never recovered to normal. By the
middle of October rice sowing was down 45 percent over the corresponding period last year, maize
sowing was less by 30 percent and coarse cereals by 29 percent. Though there has been
governmental help in the form of free grains for BPL families, subsidies for diesel etc. these are
short term solutions. There has been hardly any increase in the irrigation facilities in the state since
its inception. The need to mitigate the impact of low rainfall in the long term is growing in urgency.
There are a variety of options such as dryland farming techniques, micro irrigation projects etc. that
have not been exercised sufficiently.
With high dependence on agriculture, which is yielding little growth in income and lack of other
employment opportunities in rural areas, the disparity is alarming - annual per capita income in rural
Jharkhand is estimated at Rs. 18,362 while urban areas enjoy per capita income of Rs. 52,860 in
2008-09. The Economic Census of 2005 shows Jharkhand to be the only state with negative growth
in employment over the period 1998-2005. The growth in enterprises, other than those involved in
crop plantation and agriculture was a meagre 3.2%, the second lowest in the country compared to
Madhya Pradesh. Consequently labour has not seen a shift from agriculture to industry or the
tertiary sector, resulting in low growth in rural incomes.
Jharkhand’s large reserves of minerals has attracted industrial investment – Jharkhand is home to
India’s largest steel plants in Bokaro and Jamshedpur. But 92% of manufacturing activity in the state
is recorded in the registered sector, the highest proportion in the country. Employment
opportunities are limited when manufacturing is concentrated in large-scale capital-intensive units.
Schemes such as the NREGA that are meant to provide basic relief to the very poorest have also
been floundering in the state. Even as official statistics (see table at end of section) list the
achievements of the NREGA in great detail, media is rife with reports about the high levels of
corruption in the state eg. Prof. Jean Dreze, member of the Central Employment Guarantee
Council had pointed out in 2008 that the state was amongst the worst performing states in the
countryi
. There are mainly two reasons for the poor state of affairs:
1. Complete lack of trust between the administration and the people. In fact, the state machinery
views any dissent as part of the Naxal mission complicating the matter even more as
independent observers are also mistrusted.
2. Helplessness of rural people – illiteracy, poverty and ignorance of their rights make it difficult
for the ordinary citizen who is the intended beneficiary to even demand the right to work from
the state.
Delayed wage payments were reportedii
in the course of independent observations, payments for
work done more than two years ago were still pending.
The extreme levels of corruption also show up in the Transparency International India’s survey that
reported that BPL families paid Rs. 16 crore in 2008iii
to the police as well as for NREGA, land
16

records, banking and free services such as health, school education, water supply etc. Clearly,
governance is an issue in this state requiring urgent reform, if the basic developmental and growth
profile is to be raised.
The lack of diversified activity and dependence on mining resources shows up in growth in other
sectors also. The services sector contributes just a third of the state income, the lowest share
amongst all states. This is to some extent a result of the large share of mining in the state’s income,
compared to other states. Moreover, the composition of services within the sector shows large share
of transportation and storage facilities, again an offshoot of the mining and industrial sector
requirements, rather than catering to the needs of the people.
This lopsided sectoral pattern is also reflected in other statistics; for example, rail connectivity is
much higher than in other states – a result of the need to organize freight traffic. But the share of
habitations that remain to be linked by pucca roads is almost 41 percent. Again it is ironic that only
32 percent of the households have electricity in a state that has a third of India’s coal reserves and
abundant water resources, and also hosts India’s first multipurpose hydro project, Damodar Valley
Corporation. The provision of electricity, road and telecom connectivity can give the required
impetus to growth in the villages that will reduce inequality by boosting traditional livelihoods in the
small-scale sector. There are significant challenges to overcome here since forests occupy almost 30
percent of the total state area, making accessibility a difficult task. However infrastructure provision
and connectivity in particular are essentials for growth and development to be truly inclusive.
Access to basic facilities like piped drinking water and sanitation services is much below the national
average, an indication that the citizens of the state are still to lead a life with basic modern amenities.
Just 5 percent of rural household have access to toilet facilities, while the corresponding figure for
urban households is 74 percent, the national median levels are 39 and 89 respectively. Bihar
meanwhile shows better, albeit marginally, coverage in rural areas where 16 percent of households
have access to toilet facilities.
The National Family Health Survey III revealed that not even one percent of rural households in
Jharkhand had access to piped drinking water, the safest source of water. Urban households had a
better coverage of 44.4 percent. The situation in Bihar is not very much better – 1.2 percent in rural
areas and 19.8 percent of urban households have access to piped drinking water.
In the social sector, the state has been making inroads into its poor performance of the past. While
literacy rates have risen from less than 40 percent in 1991 to 54 percent in 2001, this level is still
17

lower than the national 65 percent. The gender gap in literacy is another indicator that shows that
much needs to be done to raise the basic levels of development in the state. Less than 40 percent of
the females were literate in the 2001 Census recording, the second lowest rate just above parent state
Bihar. Moreover, even in 2004-05, just 34.84 percent of children had completed primary school. In
Bihar, the state of affairs is even worse at 28.04 percent of the children having completed primary
schooling. Without a basic level in education, it is useless to expect employability in the labour force.
More than 70 percent of the children dropped out of schooling according to the 2004-05
government data. The reasons for dropouts are many. Apart from providing basic facilities in
schools, what is needed is a complete overhaul of the school syllabus and exam system to make
schooling more appropriate for children from diverse backgrounds.
On the health front, there are mixed signals. There has been considerable progress in reducing the
prevalence of leprosy, in treating tuberculosis and in child immunization. For instance, in 1998-99,
just 8.8 percent of children below the age of 2 years received full immunization, by 2005-06 this
share went up to cover 34 percent of the children. But the primary health centres, meant to deliver
health facilities to the poor people are not in a good shape; only 9.8 percent have adequate
infrastructure, compared to 31.8 percent all India. Though the situation in Jharkhand is worse than
Uttarakhand where this share is 27.8 percent, it is far better than Chattisgarh where just 2.8 percent
of the facilities pass muster. Unfortunately the low access to medical care shows up in the infant
mortality rate falling marginally from 54 per 1000 live births to 49 over the same period. The
percentage of births attended to by trained personnel has gone up from 17.5 in 1998-99 to 29
percent in 2005-06, much lower than the national average of 48.3 percent. There has been slower
progress in Bihar where this indicator has risen from 24.8 percent to 30.9 percent over the same
period. Malnutrition in children has increased which is a serious cause of concern.
However, for sustainable and inclusive growth, the precondition is provision of security of life and
property. With more than 60% of its districts under threat from the Naxalites, it is here that the state
faces its biggest challenge today. With police force adjusted for population and for area less than the
national average, it is clear that the state lacks adequate policing strength to deal with the problem.
However, the main issue at stake is the complete withering away of the state and lack of trust in the
government in various districts.
The political leadership in the state was in complete turmoil leading to President’s Rule being
imposed on the state in January 2009. While elections are due, it is unclear whether a clean verdict
and government will take charge. Meanwhile, unless the web of corruption is broken, Jharkhand will
not be able to move into a high sustainable and balanced growth trajectory. The state should shake
away its legacy from Bihar and benchmark its progress with other states that have moved ahead,
18

adopt, for instance, the Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh models for bringing the fruits of growth
to the people. The problem of governance and law and order is of prime importance, in building a
state where the needs of all groups of citizens are addressed effectively.
NREGA status as on October 2009
District Cumulative No.
of HH issued
job cards
(Till the
reporting
month)
Cumulativ
e No. of
HH
demanded
employme
nt (Till the
reporting
month)
Cumulativ
e No. of
HH
provided
employme
nt (Till the
reporting
month)
No. of
HH
workin
g under
NREG
A
during
the
reporti
ng
month
Total
BOKARO 143078 19712 19707 17736
CHATRA 152272 26179 26267 25314
DHANBAD 133655 41961 42093 33650
DUMKA 176940 57420 58704 51500
GARHWA 180520 28929 28944 27072
GIRIDIH 174124 27355 27430 22388
GODDA 185931 34850 34525 33213
GUMLA 178484 44304 44181 38148
HAZARIBAGH 166149 31588 31511 30230
JAMTARA 101037 15324 15301 10051
KODERMA 48446 8465 8428 6710
LATEHAR 110640 11303 11292 10484
LOHARDAGA 67334 21035 21829 17104
PAKUR 140317 55224 65884 63592
PALAMU 203739 28474 28448 24369
RANCHI 262538 33382 33268 30758
SAHEBGANJ 145574 53635 53608 52162
SARAIKELA 124870 32538 32429 30976
19

KHARSAWAN
SIMDEGA 97446 22053 21908 17384
WEST SINGHBHUM 220973 44901 44639 42887
DEOGHAR 172003 66663 66562 52241
EAST SINGHBUM 196879 52279 52259 47426
KHUNTI 82820 12027 11973 10458
RAMGARH 65501 14911 14958 14392
TOTAL 3531270 784512 796148 710245
Source: nrega.nic.in
20

Section III: Jharkhand in its Ninth Year
Governance in Jharkhand
This section explores the effectiveness of governance in Jharkhand. Good governance is the
prerequisite for the overall development of a region. Good governance can be gauged from various
angles like maintenance of law and order, management of finances of the government, control in the
movement in prices and development in infrastructure.
1. Law and Order
a. Value of property stolen & recovered
The manner through which property is secured in a particular region depicts the efficiency of the state in
securing the basic needs of its citizens.
Table A.1 (a): Percentage of stolen property recovered
States 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Jharkhand 20.6 16.2 18.3 16.3 16.2
Bihar 15 15.9 16.5 16 16.2
Uttarakhand 32 27.6 29 29.4 32.1
Chhattisgarh 28.9 33.2 50.7 22.8 41.3
West Bengal 23.7 22.9 22 20.7 16.4
Orissa 39 38.1 39.9 33.4 25.9
India 25.8 19.9 23.9 25.3 26
Source: Crime In India, National Crime Record Bureau, 2007
• In Jharkhand, the percentage of stolen property recovered has reduced from 2006 to
2007. This points to a volatile law and order situation in the state; the government
has not been able to curb this problem effectively.
• However, the percentage recovery of stolen property in Jharkhand is similar to its
parent state, Bihar.
21

• Among the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has been the most efficient in
recovering stolen property followed by Uttarakhand.
• Neighboring states like Orissa and West Bengal also fare well on this front compared
to Jharkhand.
22

b. Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts committed by children below 18 years of age. Since these
criminal acts are related to children who are future citizens of India, juvenile delinquency has
become a major social problem and thus a major concern for the state government. The crimes
committed by the juveniles fall under two categories – under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and
Under Special Laws (SL).
Table A.1 (b): Incidence of crimes committed by Juveniles
States 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Jharkhand 821 821 189 881 475
Bihar 260 214 286 210 1469
Uttarakhand 28 36 23 106 129
Chhattisgarh 1,179 1,819 2,924 2053 2025
West Bengal 106 75 131 99 133
Orissa 219 261 430 430 652
India 25,686 24,985 25,601 25817 33934
• Jharkhand has shown considerable fall in the incidence of crimes committed by the
juveniles between 2006 and 2007. After reaching an extremely high rate of juvenile
delinquencies in the year 2006, the rate has come down to almost half in the year
2007. The government of Jharkhand needs to maintain this rate of improvement to
match up with rest of the states.
• Compared to its parent state, the incidence of juvenile crimes in Jharkhand has
reduced in the year 2007. Bihar has more than three times higher crime rate than that
of Jharkhand.
• Among the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the highest incidence of juvenile
delinquency followed by Jharkhand.
23

c. Incidence of Murder
Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) murders come under the category of violent crimes. The
measure of murder used here includes all reported cases of murder. The incidence of murder in a
particular region indicates the effectiveness of police administration prevalent in that particular
region.
Table A.1 (c): Incidence of Murder
Can you annualize the rate of change in these tables to make it per annum change?
State 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Per
Annum
Change
2001-07
(%)
Jharkhand 1,507 1,482 1,488 1,523 1,492 1617 1.18
Bihar 3,643 3,772 3,948 3,471 3,249 3034 -3.00
Uttarakhand 316 293 262 279 274 268 -2.71
Chhattisgarh 880 797 927 1,013 1,098 1097 3.74
West Bengal 1,594 1,464 1,425 1,453 1,425 1652 0.60
Orissa 987 1,102 1,066 1,079 1,159 1210 3.45
India 36,202 33,821 33,608 32,200 32,481 32318 -1.87
Source: Crime in India, National Crime Record Bureau, 2007
• In Jharkhand the number of reported murders has increased in 2007 compared to
the previous year. Continued efforts to improve policing are needed to bring in good
law & order situation in the state.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has fared well compared to the other
two states.
• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has shown considerable rise in murders since
2001.
24

d. Incidence of Rape
Rape is one of the major crimes against women and incidence of rape in a particular region is an
indicator of the extent of safety provided to them. Over the years the punishment of committing
rape has become stricter with an aim to check this heinous crime. While it is true that crimes against
women are under-reported, the changes over time do reflect the trends. For the present analysis the
number of reported cases of rape in respective years has been considered.
Table A.1 (d): Incidence of Rape
State 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Per
Annual
Change
2001-07
(%)
Jharkhand 567 1,482 797 753 799 855 7.09
Bihar 888 3,772 1,390 1,147 1,232 1555 9.79
Uttarakhand 74 293 115 133 147 117 7.93
Chhattisgarh 959 797 969 990 995 982 0.40
Orissa 790 1,102 770 799 985 939 2.92
India 16,075 33,821 18,233 17,651 19,348 20737 4.34
• Jharkhand reported an increase of about 50.8 percent in the number of rapes in a
time span of six years (2001 to 2007).
• Together Bihar and Jharkhand make this part of eastern India increasingly unsafe for
women in terms of incidence of rape.
• Jharkhand has fared well compared to Uttarakhand where the rate of growth in
incidence is very high. However, it is far behind Chhattisgarh where the rate of
growth in incidence of rape is quite low.
e. Incidence of Crime against Women and Child
25

Crimes against women include rape, kidnapping & abduction, molestation, sexual harassment,
forced prostitution, dowry deaths and importation of girls (NCRB, 2003). Under the Indian Penal
Code (IPC) punishable crimes against children include infanticide, rape, kidnapping & abduction,
foeticide, exposure and abandonment, procuration, selling and buying of girls, forced domestic and
economic duties, and other unnatural duties. For the present discussion, all reported cases of crimes
against women and children in the respective year have been considered.
Table A.1(e): Incidence of Crime against Women and Children
State 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Per
Annum
Change
2001-07
(%)
Jharkhand 2,270 2,601 2,132 1,887 2,641 3,091 3391 6.92
Bihar 5,439 5,800 4,563 6,107 6,134 6,806 8223 7.13
Chhattisgarh 4,574 8,915 4,935 2,307 4,596 4,995 4799 0.80
Uttarakhand 795 897 745 750 862 1,089 1198 7.07
West Bengal 6,737 7,017 4,199 9,244 12,123 13,217 16905 16.57
Orissa 5,425 4,835 4,383 2,744 6,335 6,979 7505 5.56
India 154,609 158,147 144,353 102,504 170,528 183,732 205722 4.88
• Jharkhand registered a decline in the incidence of crime committed against women
and children in 2004 since 2001 but the numbers increased thereafter.
• Among the newer states, Uttarakhand has recorded the lowest incidence of crime
committed against women and children followed by Jharkhand in 2007.
• Jharkhand lies far below its neighbouring states, West Bengal and Orissa as well as
mother state Bihar where the incidence of crime committed against women and
children is considerably high.
26

f. Incidence of Crime against Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes
The Constitution of India provides that the state shall promote the social and economic upliftment
of the weaker sections like Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes. Since Independence, various laws
have been passed to protect them from injustice and exploitation. As per Census 2001, SC & ST
constitute around 40% of the total population of Jharkhand and thus crimes committed against
these sections indicates the lack of equality in the state and ineffectiveness of governance.
The crimes against Schedule Castes/ Schedule Tribes are broadly categorized under two categories
1. Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
It includes crimes like murder, hurt, rape, kidnapping & abduction, dacoity, robbery, arson,
others (other classified IPC crimes)
2. Under Special Laws (SL)
It includes the crimes which come under Protection of Civil Rights Acts, 1955, Prevention of
Atrocities Act 1989.
For the following discussion, all the reported cases of crimes against Schedule Castes and Schedule
Tribes in the respective years have been taken.
Table A.1 (f): Incidence of Crime against SC and ST
State 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Per
Annum
Change
2001-07
(%)
Jharkhand 440 184 249 760 665 538 3.41
Bihar 1,350 1,799 2,691 1,906 2,099 2786 12.83
Uttarakhand 186 134 140 100 69 71 -14.83
Chhattisgarh 987 1,483 1,374 951 1,027 511 -10.39
Orissa 2,468 1,641 1,917 2,041 1,502 1355 -9.51
India 39,718 32,141 32,422 31,840 32,861 30031 -4.55
Source: Crime in India, National Crime Record Bureau, 2007
• Crimes committed against SCs and STs have decreased in 2007 compared to 2006
although the incidence had increased in previous years.
• Jharkhand has far less incidence of crime against SC/ST as compared to its parent
state, Bihar.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has performed well compared to
others.
• Crime against SC/ST has decreased at all India level marginally in 2007.
27

g. Civil and Armed Police Strength
Police force is essential for maintaining law and order, combating crime and regulating traffic. It
is important for a state to have adequate police force, which should keep on increasing with the
increase in population. Development and growth are feasible only when there is peace and order
in the civil life of a state and the presence of a strong police force is essential for enforcing the
law of the land and combating crime.
Table A.1(g) Civil and Armed Police strength
States 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Per
Annum
Change
2001-
07(%)
Jharkhand 8,930 17,659 20,992 24,563 25,730 29,198 21.83
Bihar 48,968 42,707 49,590 51,046 43,273 45,670 -1.16
Uttarakhand 9,092 10,373 12,173 11,947 9,518 9,920 1.46
Chhattisgarh 10,909 12,715 20,350 23,350 18,147 18,710 9.41
West Bengal 61,727 62,343 81,749 80,039 61,393 50,381 -3.33
Orissa 27,392 27,044 35,265 34,911 27,913 27,408 0.01
India 1,015,416 1,025,777 1,337,183 1,342,858 1,091,899 1,095,818 1.28
• The strength of police has increased in Jharkhand in 2007 compared to 2006. This may be attributed
to increased Naxalite movement in the state.
• Other states like West Bengal and Orissa have experienced reduction in the civil and armed police
strengths.
• An important insight derived from the table is that in Jharkhand the strength of police is high. In
spite of this high presence of police personnel in Jharkhand, the crime committed is not low. This
calls for the police strength to be more efficient in maintaining law and order in the state.
28

2. Public Finance
a. Expenditure on Health, and Family Welfare
Health and Family Welfare are crucial inputs into the well being of the population and the
expenditure by the government in this sector indicates how seriously this commitment is taken.
Public health & family welfare are some of the public services provided by the government.
Expenditure in this sector reflects the proportion of total expenditure that the state invests in these
public service.
Table A.2 (a): Share of expenditure on Health and Family Welfare in total disbursements (%)
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 4.9 4.2 3.3 2.9 5.8 6.3 5
Bihar 4.9 4.2 2.9 2.6 2.6 4.4 3.9
Chhattisgarh 4.3 4 0.9 1.3 1.4 3.9 3.8
Madhya
Pradesh 4.1 4.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 4 3.7
Orissa 3.7 3.8 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.4 3.5
Uttar Pradesh 3.6 3.8 0.9 2.1 2.6 6.4 5.2
Uttarakhand 4.4 3.8 0.7 2.3 2.4 4.6 5.5
West Bengal 5 4.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 4.4 4.4
India 4.4 4.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 4.1 4
Source : Reserve Bank of India; Budget Documents of State Governments
• The percentage share of expenditure on health & family welfare in total expenditure has been
higher in Jharkhand than that of other states except Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh where it is
slightly higher. A possible reason might be that as a new state, Jharkhand is in the process of
developing its overall infrastructural facilities for improving human resource potential which
includes setting up hospitals, primary healthcare centres etc.
29

c. Share of expenditure on education to total disbursements
A major priority of governments in developing economies is to build on human capital by
improving access to and the quality of educational facilities to all sections of the society. The
share of expenditure on education in total expenditure of the state budgets is just one indicator
of the commitment of the state to fulfilling this objective.
Table A.2 (b): Share of expenditure on education to total disbursements (%)
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 16.2 19 11.5 11.7 13.5 15.2 15.1
Bihar 20.7 18.4 14.3 13.9 14.2 17.5 16.7
Madhya Pradesh 12.5 12.2 4.2 3.9 4.2 11.9 11.6
Chhattisgarh 12.4 11 3.1 4.5 4.8 13.2 13.5
Orissa 12.4 11 3.1 4.5 4.8 12.6 13.5
Uttar Pradesh 16 14.6 2.9 6.5 8 15.2 14.1
Uttarakhand 21.1 20 3.6 9.2 9 16.9 16.7
India 16.1 15 5 6.3 7.2 14.2 14
Source : Reserve Bank of India; Budget Documents of State Governments
• The share of educational expenditure out of total budget expenditure in Jharkhand
is slightly higher than the All India figure.
• Expenditure on education out of total expenditure in Jharkhand is also
comparatively higher than the newly formed state of Chhattisgarh. However, it is lower than
the proportionate spending on education by the parent state, Bihar.
• Jharkhand also spends larger share of its budget on education compared to its
neighbouring states like Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
30

c. Expenditure on Administration
Expenditure on administration includes the revenue expenditure of the state government in the
administration of the state in the respective year. Administrative activities include activities like
Secretariat-General Services, District Administration Services, Police, Public Works etc. It is an
important measure of the importance given to administrative activities, relative to other budgetary
items.
Table A.2 (c): Percentage of Total Expenditure on Administration
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 10.7 9 7.2 6.7 9.7 9 8.4
Bihar 9.6 8.1 5.3 5.7 5.5 6.8 7.3
Chhattisgarh 6.4 6.4 1.3 1.7 2.4 2.2 1.5
Uttarakhand 9.5 7.4 1.4 4.1 3.7 2.8 3.1
West Bengal 6.5 6.3 1.4 1.8 2 1.4 1.2
Orissa 6.7 4.2 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.1 4.6
India 7.1 6.5 2.2 2.7 3.2 2.2 2.1
Source: Reserve Bank of India , Respective Years
• Jharkhand spends a considerable share of almost 8.4 percent of its total expenditure
on administrative activities.
• Jharkhand spends a larger share of expenditure on administration compared to other
newly formed states and other neighbouring states.
• The percentage share of all India expenditure on administrative activities is also
much lower than Jharkhand’s percentage share.
31

d. Expenditure on the Welfare of SC and ST
The Constitution of India classifies Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) as socially and
economically weaker sections of the society. The state is required to take constructive actions to
empower them. The amount spent on them can indicate how much the state invests in the
upliftment of this section. It includes total actual expenditure made by the government for the
welfare of Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes.
Table A.2 (d): Percentage of Total Expenditure on Welfare of SC and ST
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 5.3 3.2 2.5 3 2.3 2.2 2.0
Bihar 1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8
Chhattisgarh 9.6 8.4 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.3 1.4
Madhya Pradesh 4.4 4.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 0.8 0.7
Orissa 2.2 2 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.4
Uttar Pradesh 1.8 2.3 0.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.9
Uttarakhand 1.2 0.9 0.2 1 1.1 0.8 0.9
West Bengal 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
India 1.9 1.8 0.6 0.9 1 0.8 0.8
Source: Reserve Bank of India, Respective Years
• Jharkhand spends around 2 percent of the total expenditure on the welfare of SCs and STs
which is much higher than the corresponding All-India average figure.
• It should be mentioned that Jharkhand has a significant tribal population and this could be
the reason behind greater expenditure on the welfare of SC/STs.
• Among new states, Chhattisgarh spends a higher proportion of total expenditure on the
welfare of the deprived sections.
e. Expenditure on Development
32

Some of the major heads under development expenditure include social services such as education, medical
and public health.
Table A.2 (e): Percentage of Total Expenditure on Developmental Expenditure
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 63.1 65.5 47.8 50 50.7 55 53.5
Bihar 49.2 47.7 34.3 35.2 36.9 49.4 54.9
Chhattisgarh 62.6 63.5 16.7 22.4 23.6 28.7 20.6
Madhya Pradesh 61.3 58.6 25.3 22.3 23.1 15.7 13.1
Orissa 46.5 46.1 20 22.7 28.1 33 53.3
Uttar Pradesh 47.5 46.7 17.9 23.3 27.1 35.5 19.2
Uttarakhand 61.6 55.8 10.5 32.7 34.7 30.1 33.7
West Bengal 46.7 40 9.6 13.1 14 10.8 11.1
India 54.2 51.2 19.2 24.1 27.1 20.7 21.3
• In Jharkhand almost 53 percent of the total expenditure is being incurred on
development activities in the year 2007-08.
• When we compare the development expenditure of the new states with the older
states we find that generally new states have to make greater expenditure on
development. However, Jharkhand spending towards development is far higher than
the other new states.
• In 2007-08 India spent just 21.3 percent of its total expenditure on development
compared to states like Jharkhand and Bihar, where the proportions crossed 50%
33

f. Grants from the Centre
This indicator looks at the grants received in the year from the Central Government. It shows how
dependent the state is on the Centre for its revenues.
Table A.2 (f): Percentage of Total Revenue Receipts from Grants
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 14.3 25.2 25.1 16.5 20.6 17.4 14.4
Bihar 12.2 15.2 16.2 23.2 21.1 23.6 24.7
Chhattisgarh 11.1 14.5 11.4 17.1 14.9 18.1 22.1
Madhya Pradesh 13.3 13.9 12.4 13.8 14.5 19.1 19.5
Orissa 17.6 21.3 18.2 23.6 27.3 21.7 24.8
Uttar Pradesh 12.9 8.3 7.8 12.7 11.9 13.9 15.6
Uttarakhand 48.4 45.1 43.6 54.9 48.2 39.9 44.7
West Bengal 20.2 15.4 11.4 13.5 13.6 17.7 16.8
India 16.9 16.3 16.2 17.5 18.3 19.2 19.8
• The percentage of grants received by Jharkhand from the Centre has decreased in
2007-08 compared to 2006-07 though it had increased the previous year.
• Among new states, Uttarakhand has the highest dependence on grants compared to
the other two. Being a hilly state, Uttarakhand has topographical and climatic
constraints and needs more investment for achieving the same level of development.
• Jharkhand receives lower grants compared to neighbouring states like Bihar and
Madhya Pradesh.
34

Price Movement
The Consumer Price Index is one of the widely used indicators for assessing the movement of prices
or inflation.
b. Movement of Prices for Industrial Workers
It is based on the Consumer Price Index of industrial workers (CPI – IW). The CPI – IW which also
includes selected services and is measured on the basis of retail prices, and is used to used to
determine the dearness allowance of employees in both the public and private sectors, is the
appropriate indicator of general inflation.3
CPI for industrial workers is released by labour bureau,
Ministry of Labour, Government of India.
Table A.3 (b): Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (District-wise weighted average)
State Percentage Change
(April 2007 to March
2008)
Percentage Change
(April 2008 to
March 2009)
Jharkhand 6.66 8.67
Bihar 6.86 8.68
Delhi 4.85 7.65
Maharashtra 6.19 8.57
Source: Labour bureau
Base: 2001=100
• The percentage change in CPI for industrial workers in Jharkhand is higher than
developed states like Delhi and Maharashtra.
Jharkhand is almost identical to its mother state Bihar in terms of percentage change in CPI for
industrial workers.
3
Economic Survey, 2004-05
35

Infrastructure
a. Road Connectivity
Rural road connectivity is not only a key component of rural development but also an ingredient in
ensuring sustainable poverty reduction. It promotes access to economic and social services by
generating increased agricultural incomes and productive employment opportunities. The Pradhan
Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in the year 2000-01 by the Government of
India to provide all weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations. It aimed to provide
connectivity to all unconnected habitations having population above 1000 by 2003 and for
population above 500 by the end of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2007).
Table A.4 (a): Percentage of Habitations connected by pucca roads
State 2000 2009
Jharkhand 50 59.6
Bihar 30.8 44.0
Chhattisgarh 27.5 76.2
Uttarakhand 48.8 57.7
Orissa 42.1 66.5
West Bengal 30.5 58.5
All India 59.2 72.8
Source: PMGSY, Ministry of Rural Development
• Among newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has witnessed the maximum rise in habitations
being connected by rural roads, followed by Jharkhand.
• A marginal rise in connectivity has been experienced in Jharkhand as well as its parent state
Bihar over a span of eight years. Still more than 40 percent of habitations remain to be
connected by good roads.
• The habitations connected by rural roads in the state is higher than the parent state Bihar.
• Jharkhand has better connectivity than West Bengal among the neighboring states.
36

b. Transport Vehicles
Transport vehicles include all the registered transport vehicles in the state across the given years.
The major transport vehicles include buses, trucks, and taxis among others. It depicts the status of
infrastructure of transportation in the state.
Table A.4 (b): Registered Buses, Trucks, Taxis and Other Vehicles (Per lakh People)
States
2001 2002 2003 2004
Buses/
trucks/
taxis Others
Buses/
trucks/
taxis Others
Buses/
trucks/
taxis Others
Buses/
trucks/
taxis Others
Jharkhand 416 601 424 87 441 101 325 125
Bihar 134 69 138 210 101 110 62 47
Chhattisgarh 278 277 295 305 366 344 288 108
Uttarakhand 348 359 371 366 405 378 300 134
West Bengal 316 43 312 43 463 90 415 45
Orissa 283 156 308 170 339 183 234 151
INDIA 573 400 580 418 660 445 354 324
Source: Department of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
• The penetration of transport vehicles in Jharkhand is more than four times that of
Bihar.
• In Jharkhand the ratio of transport vehicles per million population is better than
other newly formed states.
37

d. Railway Lines
Railways form one of the most widely used transport services in India. It is an extremely efficient
mode of transportation which unites the country economically, politically and culturally. The
increase in route of railway lines within a state reflects how well its cities and villages are internally
connected and also depicts its connectivity with other states. For the present discussion total rail
length in kilometers has been used.
Table A.4 (c): Length of Railway Lines (Kms)
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
2004-
2005
2005-
2006 2006-07
Change
(2001-
07) (%)
Jharkhand 1,797 1,798 1,943 1,941 1,955 1,941 7.43
Bihar 3,429 3,224 3,377 3,379 3,330 3,411 -0.53
Madhya Pradesh 4,845 4,825 4,849 4,905 4,903 4,884 0.80
Chhattisgarh 1,180 1,180 1,159 1,159 1,186 1,185 0.46
Uttarakhand 356 345 345 345 345 345 -3.22
Uttar Pradesh 8,578 8,799 8,566 8,545 8,546 8,575 -0.04
India 63,140 63,122 63,221 63,465 63,332 63,327 0.29
Source: Rajya Sabha Starred Question No. 103, dated 24.10.2008 ; Ministry of Railways, Government of India
• Jharkhand has shown an increasing trend in the growth of length of railway lines over
the years.
• In some states like Bihar, Uttarakhand railway lengths have reduced marginally over the
years.
.
38

d. Movement through Aviation
This indicator includes the number of passengers traveling per year and number of outbound flight
movement per year from the state in the respective years. Development of aviation shows how fast
the state is adapting to the rapid increase in economic growth. Passengers per outbound movement
is the ratio of total number of passengers traveling in a day to the total number of flights going out
in a day.
Table A.4 (d): Passengers per Outbound Movement
State 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkhand 28 38 35
Bihar 52 53 60
Madhya Pradesh 31 43 35
Orissa 46 52 54
Chhattisgarh 44 51 52
West Bengal 84 86 91
India 86 88 88
Source: Airport Authority of India
• The average numbers of passengers traveling in Jharkhand is generally low (less than
40 passengers per flight per day), reflecting on the low levels of economic growth
and development in the state. Compared to Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh fares much
better.
• Among the neighbouring states, West Bengal has much more passengers per
outbound movement than Jharkhand. This reflects the presence of Kolkata, the hub
for transport in the region.
39

e. Households with Electricity and LPG
It includes the total percentage of households having electricity and LPG connections. Along with
economic growth, electricity consumption increases as power has become an integral part of
improved and modernized infrastructure for production as well as consumption. The per capita
consumption of electricity therefore reflects upon the level of such improvement and
modernization, in short, of development.
Table A.4 (e): Percentage of households having LPG connection and Electricity connections across states
State
LPG Electricity
2006 2007 2002-04 2007-08
Jharkhand 17.2 17.1 31.9 32.5
Bihar 13.4 12.7 14.1 21.7
Chhattisgarh 20.1 20.8 63.7 71.2
Uttarakhand 77.7 72.0 66.6 83.4
Maharashtra 54.1 51.8 83.6 77.6
Punjab 87.5 80.9 96.2 98.4
Tamil Nadu 51.1 49.5 87 91.2
INDIA 41.5 39.1 71.6 69.4
Source: District level Household Survey –III, II, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Households in Jharkhand are more likely to have LPG and electricity connections
than Bihar. However, there is significant scope for increasing the coverage of both
LPG and electricity as the all India average stands at 39.1 percent and 69.4 percent
respectively.
• Amongst the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of
households having electricity and LPG connections, followed by Chhattisgarh.
• The higher-ranking states like Maharashtra and Punjab are much better off than
Jharkhand as in Punjab has more than 98 percent of households have electricity.
40

f. Electricity
Electricity has become basic necessity of our daily lives. For the present discussion the percentage
deficit or surplus of electricity supply in relation to its demand has been used. It explains how
effectively the demand of electricity is being met in the state.
Table A.4 (f): Surplus/deficit of Electricity across different States (%)
States
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-
2005
2005-
2006
2006-
2007 2007-08 2008-09
Jharkhand -0.6 -4.2 -2.2 -6.9 -2.4 -10.9 -4.7
Uttarakhand -2.8 -2.1 -3.4 -13.5 -4.3 0 -1
Chhattisgarh -3.3 -2.7 -1.7 -12.9 -18.2 -14.8 -2.6
Punjab -6.3 -2.9 -9 -20.3 -1.2 -12.9 -10.6
Maharashtra -13.6 -10.2 -12.1 -23.1 -30.4 -24.9 -21.4
Bihar -7.8 -22.5 10.1 -15.1 -12.2 -27.8 -16.4
Orissa -2.1 -1.7 -0.8 -1.7 -3.4 -2.3 -1.5
West Bengal -1.4 -2.2 -1.6 -3 -0.7 -6 -3.2
India -9 -7.1 -7.3 -12.3 -13.5 -14.4 -11.1
Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
• Jharkhand was able to meet almost 95 percent of the demand of electricity in the
state during 2008-09. The figures were more impressive in the initial years where they
met almost entire demand.
• Jharkhand has shown much better performance in meeting power demands than
India as a whole.
• Interestingly, Jharkhand’s performance is better than some of the developed states
like Punjab and Maharashtra.
• The neighbouring state of West Bengal has however performed better than
Jharkhand in meeting the demands of electricity.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand leads in meeting the power demand while
Chhattisgarh has taken over Jharkhand in terms of meeting the electricity
requirement in the state.
41

g. Banks
Banks have always been intermediaries of money in an economy. Most of the major transactions in the
economy are done through banks. Higher number of banks in any state reflects the growth in the financial
sector of the state and also its effort made in the direction of achieving financial inclusion among the society.
For this discussion all the banks registered with RBI in the respective years have been taken.
Table A.4 (g): Per capita bank branches across different states
State 2007 2008
Jharkhand 0.5 0.54
Punjab 1.1 1.20
Bihar 0.4 0.40
Tamil Nadu 0.8 0.86
Uttarakhand 1 1.02
India 0.6 0.68
Source: RBI
• Economically developed states like Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have better
banking coverage than Jharkhand.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand has comparatively higher per capita bank
branches compared to the other two states.
• Low number of bank branches will impede the flow of investments and therefore
the government should take constructive steps to address this problem.
42

h. Post Offices
According to the Economic Survey 2003-04 ‘ The Indian postal network is among the largest
networks in the world in terms of areas covered or population served..’ Besides providing access to
affordable means of communication anywhere in the country, it also provides financial services such
as savings accounts, money order transactions, Postal Life Insurance etc. It is actually the largest
bank in India in terms of network, accounts and annual deposits. The number of post offices in the
state is a good measure of the communication and financial services infrastructure .
Table A.4 (h): Post Offices per ten thousand population across states, 2007
State 2005 2007
Jharkhand 1.0 1.0
Bihar 1.0 1.0
Uttarakhand 2.9 2.8
Maharashtra 1.3 1.2
Punjab 1.5 1.5
Tamil Nadu 1.9 1.9
West Bengal 1.1 1.0
Orissa 2.1 2.1
INDIA 1.4 1.4
Source: India Posts, Ministry of communications & IT, Registrar General of India
• The number of post offices per thousand population in Jharkhand is less than that of
the all India average.
• Though the density of post offices in Jharkhand is slightly better than Bihar, it still
lags behind the other new states.
• Uttarakhand, in fact, has the highest post office density, almost two times of the all
India average.
43

B. Jharkhand as a Knowledge Economy
Information is the foundation of any economy. Factors such as the method of provision of
information, its spread and the extent of technical development in an economy, in terms of
accepting and spreading information are crucial in determining the pace of development. This
section assesses Jharkhand’s information base.
1. Communication
Good communication is a key input in the development of any economy. Today telephones, cellular
phones and internet are connecting the country with farthest parts of world. Increasingly various
business and services are being provided through these communication modes.
a. Telephone Connections
Telephone lines play a major role in the communication of any state. It is one of the most easily
accessible and cheap modes of communication. Almost the entire nation today has been covered by
telecommunication network. The present analysis reports the number of telephones per 100
persons.
Table B.1 (a): Telephone Density (%) across states
State
2006
-07 2007-08 2008-09
Jharkhand 3.2 3.4 4.1
Bihar 6.7 11.1 22.1
Chhattisgarh 2.9 3.9 5.1
Uttarakhand 8.4 10.2 11.1
Maharashtra 26.8 36.1 53.6
Tamil Nadu 27.1 40.7 61.1
Punjab 36.8 47.6 61.7
West Bengal 13.9 20.1 33.5
Orissa 8.8 13.4 23.6
India 17.1 24.2 36.9
Source: Annual Report, Department of Telecommunications
44

• Only a little higher than 4 percent people have telephone connections in Jharkhand,
a very low coverage ratio.
• There is tremendous scope for increasing the coverage of telecommunications in
Jharkhand. Even though coverage has increased in the last few years, it is still
considerably lower than the national average.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the highest density of telephone
connections followed by Chhattisgarh.
• Jharkhand’s figures stands much below in comparison to the figures of the
developed states like Punjab, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. In Punjab more than 60
% population has telephone connection.
b. Mobile Connections per 1000 people
Mobile phone technology has rapidly become a necessity in recent years especially in urban areas.
Greater use of mobile telephone is an indicator of a technologically advancing economy and its
growing acceptance among the general population. Further it also indicates how well a state is
adapting to advancing technology and demand for the same especially since the telecom sector has
now been privatized. Mobile density i.e. mobiles per 1000 persons has been used in the present
discussion and it includes all the connections with all the service providers operating in the state in
the respective years.
Table B.1 (b): Mobile Connections per 1000 people
State 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Jharkhand 16.6 19.1 27.2
Bihar 55.8 98.4 210.9
Uttarakhand 46.8 66.6 81.1
West Bengal 50.4 90.9 306.0
India 132.5 203.8 336.8
Source: Annual Report, Department of telecommunications
• Penetration of mobile connections in Jharkhand is significantly lower than all India.
45

• Bihar, its parent state, has almost seven times higher penetration than Jharkhand.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has about 81 mobile connections per
1000 persons followed by Chhattisgarh with 38 mobile connections per 1000 person
c. Internet Users
The Internet has emerged as a new tool of communication for last few years. It is a highly versatile
mode of accessing information. It is used for business promotion, transactions, making contracts
etc. In this discussion all the registered internet connections have been considered.
Table B.1 (c): Internet Connections (per lakh population) across States
State 2001 2002 2003
Jharkhand 83 42 51
Bihar 13 14 22
Chhattisgarh 20 37 43
Uttarakhand 69 126 223
West Bengal 334 163 174
Orissa 50 47 60
Maharashtra 948 789 961
India 347 310 330
Source: Ministry of Telecommunication, Govt. of India.,
Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1733, dated 18.12.2003
• Internet has miniscule prevalence in Jharkhand, but it is much higher than its parent
state. In comparison to the all India average Jharkhand’s internet penetration is not
even one sixth. There is an urgent need to bridge this digital-gap.
• Even though it is one of the newly formed states Uttarakhand, surprisingly has
almost four times penetration of internet than Jharkhand. This difference is probably
on account of high literacy rate in Uttarakhand.
46

2. Educational Institutions
a. Pre-College Institutions/Schools
Pre-college level of education forms the foundation for higher professional education. It also marks
completion of school education. Current discussion includes all the registered pre-college
institutions or schools in the state.
Table B.2 (a): Number of Pre-College Institutions/Schools per Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 817 768 785 802 939
Bihar 629 616 606 598 616
Madhya
Pradesh 1,470 1,665 2,158 2,104 2,158
Chhattisgarh 1,555 2,067 2,143 1,991 2,085
Uttar Pradesh 886 942 990 1,017 1,038
Uttarakhand 2,162 2,171 2,199 2,214 2,241
Maharashtra 1,340 1,375 1,375 861 865
Kerala 419 424 463 459 455
India 1,036 1,099 1,150 1,098 1,083
Source: Selected Educational Statistics, respective years
• Density of pre-college institutes or schools is considerably lower in Jharkhand than
all India average though it has shown a rising trend over the years.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the highest density of pre college
institutes followed by Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
48

b. Higher Educational Institutions/Post School Institutions
The presence of higher educational institutions shows the existence of facilities and denotes ease of
access to higher education. Presence of higher educational institutes is also indicative of the demand
for the higher education. Good educational institutes not only attract students from within the state
but also those from outside. It includes all the registered post=school and higher educational
institutions in the state.
Table B.2 (b): Number of Higher Educational Institutions/Post School Institutions per Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 6 6 5 6 6
Bihar 10 4 10 10 11
Madhya
Pradesh 13 13 17 17 18
Chhattisgarh 12 11 11 19 19
Uttar Pradesh 7 7 11 15 14
Uttarakhand 9 9 13 18 23
Maharashtra 19 19 18 24 23
Kerala 12 12 12 17 16
India 1 13 15 19 19
• Jharkhand has a very low number of higher educational institutions per million
people compared to the newer states.
• It also falls below its parent state, Bihar. The Government should take steps to
increase the access of higher education to its people thereby investing in future
human capital.
49

c. Engineering, Technical & Architecture Institutions
Increasingly economies are becoming more technically advanced which requires technically trained
work force. This makes the presence of technical colleges important to meet this growing demand.
For this discussion all the registered engineering, technological and architecture institutes in the
respective years have been considered.
Table B.2(c): Number of Engineering, Technical & Architecture Institutions per
10 Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 1 2 2 4 3
Bihar 1 1 1 1 1
Madhya Pradesh 5 10 9 11 13
Kerala 20 20 20 30 29
India 9 10 12 14 14
• Jharkhand has a long way to go to have considerable penetration of technically
oriented institutes though the number has increased in 2005-06 compared to
previous years.
• Generally the presence of professional institutes is low in the new states except
Uttarakhand where it has shown a considerable rise. In case of Jharkhand and
Chhattisgarh, it could be attributed to the nascent phase of statehood, making it
difficult to have an adequate infrastructure with respect to professional education.
• However, Jharkhand falls far below states like Kerala where the educational standard
is better than most other states.
50

• Realizing the importance of good quality education, the state government has already
proposed to open an Indian Institute of Technology at Dumka, an Indian Institute
of Management at Bokaro and an Indian Institute of Information Technology at
Hazaribagh.
51

d. Medical Colleges
Health is a public service and hence presence of adequate number of doctors and other nurses etc. is
indispensable for the system to work effectively. For adequate training of medical professional,
proper infrastructure is essential. All the registered medical colleges in the state have been included
in this discussion. Medical colleges cover education in the various systems of medicine practiced in
India – Allopathy, Ayurved, Homeopathy, Unani – as well as colleges offering training in nursing
and pharmacy.
Table B.2 (d): Number of Medical Colleges per 10 Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 1 3 3 2 2
Bihar 3 3 3 3 3
Madhya
Pradesh 4 4 4 15 14
Kerala 12 12 12 37 37
India 7 7 7 18 18
• Jharkhand is far behind the educationally developed states like Kerala.
• Among the newly formed states, Jharkhand has the lowest number of medical
colleges compared to other two states.
• Jharkhand’s figure is also far behind India as a whole.
52

e. Management, Law, IT, Agricultural Colleges
Management, Law , Information Technology and Agricultural Education are specialized courses of
education. Increasingly economies require people with management and legal skills who can provide
consultancy in the growing service sector. This section includes all the registered management, law,
IT and agricultural colleges in the state in the respective years.
Table B.2 (e): Number of Management, Law, IT, Agricultural Colleges perMillion People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2007-07
Jharkhand 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.9
Bihar 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 1.8
Madhya Pradesh 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.2 2.2
Chhattisgarh 1.5 1.5 1.4 2.2 2.5
Uttar Pradesh 0.7 1.5 3.9 3.8 3.3
Uttarakhand 3.2 3.1 3 3 6.2
Maharashtra 1.3 1.3 1.3 4 4.2
Kerala 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.9
India 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3
• In Jharkhand the penetration of management educational institutions is less than the
all India average.
• In 2005-06, the number of management institutes per million students in Jharkhand
has slightly increased, giving some solace to aspiring management students.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has shown comparatively better
performance followed by Chhattisgarh.
C. Socio Economic Profile
53

Demography
a. Population
Population of a particular region refers to the number of people residing within that specified geographical area.
Table C.1 (a): Growth rate of Population (in per cent)
States 2006-102001 2001-05
Jharkhand 26945829 1.77 1.78
Bihar 82998509 1.77 1.78
Chhattisgarh 20833803 1.77 1.76
Uttarakhand 8489349 2.21 2.24
Punjab 24358999 1.12 1.15
Maharashtra 96878627 1.06 1.08
Tamil Nadu 62405679 0.83 0.8
West Bengal 80176197 1.3 1.28
Orissa 36804660 0.89 0.89
India 1028610328 1.55 1.52
Source: Estimated Population, Registrar General of India
• Jharkhand accounts for 2.6 % of India’s Population. However the parent state Bihar
is three times more populated than Jharkhand.
• Average annual population growth in Jharkhand as remained almost same between
the period 2001-05 and 2006-10.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the highest population growth rate
as compared to Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
54

b. Sex Ratio
The sex ratio is measured as number of females per thousand males. Sex ratio is an indicator of the
extent of gender bias prevailing in a particular region and reflects on the extent of discrimination
shown against a girl child.
Table C.1 (b) Sex Ratio, 2001
State 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Jharkhand 919 920 921 922 923
Bihar 913 914 914 914 914
Chhattisgarh 937 939 941 942 943
Uttarakhand 938 939 941 941 942
Maharashtra 944 946 947 948 948
Punjab 905 907 908 909 911
Tamil Nadu 981 982 982 983 983
INDIA 32821 937 938 939 940
Source: Census of India, 2001
• The number of females per thousand males of Jharkhand is lower than India as a
whole.
• In spite of faring better than its mother state, Bihar, and economically better
performing states such as Punjab, Jharkhand trails behind the two other newly
formed states.
• A positive aspect emerges from the fact that the sex ratio in Jharkhand is expected to
show improvement over the period while the sex ratio in parent state Bihar is more
or less stagnant over the years, according to the Census of India projections.
55

c. SC and ST population
The proportion of scheduled castes(SC) and scheduled tribes(ST) residing in a particular region
shows the proportion of backward sections in the entire population. Backward communities need
special progammes and policies aimed at their development to allow these sections to merge with
the mainstream over time.
Table C.1 (c) Percentage of SC & ST population, 2001
States S
C
S
T
Jharkhand 11.8 26.3
Bihar 15.7 0.9
Punjab 28.9 0.0
Tamil Nadu 19.0 1.0
Orissa 16.5 22.1
INDIA 16.2 8.2
• STs constitute a considerable proportion of Jharkhand’s population. This proportion
is more than three times that of all India.
• Among the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the highest proportion of tribal
population followed by Jharkhand,where as Uttarakhand has the highest proportion
of SC population.
• Among Jharkhand’s neighboring states, West Bengal has the highest proportion of
SC population. Orissa is another state with considerable proportion of tribal
population.
56

2. Workforce
The workforce is defined as the percentage of the total population working in return for monetary
incentives. Therefore, it does not include housewives/homemakers, working in a family business
etc., i.e. people enganged in work that does not involve monetary incentives is not included in this
indicator
Table C.2 Percentage of workers in total population, 2001
States Main workers Marginal workers Non-workers
Jharkhand
23.92 13.59 62.48
Bihar 25.37 8.34 66.3
Uttarakhand 27.36 9.56 63.08
Punjab 32.17 5.3 62.53
Maharashtra 35.87 6.63 57.5
Tamil Nadu 38.07 6.6 55.33
West Bengal 28.7 8.1 63.2
Orissa 26.1 12.8 61.1
INDIA 30.43 8.67 60.9
• In Jharkhand, percentage of people who are not workers exceeds that of
Chhattisgarh by almost 10 percentage points. However, the situation in Jharkhand is
very similar to Uttarakhand and India as a whole. Even Punjab, which is one of the
economically developed states, has almost equal share of people who do not fall in
the working category.
.
• Among the three newly formed states, Jharkhand accounts for maximum percentage
of people who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less
than 6 months). The percentage points are almost doubled when compared with the
economically developed states like Punjab and Maharashtra. The percentage of
marginal workers is also much higher than all India average, which is very similar to
Bihar.
57

• Percentage of main workers in the total population in Jharkhand is considerably
lower than the India average. In fact, Jharkhand has the minimum percentage of
people having full employment as compared to all the other states considered. This
could be due to lower avenues for regular employment.
• Overall therefore, lower percentage of people working will lead to greater pressures
on household budgets for meeting basic needs.
58

3. Basic Necessity
a. Head Count Ratio (HCR)
The head-count ratio is computed on the basis of National Sample Survey data on consumption
expenditure. People with an income below a predefined poverty norm( also called poverty line) are
"poor" and the proportion of the poor to the aggregate population defines the head-count ratio.
Symbolically, HCR = q/n * 100 (Where q is the number of persons below poverty line and n is the
total population.)
Table C.3 (a) Head Count Ratio
State 1999-00 2004-05
Jharkhand 43.96 33.15
Bihar 40.92 33.36
Punjab 6.16 4.98
Tamil Nadu 21.12 17.17
Orissa 47.15 40.09
India 26.10 21.76
Source: NSSO 55th
and 61st
(Consumer Expenditure)round, 1999-2000 & 2004-05
• Percentage of population below poverty line is significantly high for Jharkhand,
much higher than that of India as a whole although over the years it has successfully
reduced this percentage.
59

• Among the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the highest percentage of
population below poverty line in 2004-05 followed by Jharkhand.
• When compared with the neighbouring states, Orissa has the highest percentage of
population below poverty line. The HCR of Jharkhand is also higher than that of
Bihar, the mother state.
• Jharkhand is far behind the economically better performing states such as Punjab,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
• Overall, more than two out of every five people cannot meet their basic needs in
Jharkhand. High poverty is reflected in all other measures of socio-economic
development. This calls for constructive steps to be taken by the government to
eradicate the stark poverty.
b. Food Sufficiency
Food Sufficiency is defined as a household where every member has had at least two square meals a
day . This measures the extent of nutritional poverty of a country. India has the largest number of
the absolutely poor. This in turn implies that the number of households not having food sufficiency
is also very high.
Table C.3 (b) Percentage of household without food sufficiency, 2004-05
State
% of households without
food sufficiency
Jharkhand 0.57
Bihar 2.69
Chhattisgarh 2.24
Uttarakhand 0.39
Punjab 0.65
Maharashtra 0.84
Tamil Nadu 0.30
WestBengal 8.91
60

Orissa 5.24
India 1.93
Source: NSSO 61st
(Employment & Unemployment) round
• The percentage of households not getting two square meals per day in Jharkhand is
lower than that of its mother state Bihar. It also trails behind the all India figure.
• Among the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the maximum percentage of
households who live without sufficient food followed by Jharkhand.
• Jharkhand performs much better on this front compared to its neighbours like West
Bengal and Orissa.
61

c. Safe Drinking Water & Sanitation Facility
If a household has access to piped drinking water, it is considered to have access to safe drinking
water. While every household should have the provision of safe drinking water and basic sanitation
facilities in its premises, this facility is not provided for the majority of households in rural areas and
also in many parts of urban centres. The situation is grim in many states and well-governed states are
those who would demonstrate a high proportion of rural and urban households enjoying such
facilities.
Table C.3 (c) Percentage Households using piped drinking water (2005-06)
State Urban Rural
Jharkhand 44.4 0
Bihar 19.8 1.2
Orissa 51.7 1.9
India 71.0 27.9
Source : National Family and Health Survey-III
• Urban Jharkhand performs much better than the urban Bihar in providing their people
access to piped drinking water. However, situation in the rural Jharkhand is alarming with no
household having access to piped drinking water.
• Also both Bihar and Jharkhand have much lower coverage of piped drinking water as
compared to the national average.
62

Table C.3 (d) Households having access to toilet facility in 2005-06
Source : National Family and Health Survey-III
• In terms of providing access to toilet facility to households in urban areas Jharkhand
performs much better than its neighboring states of Orissa and Chhattisgarh. However, the
coverage of toilet facility is abysmally low in rural areas of the state.
• Jharkhand needs to develop the infrastructure facilities in sanitation and water supply which
in turn will raise the health and standard of living of the people.
63
State Urban Rural
Jharkhand 73.7 5.0
Bihar 73.0 16.2
Orissa 58.9 11.3
India 83.1 25.9

4. Health
a. Infant Mortality Rate
Infant mortality rate (IMR) refers to the percentage of infants dying before completing one year of
age. Infancy is a stage when the human body is most susceptible to diseases, and therefore proper
hygiene, care and nutrition are essential. The infant mortality rate can be significantly reduced
through the dissemination of requisite health care for mother and child and is therefore a marker of
a society’s socio-economic development. Reduction in infant mortality is a major policy goal and
thus part of the strategy to achieve health for all in India. The ratio of Male IMR to Female IMR is
an indicator of the extent of gender bias in the society – a higher ratio denoting a more equitable
society.
Table C.4 (a) Infant Mortality rate (IMR)
State IMR(2005) IMR(2006) IMR(2007)
Male
IMR/Female
IMR(2005)
Male
IMR/Female
IMR(2006)
Male
IMR/Female
IMR(2007)
Jharkhand 50 49 48 0.74 0.88 0.96
Bihar 61 60 58 0.97 0.92 0.98
Chhattisgarh 63 61 59 0.98 0.95 0.95
Uttarakhand 42 43 48 0.77 0.95 0.98
West Bengal 38 38 37 0.97 0.93 0.97
Orissa 75 73 71 0.96 0.99 0.97
Maharashtra 36 35 34 0.92 0.97 0.94
Punjab 44 44 43 0.85 0.78 0.93
Tamil Nadu 37 37 35 0.90 0.97 0.94
INDIA 58 57 55 0.92 0.95 0.98
Source: SRS Bulletin, respective years
• The infant mortality rate in Jharkhand has reduced marginally from 50 in 2005 to 48
in 2007.
• Though the ratio of male to female IMR has increased during the same period, it is
still below the national average.
64

• Among the new states, Chhattisgarh has the highest IMR.
• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has very high IMR compared to others.
b. Percentage of assisted births
Percentage of births assisted by trained health professionals. Trained health professional includes
the following: doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor or other health
professional. It does not include dais and other traditional attendants.
Table C.4 (b) Percentage of Assisted Births across different states
State 2002-04 2007-08
Jharkhand 26.7 25
Bihar 25.2 31.9
Punjab 64.2 77.1
Tamil Nadu 89.3 95.6
Orissa 40.3 50.9
India 48 52.6
Source: District Level Household Survey (DLHS III)
• In Jharkhand, the percentage of assisted births has reduced marginally by 1.7
percentage points, since 2002-04.
• In contrast, in Bihar this percentage has increased by 6.7 percentage points.
• Other new states have shown better performance in this context where the
percentage of assisted births has increased by average 2.6 percentage points thereby
depicting improvement of health facilities provided in the state.
65

• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has shown remarkable improvement in health
conditions prevailing than Jharkhand.
• In Tamil Nadu, more than 95 percent of women are assisted by trained personnel
during delivery.
c. Estimated Death Rate
The death rate gives the number of deaths during a year per thousand mid year population and is
also known as the crude death rate. While the death rate gives only a rough indicator of the mortality
situation, it accurately measures the impact of current mortality on population growth. Access to
good quality health services is an important factor in reducing the death rate. Better household
hygiene practices, access to sanitation, and water supply amenities aid in further reduction in death
rate.
Table C.4 (c) Death Rate across different states, 2007
State Death Rate
Jharkhand 7.3
Bihar 7.5
Chhattisgarh 8.1
Uttarakhand 6.8
West Bengal 6.3
Orissa 9.2
Maharashtra 6.6
Punjab 7.0
Tamil Nadu 7.2
INDIA 7.4
Source: Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletin
• The average death rate of Jharkhand is slightly lower than that of India as a whole.
• The death rate of Jharkhand is slightly more than that of Maharashtra, Punjab and
Tamil Nadu.
66

• Amongst the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the highest death rate followed
by Jharkhand.
• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has a high death rate of 9.2 percent.
5. Education
a. Literacy rate
The Literacy Rate is measured as a percentage of population aged seven years and above who are
able to read and write simple sentences. As per the Census, literacy is defined as the ability to read
and write the person’s name and to form simple sentences. Higher literacy levels in a state denote
rising socio-economic development and universal literacy is a crucial step towards achieving overall
progress.
Table C.5 (a) Literacy Rate across different states
States 2002-04 2007-08
Jharkhand 56.4 62.1
Bihar 51 58.7
Punjab 70.6 75.9
Kerala 89.3 92.9
Orissa 62.8 69.2
India 67.2 71.9
Source: District Level Household Survey III, II
• Jharkhand has a comparatively lower literacy rate with just 62% people being
literate and falls below the all India figure.
• Though the state performs better than its mother state, Bihar, it trails behind the
newly formed states. Amongst the three, Uttarakhand fares the best with almost
three fourths of the population being literate.
67

• The high performing states like Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal, have more than
70% literate population.
• In other words, Jharkhand has a long way to go if it is to achieve its socioeconomic
development goals. The state should avail the benefits of various literacy campaigns
introduced from time to time by the central government.
b. Proportion of 10 plus children having completed Primary Education
Primary schools are up to either standard IV or V in different states and as per the formal education
system a child between the ages 9 and 11 years would have ordinarily completed the primary level of
education. Thus the primary school completion rate is the percentage of children in the age group 10
to 12 years who have completed this level of education. This ratio measures educational attainment
based on enrolment at the right age and timely completion of primary school. Thus a higher
percentage of timely completion of primary schooling gives an indication that the programmes and
plans of the government are effective.
Table C.5 (b) Percentage of Children having completed primary schooling across different states,
2004-2005
States
Primary Completion
Rate (%)
Jharkhand 34.84
Bihar 28.04
Chhattisgarh 32.16
Uttarakhand 44.87
Maharashtra 49.08
Punjab 47.90
Kerala 61.86
West Bengal 49.81
Orissa 49.67
India 42.50
Source: NSSO 61st round
(Employment & Unemployment)
68

• The earlier the children complete primary school, the more they can learn at higher
levels of schooling. In Jharkhand barely a third of the 10 year olds have completed
primary education. Though it is better than some neighboring states in this respect,
its primary educational system needs strengthening to achieve levels as in other parts
of the country
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the highest proportion of children
completing primary schooling within the given age group followed by Jharkhand.
• Jharkhand also falls far below other neighbouring states like West Bengal and Orissa.
• Jharkhand also falls behind the high-ranking states like Maharashtra and Punjab.
• Primary school completion rate is a very good proxy for the quality of education that
is being provided in state schools. The figures suggest that primary educational
institutions are not being able to provide education that will (i) retain the children in
school, and (ii) provide them with education that their parents consider beneficial
enough to send their children to school.
c. Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and middle school
Gender disparity in education is a concern in India. This ratio measures disparity at two levels of
formal education. It is the ratio of number of girls enrolled in a particular level to the number of
boys enrolled in a particular level.
Table C.5 (c) Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and middle school
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Bihar 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Chhattisgarh 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9
Uttarakhand 1 1 1 0.9 0.9 1.0
West Bengal 0.9 0.9 1 1 0.9 1.0
Orissa 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
India 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
69

• The ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and middle school for Jharkhand has
remained stagnant since the last 3 years. The ratio is below the India level.
• The ratio of girls to boys in Jharkhand is higher than its mother state Bihar.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand has minimum gender bias in the state which is
reflected in the higher ratio of girls to boys enrolment in primary and middle
schooling. Uttarakhand is followed by Jharkhand.
70

d. Pupil Teacher Ratio
The pupil teacher ratio is defined as the number of students attended by a teacher. It reflects the
degree up to which a teacher can devote personalized attention to his pupils. Adequate trained
teachers are essential for the educational upliftment. It takes into account all the teachers teaching
and the students enrolled in higher educational levels i.e. secondary, senior secondary or
intermediate schools.
Table C.5 (d) Pupil Teacher Ratio across different states
State 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhand 24 26 24 24 28
Bihar 18 20 18 19 17
West Bengal 31 30 29 30 29
Orissa 18 17 17 17 18
INDIA 21 22 22 25 26
• Lower pupil teacher ratio is an indication of better quality of education. The pupil teacher
ratio in Jharkhand has shown a marginal increase over the years, which calls for attracting
talented and committed individuals to take up teaching as profession.
• Among the new states, Jharkhand has the lowest pupil teacher ratio followed by
Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand.
• Jharkhand performs at par with India in terms of Pupil-Teacher Ratio at the higher
educational level.
71

e. Total expenditure of Education Department on Primary & Middle Level
This variable measures the per person expenditure made by the government on primary and middle
level education. As a social and development sector issue it is important that the government spends
adequately on this aspect.
Table C.5 (e) Total Expenditure on primary and middle level education per child in 6-14 years
age group, (Rs. Per Person)
State 2005-06
Jharkhand 1,821
Bihar 1,393
Chhattisgarh 1,788
Maharashtra 2,301
Punjab 1,189
Orissa 1,743
West Bengal 1,279
India 1,810
Source : Analysis of budgeted expenditure on education, Ministry of HRD
• The expenditure on primary and middle education per person for Jharkhand is
higher than that of Bihar. The expenditure is also higher than that of Chhattisgarh in
2005-06.
• At about 1800 Rupees per head, the expenditure incurred by the Jharkhand state
government on primary and middle school education is much less than that of
higher-ranking states like Maharashtra.
• The expenditure incurred by the state is a little higher than the national average.
72

Jharkhand Development Report 2010

Jharkhand Development Report 2010

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Jharkhand Development Report 2010