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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
“The crux of the variety of reports implying a
direct or stimulating link between function and
size is that tissue size is not an inheritable trait per
se. Instead, the tissues and the organs which they
comprise have a predetermined capacity to modify
their sizes in response to the changing
physiological conditions which impact these tissues
and organs.”
Alphonse R.Burdi,
Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INTRODUCTION
(Chaconas)
There are two types of forces used in orthodontics:
Orthodontic or tooth-moving forces, and
orthopedic forces that affect the deeper craniofacial
structures.
Orthodontic forces are those that are applied to
the teeth by the wires of removable and fixed
appliances. The force produced by adjustments to
these wires ranges from 1 to 5 ounces, where as
orthopedic forces are much greater.www.indiandentalacademy.com
DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS:(Pfeiffer&Grobety)
Treatment directed towards altering the
relationship of the bony elements of the jaws and the
pattern of activity of the oro-facial musculature.
ORTHOPEDICS (Bioprogressive therapy; JCO 1978
Jan)
Orthopedics implies any manipulation that alters
the skeletal system and associated motor organs.
From the practical stand point, in the growing child,
orthopedic alteration would be any manipulation
which would change the normal growth of the
dentofacial complex in either direction or amount.www.indiandentalacademy.com
The alteration of facial and skeletal
configuration can be accomplished using 3
methods: (Graber, Rakosi, Petrovic)
1) Functional appliances:
Are designed to change the patients pattern of
function, alter the jaw relationships, and reprogram the
neuro musculature, thus altering the functional matrix
of the face.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2) Orthopedic appliances:
Are designed to transfer force as directly as possible
to the facial skeletal components.Forces generated may
be much higher than those used for orthodontic tooth
movement.
The appliances effectively influence sutural changes
and bone growth. If used at an early age, functional
appliances favorably alter the continuing facial growth
pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3) Orthognathic surgery:
In which the orthodontist cooperates with an oral and
maxillofacial surgeon and the treatment plan involves
the surgical repositioning of the jaws and skeletal
components of the face, is another option.
The use of functional and orthopedic appliances is
highly growth dependent, and patients are best treated
with these appliances at the earliest possible age.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
EDWARD ANGLE and his followers believed that broad
skeletal changes could be produced by orthodontic
treatment. Any thing was possible, they believed, because
malocclusions developed from “environmental factors”.
HISTORY OF ORTHOPEDICS:
(In 1920)
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Early studies by BRODIE and others in the late 1940s
and 1950s suggested that the skeletal pattern could not
be altered significantly. The concepts of “the stability
of pattern” was developed, reducing orthodontics
primarily to dentoalveolar changes.
In 1936 a paper by OPPENHEIM revived the idea that
headgear would serve as a valuable adjunct to
treatment.
1940 the cephalometrics available, did not support the
ANGLE’S concept.
After world war II, SILAS KLOEHN’S impressive results
with headgear treatment of class II malocclusion
became widely known.
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GOULD has shown how changes in the inclination of the
face bow affect the direction of the force and ultimately the
direction of tooth movement. (AJO 1957)
GREENSPAN presented reference charts elaborating the
different moments and forces produced with the various
headgear designs.(AJO 1970)
In 1971 ARMSTRONG demonstrated the importance of the
precise control of magnitude, direction, and duration of extra
oral force to increase its efficiency and effectiveness in
treating malocclusions in the late mixed dentition.(AJO1971)
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CROSS BITE:
•Posterior cross bite bilateral or unilateral due to
maxillary hypoplasia.
Transverse: (maxilla)
Clinical conditions requiring orthopedics:
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CLASS-II MALOCCLUSIONS:
•Prognathic maxilla
•Retrognathism of mandible,
•Combination type.
Antero-posterior:
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CLAS-III MALOCCLUSIONS:
•Mandibular Prognathism
•Maxillary deficiency,
•Combination types.
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•OPEN BITE
Skeletal open bite
•Vertical maxillary excess
.
Vertical:
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DEEP BITE:
•Skeletal deep bite.
*Anterior forward rotation of the mandible
*Retroclination of maxillary base.
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ORTHOPEDIC APPLIANCES FOR
TRANSVERSE PROBLEMS
1. Palatal expansion in primary and early mixed dentition:
• W-arch
• Quad helix
• Fixed Jack screw
2. Palatal expansion in late mixed dentition:
• Palatal expanders- banded, bonded acrylic to teeth
• Hyrax
NiTi-palatal expanderwww.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthopedic Appliances to correct antero
posterior variations:-
Extra oral traction:
Headgears-
•Cervical pull headgear.
•High pull headgear.
•Combination type.
•Protraction headgear.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional jaw orthopedics:
•Class-II functional aplliances
Removable functional appliances
Fixed functional appliances
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthopedic treatment for vertical
excess:
•High pull headgear to the molars.
•High pull headgear to a maxillary splint .
•Straight pull headgear.
•Functional appliance with bite blocks.
•High pull headgear to a functional appliance with bite
blocks.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Maxillary deficiency:
•The Delaire type facemask
•Maxillary protraction headgear
•Functional appliance for maxillary protraction
The Frankel III appliance
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mandibular excess:
•Class-III Functional appliances
•Chin cup treatment
Occipital pull chin cup
Vertical pull chin cup
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Treatment for transverse
skeletal expansion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Haas type expander
Hyrax expander
Minn-expander
NiTi palatal expander
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The final expansion seen is usually a combination of skeletal
and dental expansion.
Palatal expansion:
The CR of the palatal bones, lies above the line of
application of force (which is at the cusps of the molar
teeth). Hence tendency for palatal shelves to rotate
buccally in the transverse dimension.www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. Anteroposteriorly, the opening of the midpalatal
suture is parallel; inferosuperiorly, the opening is
triangular with the apex being in the nasal cavity.
2. The central incisors react as expected, considering
that they are linked by elastic transseptal fibers. As the
suture opens, the crowns converge while the roots
diverge. When the crowns come into contact, the
continued pull of the fibers causes the roots to
converge toward their original axial inclinations. During
this cycle, which usually takes about 4 months, the axial
inclination of these teeth may vacillate as much as 50
degrees.
(AJO-DO 1970 Mar Andrew J Haas)
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4. When the midpalatal suture opens, the maxilla
always moves forward and downward. This is probably
due to the disposition of the maxillocranial sutures.
Sicher calls attention to the fact that these sutures are
oriented in such a manner that growth would produce a
downward and forward vector of maxillary movement.
3. The alveolar processes bend and move laterally
with the maxillae, while the palatal processes swing
inferiorly at their free margin. The effect is a dental arch
expansion and an increase in intranasal capacity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. The change in maxillary posture invariably
causes a downward and backward rotation of the
mandible which decreases the effective length of the
mandible and increases the vertical dimension of the
lower face.
Since these hafting zone sutures are disengaged by the
palatal expansion procedure, an effect similar to
immediate growth is manifested in a downward and
forward displacement of the maxilla.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT IN
ANTEROPOSTERIOR
DIMENSION:
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Headgear:-
Headgear is a common term for an appliance that is
used for delivering a posteriorly directed extra oral
force to the maxilla. It used in orthodontics to modify
growth of maxilla, to distalize and protract maxillary
teeth, or to reinforce anchorage.
When headgear is used for skeletal modifications,in
growth modification, heavier forces are recommended.
Such heavier forces bring about actions (compress) on
the sutures of the maxilla, changing the magnitude and
direction of their growth, and modifying the pattern of
bone apposition at these sites, while the mandible grow
normally (catch up with maxilla).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Headgear should usually be worn for at least 8 to 14
hr/day to achieve successful results. For orthopedic
changes forces used are in the range of 250 to 500 g per
side, and for dental movements they are in the range of
100 to 200 g per side.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The efficient use of the headgear requires a sound knowledge
of basic biomechanics. Understanding how to control the
direction and magnitude of the forces produced by various
headgear designs is paramount in achieving desirable clinical
results.
A headgear can deliver only a net single, simple force. A force
is a vector quantity, having both a magnitude and a direction. It
has a point of application. In addition, it has a line of action. An
important principle in analyzing the force system for a headgear
is the relationship to the center of resistance of maxilla or the
first molar. A force passing through the center of resistance
causes pure translation in the direction of the line of the force.
Any other force produces translation and a rotation with a
moment.
Biomechanics of Headgear
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Center of resistance (CR)
Maxillary first molar
Entire maxilla
Entire maxillary teeth
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If the LF is moved superiorly, the CRot
moves coronally, and one gets a
counterclockwise moment.
When the LF is applied through the
CR, the object translates (all points of
the object move the same distance
along parallel lines).
Conversely, a more inferiorly
positioned line of force will displace the
CRot apically, creating a clockwise
moment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The magnitude of the moment produced by the
headgear is calculated by multiplying the
perpendicular distance (P) from the LF to the CR by
the magnitude of the force. Thus, for a given force, the
greater the distance from the CR that the force is
applied, the greater will be the moment.
M=Fxd
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The cervical headgear is applied in early treatment of C-II
malocclusions to inhibit forward displacement of the maxilla or
maxillary teeth, while the rest of the dentofacial structures
continue their normal growth. This can cause a change in the
intermaxillary relationship from C-II to C-I. Change in molar
relation due not so much to the distal force, but to the
clockwise moment that very effectively tips the molar crown
distally.
Disadvantages: causes extrusion of upper
molars, but desirable in patients with short
lower facial heights.
Cervical headgear(Kloehn)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The effect of cervical
headgear:
1. To erupt entire upper jaw,
2. To tend to move upper jaw,
3. To steepen the plane of occlusion
(positive movement),
4. A first order moment tending to
rotate each segment mesial out,
distal in,
5. Because of the elastic properties of
the inner bow, an expansile force to
the upper jaw. www.indiandentalacademy.com
When the outer bow lies along
the line of force (LFO), no
moment occurs, and the force
system will be reduced to a
bodily moment in a posterior
and extrusive direction.
If the outer bow is placed
above this line, the moment
produced by the force will be
in a counter clockwise
direction.
Bio mechanics of cervical headgear:
www.indiandentalacademy.com
If the outer bow adjusted
below this line, the moment
created will be clockwise.
Shorter outer bow, there is
tendency to steepen the
occlusal plane.
Longer outer bow, there is
tendency to flatten the
occlusal plane. www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PROTRACTION HEADGEAR:
1) Hickam chincup.
2) Delaire face mask.
Protraction headgear is used for skeletal and dental
protraction of the maxilla in C-III malocclusions caused by a
maxillary deficiency.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biomechanics of protraction headgear:
Protraction headgear exerts a mesial force on the
maxilla below the center of resistance with an equal and
opposite reciprocal force on the chin and forehead. The
force on the chin may cause a change in the posture of
the mandible that may effect its direction of growth.
The counter clockwise moment on the maxilla and
dentition caused by the line of force acting below the
center of resistance leads to a tendency for extrusion of
the maxillary posterior teeth with an associated opening
of the bite.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Straight-pull headgear:
This style headgear is a combination of the high-pull and
cervical headgear, with the advantage of increased
versatality.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Uses:
• This is a choice in a C-II malocclusion with no vertical
problems.
• To prevent anterior migration of maxillary teeth, or possibly
translate them posteriorly.
Advantage:
• It produces an essentially pure posterior translatory force. It
is accomplished by placing the LFO through the CR, parallel to
the occlusal plane.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biomechanics of straight-pull headgear:
Outer bow above LFO; will produce
a posterior force, counter
clockwise rotation, and most often
an intrusive force.
If the LFO cants up anteriorly
(attachment site of elastic is lower
on headcap than at outer bow); an
extrusive force will be produced.
If the outer bow is below LFO; the
force produced will be posterior
and superior and attachment will
be in a clockwise direction.www.indiandentalacademy.com
ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT FOR
VERTICAL PROBLEMS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
HIGH PULL HEADGEAR
This consists of a typical face
bow (inner & outer bow) and a
harness, which fits over the
occiput of the head.
It is commonly used in class-
II correction in which
controlling anterior open bite
tendencies is part of problem.
This style headgear always
produces an intrusive and
posterior direction of pull, due
to the position of the headcap.www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biomechanics of high-pull headgear:
If the outer bow is placed anterior to the
LFO, either above or below the occlusal
plane level, the moment produced will be
in a clockwise direction. The magnitude of
this moment will be proportional to the
distance of the outer bow to the CR.
If a distal and intrusive movement with no
moment is desired, the outer bow must be
placed some where along the LFO. This
force system would be beneficial in a log-
face C-II patients with a high mandibular
plane angle, where intrusion of maxillary
molars would decrease facial height and
improve the facial profile.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Short outer bow angulated high, this
results in a force system at the unit’s
CR with a moment that tends to flatten
the occlusal plane and distal and
intrusive force components.
The headgear forces line of action
passes through the unit’s center of
resistance with longer outer bow, no
moment at CR & therefore no change
in the cant of the occlusal plane,
intrusive and distal components of the
force are acting.
With longer outer bow, steepens plane of occlusion and a force
with intrusive and distal components.such system might be
necessary for class-II open bite patients.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Vertical-pull headgear:
The main purpose of this headgear is to produce an
intrusive direction of force to maxillary teeth, with
posteriorly directed forces.
It is very useful when pure intrusion of buccal
segments is required, as in the class-I open bite patient,
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bio mechanics of vertical pull headgear:
•If the bow is hooked to the headcap
so that the line of force is
perpendicular to the occlusal plane
and through the CR, pure intrusion
may take place.
•If the outer bow placed anywhere in
the anterior compartment,-counter
clockwise moment;intrusive and
posterior force.
•If the outer bow placed anywhere in
the posterior section,-clockwise
moment,vertical intrusive &
horizontal forward forces
www.indiandentalacademy.com
High pull headgear to a maxillary
splint:
Used when a child with excessive vertical
development of the entire maxillary arch and too
much exposure of the maxillary incisors from beneath
the lip.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Treatment for vertical mandibular excess
Chincup treatment: occipital pull chin cup; vertical pull
chiun cup
Occipital pull chin cup
Soft elastic appliance Interlandi-type appliance
Used in patients with short lower anterior facial height, pull of chin
cup is below the condyle.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Vertical pull chin cup
Unitek design Summit design
It results in a decrease in the mandibular plane angle, & gonial
angle; and increase in posterior facial height.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CONCLUSION
Understanding how to control the direction
and magnitude of the forces produced by various
orthopedic appliances is paramount in achieving
desirable clinical results.
Decreasing the patients length of treatment
and improving the treatment results would be
the two benefits derived from applying well-
planned force systems.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
For more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com

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Orthopedic biomechanics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

  • 1. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 2. “The crux of the variety of reports implying a direct or stimulating link between function and size is that tissue size is not an inheritable trait per se. Instead, the tissues and the organs which they comprise have a predetermined capacity to modify their sizes in response to the changing physiological conditions which impact these tissues and organs.” Alphonse R.Burdi, Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 3. INTRODUCTION (Chaconas) There are two types of forces used in orthodontics: Orthodontic or tooth-moving forces, and orthopedic forces that affect the deeper craniofacial structures. Orthodontic forces are those that are applied to the teeth by the wires of removable and fixed appliances. The force produced by adjustments to these wires ranges from 1 to 5 ounces, where as orthopedic forces are much greater.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 4. DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS:(Pfeiffer&Grobety) Treatment directed towards altering the relationship of the bony elements of the jaws and the pattern of activity of the oro-facial musculature. ORTHOPEDICS (Bioprogressive therapy; JCO 1978 Jan) Orthopedics implies any manipulation that alters the skeletal system and associated motor organs. From the practical stand point, in the growing child, orthopedic alteration would be any manipulation which would change the normal growth of the dentofacial complex in either direction or amount.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 5. The alteration of facial and skeletal configuration can be accomplished using 3 methods: (Graber, Rakosi, Petrovic) 1) Functional appliances: Are designed to change the patients pattern of function, alter the jaw relationships, and reprogram the neuro musculature, thus altering the functional matrix of the face. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 6. 2) Orthopedic appliances: Are designed to transfer force as directly as possible to the facial skeletal components.Forces generated may be much higher than those used for orthodontic tooth movement. The appliances effectively influence sutural changes and bone growth. If used at an early age, functional appliances favorably alter the continuing facial growth pattern. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 7. 3) Orthognathic surgery: In which the orthodontist cooperates with an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and the treatment plan involves the surgical repositioning of the jaws and skeletal components of the face, is another option. The use of functional and orthopedic appliances is highly growth dependent, and patients are best treated with these appliances at the earliest possible age. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 8. EDWARD ANGLE and his followers believed that broad skeletal changes could be produced by orthodontic treatment. Any thing was possible, they believed, because malocclusions developed from “environmental factors”. HISTORY OF ORTHOPEDICS: (In 1920) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 9. Early studies by BRODIE and others in the late 1940s and 1950s suggested that the skeletal pattern could not be altered significantly. The concepts of “the stability of pattern” was developed, reducing orthodontics primarily to dentoalveolar changes. In 1936 a paper by OPPENHEIM revived the idea that headgear would serve as a valuable adjunct to treatment. 1940 the cephalometrics available, did not support the ANGLE’S concept. After world war II, SILAS KLOEHN’S impressive results with headgear treatment of class II malocclusion became widely known. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 10. GOULD has shown how changes in the inclination of the face bow affect the direction of the force and ultimately the direction of tooth movement. (AJO 1957) GREENSPAN presented reference charts elaborating the different moments and forces produced with the various headgear designs.(AJO 1970) In 1971 ARMSTRONG demonstrated the importance of the precise control of magnitude, direction, and duration of extra oral force to increase its efficiency and effectiveness in treating malocclusions in the late mixed dentition.(AJO1971) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 11. CROSS BITE: •Posterior cross bite bilateral or unilateral due to maxillary hypoplasia. Transverse: (maxilla) Clinical conditions requiring orthopedics: www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 12. CLASS-II MALOCCLUSIONS: •Prognathic maxilla •Retrognathism of mandible, •Combination type. Antero-posterior: www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 13. CLAS-III MALOCCLUSIONS: •Mandibular Prognathism •Maxillary deficiency, •Combination types. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 14. •OPEN BITE Skeletal open bite •Vertical maxillary excess . Vertical: www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 15. DEEP BITE: •Skeletal deep bite. *Anterior forward rotation of the mandible *Retroclination of maxillary base. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 16. ORTHOPEDIC APPLIANCES FOR TRANSVERSE PROBLEMS 1. Palatal expansion in primary and early mixed dentition: • W-arch • Quad helix • Fixed Jack screw 2. Palatal expansion in late mixed dentition: • Palatal expanders- banded, bonded acrylic to teeth • Hyrax NiTi-palatal expanderwww.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 17. Orthopedic Appliances to correct antero posterior variations:- Extra oral traction: Headgears- •Cervical pull headgear. •High pull headgear. •Combination type. •Protraction headgear. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 18. Functional jaw orthopedics: •Class-II functional aplliances Removable functional appliances Fixed functional appliances www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 19. Orthopedic treatment for vertical excess: •High pull headgear to the molars. •High pull headgear to a maxillary splint . •Straight pull headgear. •Functional appliance with bite blocks. •High pull headgear to a functional appliance with bite blocks. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 20. Maxillary deficiency: •The Delaire type facemask •Maxillary protraction headgear •Functional appliance for maxillary protraction The Frankel III appliance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 21. Mandibular excess: •Class-III Functional appliances •Chin cup treatment Occipital pull chin cup Vertical pull chin cup www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 22. Treatment for transverse skeletal expansion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 23. Haas type expander Hyrax expander Minn-expander NiTi palatal expander www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 24. The final expansion seen is usually a combination of skeletal and dental expansion. Palatal expansion: The CR of the palatal bones, lies above the line of application of force (which is at the cusps of the molar teeth). Hence tendency for palatal shelves to rotate buccally in the transverse dimension.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 25. 1. Anteroposteriorly, the opening of the midpalatal suture is parallel; inferosuperiorly, the opening is triangular with the apex being in the nasal cavity. 2. The central incisors react as expected, considering that they are linked by elastic transseptal fibers. As the suture opens, the crowns converge while the roots diverge. When the crowns come into contact, the continued pull of the fibers causes the roots to converge toward their original axial inclinations. During this cycle, which usually takes about 4 months, the axial inclination of these teeth may vacillate as much as 50 degrees. (AJO-DO 1970 Mar Andrew J Haas) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 26. 4. When the midpalatal suture opens, the maxilla always moves forward and downward. This is probably due to the disposition of the maxillocranial sutures. Sicher calls attention to the fact that these sutures are oriented in such a manner that growth would produce a downward and forward vector of maxillary movement. 3. The alveolar processes bend and move laterally with the maxillae, while the palatal processes swing inferiorly at their free margin. The effect is a dental arch expansion and an increase in intranasal capacity. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 27. 5. The change in maxillary posture invariably causes a downward and backward rotation of the mandible which decreases the effective length of the mandible and increases the vertical dimension of the lower face. Since these hafting zone sutures are disengaged by the palatal expansion procedure, an effect similar to immediate growth is manifested in a downward and forward displacement of the maxilla. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 29. Headgear:- Headgear is a common term for an appliance that is used for delivering a posteriorly directed extra oral force to the maxilla. It used in orthodontics to modify growth of maxilla, to distalize and protract maxillary teeth, or to reinforce anchorage. When headgear is used for skeletal modifications,in growth modification, heavier forces are recommended. Such heavier forces bring about actions (compress) on the sutures of the maxilla, changing the magnitude and direction of their growth, and modifying the pattern of bone apposition at these sites, while the mandible grow normally (catch up with maxilla). www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 30. Headgear should usually be worn for at least 8 to 14 hr/day to achieve successful results. For orthopedic changes forces used are in the range of 250 to 500 g per side, and for dental movements they are in the range of 100 to 200 g per side. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 31. The efficient use of the headgear requires a sound knowledge of basic biomechanics. Understanding how to control the direction and magnitude of the forces produced by various headgear designs is paramount in achieving desirable clinical results. A headgear can deliver only a net single, simple force. A force is a vector quantity, having both a magnitude and a direction. It has a point of application. In addition, it has a line of action. An important principle in analyzing the force system for a headgear is the relationship to the center of resistance of maxilla or the first molar. A force passing through the center of resistance causes pure translation in the direction of the line of the force. Any other force produces translation and a rotation with a moment. Biomechanics of Headgear www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 32. Center of resistance (CR) Maxillary first molar Entire maxilla Entire maxillary teeth www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 33. If the LF is moved superiorly, the CRot moves coronally, and one gets a counterclockwise moment. When the LF is applied through the CR, the object translates (all points of the object move the same distance along parallel lines). Conversely, a more inferiorly positioned line of force will displace the CRot apically, creating a clockwise moment. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 34. The magnitude of the moment produced by the headgear is calculated by multiplying the perpendicular distance (P) from the LF to the CR by the magnitude of the force. Thus, for a given force, the greater the distance from the CR that the force is applied, the greater will be the moment. M=Fxd www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 35. The cervical headgear is applied in early treatment of C-II malocclusions to inhibit forward displacement of the maxilla or maxillary teeth, while the rest of the dentofacial structures continue their normal growth. This can cause a change in the intermaxillary relationship from C-II to C-I. Change in molar relation due not so much to the distal force, but to the clockwise moment that very effectively tips the molar crown distally. Disadvantages: causes extrusion of upper molars, but desirable in patients with short lower facial heights. Cervical headgear(Kloehn) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 36. The effect of cervical headgear: 1. To erupt entire upper jaw, 2. To tend to move upper jaw, 3. To steepen the plane of occlusion (positive movement), 4. A first order moment tending to rotate each segment mesial out, distal in, 5. Because of the elastic properties of the inner bow, an expansile force to the upper jaw. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 37. When the outer bow lies along the line of force (LFO), no moment occurs, and the force system will be reduced to a bodily moment in a posterior and extrusive direction. If the outer bow is placed above this line, the moment produced by the force will be in a counter clockwise direction. Bio mechanics of cervical headgear: www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 38. If the outer bow adjusted below this line, the moment created will be clockwise. Shorter outer bow, there is tendency to steepen the occlusal plane. Longer outer bow, there is tendency to flatten the occlusal plane. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 40. PROTRACTION HEADGEAR: 1) Hickam chincup. 2) Delaire face mask. Protraction headgear is used for skeletal and dental protraction of the maxilla in C-III malocclusions caused by a maxillary deficiency. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 41. Biomechanics of protraction headgear: Protraction headgear exerts a mesial force on the maxilla below the center of resistance with an equal and opposite reciprocal force on the chin and forehead. The force on the chin may cause a change in the posture of the mandible that may effect its direction of growth. The counter clockwise moment on the maxilla and dentition caused by the line of force acting below the center of resistance leads to a tendency for extrusion of the maxillary posterior teeth with an associated opening of the bite. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 42. Straight-pull headgear: This style headgear is a combination of the high-pull and cervical headgear, with the advantage of increased versatality. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 43. Uses: • This is a choice in a C-II malocclusion with no vertical problems. • To prevent anterior migration of maxillary teeth, or possibly translate them posteriorly. Advantage: • It produces an essentially pure posterior translatory force. It is accomplished by placing the LFO through the CR, parallel to the occlusal plane. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 44. Biomechanics of straight-pull headgear: Outer bow above LFO; will produce a posterior force, counter clockwise rotation, and most often an intrusive force. If the LFO cants up anteriorly (attachment site of elastic is lower on headcap than at outer bow); an extrusive force will be produced. If the outer bow is below LFO; the force produced will be posterior and superior and attachment will be in a clockwise direction.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 45. ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT FOR VERTICAL PROBLEMS www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 46. HIGH PULL HEADGEAR This consists of a typical face bow (inner & outer bow) and a harness, which fits over the occiput of the head. It is commonly used in class- II correction in which controlling anterior open bite tendencies is part of problem. This style headgear always produces an intrusive and posterior direction of pull, due to the position of the headcap.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 47. Biomechanics of high-pull headgear: If the outer bow is placed anterior to the LFO, either above or below the occlusal plane level, the moment produced will be in a clockwise direction. The magnitude of this moment will be proportional to the distance of the outer bow to the CR. If a distal and intrusive movement with no moment is desired, the outer bow must be placed some where along the LFO. This force system would be beneficial in a log- face C-II patients with a high mandibular plane angle, where intrusion of maxillary molars would decrease facial height and improve the facial profile. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 48. Short outer bow angulated high, this results in a force system at the unit’s CR with a moment that tends to flatten the occlusal plane and distal and intrusive force components. The headgear forces line of action passes through the unit’s center of resistance with longer outer bow, no moment at CR & therefore no change in the cant of the occlusal plane, intrusive and distal components of the force are acting. With longer outer bow, steepens plane of occlusion and a force with intrusive and distal components.such system might be necessary for class-II open bite patients. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 49. Vertical-pull headgear: The main purpose of this headgear is to produce an intrusive direction of force to maxillary teeth, with posteriorly directed forces. It is very useful when pure intrusion of buccal segments is required, as in the class-I open bite patient, www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 50. Bio mechanics of vertical pull headgear: •If the bow is hooked to the headcap so that the line of force is perpendicular to the occlusal plane and through the CR, pure intrusion may take place. •If the outer bow placed anywhere in the anterior compartment,-counter clockwise moment;intrusive and posterior force. •If the outer bow placed anywhere in the posterior section,-clockwise moment,vertical intrusive & horizontal forward forces www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 51. High pull headgear to a maxillary splint: Used when a child with excessive vertical development of the entire maxillary arch and too much exposure of the maxillary incisors from beneath the lip. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 52. Treatment for vertical mandibular excess Chincup treatment: occipital pull chin cup; vertical pull chiun cup Occipital pull chin cup Soft elastic appliance Interlandi-type appliance Used in patients with short lower anterior facial height, pull of chin cup is below the condyle. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 53. Vertical pull chin cup Unitek design Summit design It results in a decrease in the mandibular plane angle, & gonial angle; and increase in posterior facial height. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 55. CONCLUSION Understanding how to control the direction and magnitude of the forces produced by various orthopedic appliances is paramount in achieving desirable clinical results. Decreasing the patients length of treatment and improving the treatment results would be the two benefits derived from applying well- planned force systems. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 56. www.indiandentalacademy.com For more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com