orthodontic brackets - part 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

EVOLUTION OF
ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com


All contemporary fixed appliance are

based on the Angles design from the 20 th

centaury

“Father Of Orthodontist”


Pierre Fauchard’s Orthodontic
appliance-1728


Dwinelles Jackscrew-1849


Angle’s Jackscrew


Angles Retraction screw


According To Angle-
A standard appliance must have five
important properties-
1. Simple
2. Stable
3. Efficiency
4. Delicate
5. Inconspicuous


Historical perspective
In 1907 - E-arch

Four basic designs-
1. Basic E arch.
2. Ribbed E arch.
3. E arch without threaded ends.
4. E arch with hooks.


The E Arch appliance
Basic E arch Ribbed E Arch


E Arch Without Treaded Ends


E Arch With Hooks


Drawback

Dentition was enlarged in all dimensions
by tipping

Once the retention appliance was
discarded various degree of malocclusion
resulted

Pin and tube-1910
Bands were put on all the
teeth with a vertical tube into
which soldered pin from the
archwire was placed .

Advantage-good axial
control

Disadvantage -limited m-d
control
-difficult

The Ribbon Arch-1915
Brackets were
introduced with
appliance.
Tube of the pin was
modified to provide
vertically positioned
rectangular slot.
A ribbon arch of 10x20
gold wire was placed in
this slot .

BRACKET-was introduced by
BRACKET-
DR E H ANGLE 1916

THUROW-as an orthodontic attachment
secured to a tooth for the purpose of
engaging an arch wire .

As an attachment that serves to deliver
the necessary tooth moving forces .


Edgewise Appliance
Angle oriented the slot
from vertical to
horizontal and inserted
rectangular wire into it.

This provided the
solution to the problems
caused by the previous
appliance


Begg Appliance
This was developed by Dr P.R.Begg 1956

It utilizes the ribbon arch type brackets
and was manufactured to accept 016’
round wire
Wire was held in position with the lock
pins


Begg Appliance
Bracket design –
-modified ribbon arch
bracket
- .020 x .045 slot


Begg Appliance
Lock pins –
Safety lock pins
Double safety pin
Hook pin


Evolution of the edgewise brackets
Original angle bracket was
made up of a soft gold with .
22 x .28 slot.

It was .050 wide and was
soldered to gold band
material .

Angle soldered gold eyelets
in appropriate positions on
the band.

To overcome this problem –
two edgewise brackets were used on
the same tooth

This provide a good rotational control.

Disadvantage-perfect alignment.


Twin Bracket
Joining together of two edgewise brackets
“SIAMESE TWIN BRACKET”
The space between two brackets was
approx 0.050
Initially for upper central incisors and
molars.
Terminology was changed to -“TWIN
BRACKET”.

Twin Bracket
They are available in four sizes-
1. Extra wide
2. Standard
3. Intermediate
4. Junior
Solid bracket-posterior bracket
0.100’” wide in dimension.


Twin Brackets


Curved Base Twin Bracket
Curving of the base of the twin bracket to
conform to the curvature of the canine and
the premolar teeth.
Besides the advantage of twin bracket
offering rotational and greater axial control
it also incorporated what is termed as
“ POSITIVE CONTROL”


Curved Base Twin Bracket


Rotational control of twin bracket
The actual mechanism is by deflection of
the archwire.

The more resilient the archwire the more
readily it can be tied into the twin bracket.

However 100% control cannot be obtained

Final 10% desired rotation has to
accomplished by additional means.

Lewis bracket
This was the next development for
bringing about efficient tooth rotation.
He soldered auxiliary rotation arm that
abutted against the bracket itself and thus
offered a lever arm to deflect archwire and
rotate the teeth.
Present day lewis bracket is a one piece
bracket with rotational wings which is
equivalent to original edgewise bracket
with single width feature.

Regular Lewis
Bracket


Lewis bracket
Advantage –
1. 100% desired tooth
rotation .
2. Overcorrection
3. Error in bracket placement .

Curved Lewis bracket
advantage-
1. Increase contact with band .
2. Reduces trapping of the
food. www.indiandentalacademy.com

Lewis bracket
Vertical slot lewis bracket
further refinement was
done by incorporating a 020
x020 vertical slot

Advantage-
uprighting spring to correct
axial inclination.


Steiner bracket

This bracket incorporated flexible rotation
arms and therefore did not rely entirely on
the resiliency of archwire for tooth rotation.

It uses a single width edgewise bracket
and has the inherent advantage and
disadvantage of the same .

Broussard Bracket
Was designed by “Grayford broussard”
Modified edgewise bracket in which there
is addition of 0.0185 x 0.046 slot –to
accept 0.018 auxiliary wire
Brackets are patented by the R.M.
company .
Utilizes the two force technique.


Broussard Bracket
Features –
-quick wing
-vertical slot
-round corners, smooth surface
-two horizontal slot
-special torque brackets.- 0,7 ˚,17˚,22˚
-insert pin


The Straight Wire Appliance
Andrews classified brackets into three types-

1. Non programmed appliance-a set of brackets
designed the same for all tooth types ,relying
totally on wire bending.

2. Partly programmed appliance- a set of
brackets designed with some in built
features ,but always require some wire
bending.

3. Fully programmed appliance- a set of
brackets designed to guide teeth directly
to their goal positions with unbent wires.

Standard brackets.

Transition brackets.


Terminologies


Non Programmed Edgewise
Bracket Feature


Design shortcomings –
1. Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.
2. Bracket bases are not contoured.
3. Slots are not angulated
4. Bracket stem are of equal faciolingual
thickness.
5. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.
6. Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.


1. Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.
-this feature causes problems of slot inclination
and occlusogingival position


2. Bracket bases are
not contoured.
- Occlosogingivally
the base of a non-
programmed
brackets is flat .


Slots are not angulated
Mesio distal


3. Slots are not angulated-


4. Bracket stem are of
equal faciolingual
thickness.
-


5. Maxillary molar
offset is not built in.


6. Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.
Various authors have their own way of
positioning the brackets.

-Tweed recommends sitting brackets in
specified number of millimeters from the incisal
edge.

-Holdaway advocates that the bracket sitting
should altered according to the malocclusion


According to Jarabak bracket sites for
inclination should be determined by the
shape of the crown.

Saltzman recommends except for the
maxillary lateral incisor ,brackets should
be located in the middle third of the crown.


1. According to Andrews suitable bracket
site has three criteria-

 No interference with either gingiva or
with opposing tooth.
 Angulation and inclination of the crown .
 Middle of each bracket site must share
the same plane of surface when the
teeth in the arch are optimally positioned.

Fully programmed appliance-

- Slot-siting feature

- Convenience feature

- Auxiliary feature


Slot siting feature-
Feature 1- mid transverse planes of the slot

stem and crown must be the
same.
Feature 2-base of the bracket for each tooth
type must have same inclination
as the facial plane of the
crown.

Feature 4- mid sagittal plane of the slot
stem and crown must be same.

Feature 5 -the plane of the bracket base at
its base point must be identical to
the facial plane of the crown at the
FA point.

Feature 6 - base should match the m-d
contour of the tooth.

Feature 7 - the vertical component should
be parallel to one another.

Feature 8 – all slots point must have same
distance between them and
the crown embrasure line.


Convenience feature-.
1. The gingival tie wings of the post
Brackets extend farther laterally .
2. Base are inclined .
3. Facial surface of the incisor and canine
brackets are designed to parallel their
bases.
4. In mandibular brackets the tie wings are
designed with least amount occlusofacial
prominence
5. Bracket identification.

Convenience feature-


Auxiliary feature –
- Power arms
- Hooks
- Face bow tubes
- Utility tubes
- Rotational wings


Fully programmed translation brackets-
 Are used when bodily movement of the
teeth is required .
 If they are not available ,teeth will not be
within 2˚ or 0.5 mm of where they should
be at the conclusion of the treatment .
 They have all the qualities of the standard
brackets plus few other feature .


Counterbuccolingual tip- a slot sitting
feature for maxillary molar that
counteracts buccolingual tip during
translation and then overcorrect.
Countermesiodistal tip –a slot siting
feature that counteracts mesial or distal
tipping during translation and then
overcorrects.
Counterrotation – a slot siting feature that
counteracts rotation during translation and
then overcorrects ,

Translation problems –
Translation- “uniform movement of the
body in a straight line”.

However bracket is placed in wrong
place in two ways-
1. It is occlusal .
2. It is located laterally .

Translation problems


Lever Effects Of An
Optimal


Translation solutions-
lever


Lever common to all
edgewise brackets


Counterrotation
Slot rotation plus mesiodistal slot length plus
archwire flex plus mesial or distal force equals
counterrotation and rotation overcorrection.


Countermesiodistal
tip
Slot angulation plus
mesiodistal slot length
plus power arm length
plus activated
archwire and


•Counter mesio distal tip


Counterbuccolingual tip


Translation bracket categories –
1. Minimum translation brackets –requiring
a translation of 2 mm or less
2. Medium translation brackets – requiring
a translation of more than 2mm but less
than 4 mm
3. Maximum translation brackets -requiring
a translation of more than 4 mm.


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orthodontic brackets - part 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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