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OCCLUSAL PLANE
IN ORTHODONTICS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION
Occlusal plane
Functional occlusal plane
 SIGNIFICANCE OF OCCLUSAL PLANE
 DIFFERENT OCCLUSAL PLANES
 EXTENT OF OCCLUSAL PLANE
 OCCLUSAL CURVES
 LOCATING THE OCCLUSAL PLANE
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 CANT OF THE OCCLUSAL PLANE
 OCCLUSAL PLANE IN DIAGNOSIS
 OCCLUSAL PLANE IN TREATRMENT
PLANNING
 OCCLUSAL PLANE SUBSTITUTES
 CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION
In orthodontics various planes are used as
reference planes in diagnosis and
treatment planning
The occlusal plane in being the plane of
dentition occupies a prime position in
cephalometrics ,treatment mechanics
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DEFINITION-various authors
 Enlow:
Occlusal plane
“A line passing through one half of the cusp
heights of the first permanent molars and one
half of the overbite of the incisors”
Functional occlusal plane
A horizontal line from the posterior most
occlusal contact of the last fully erupted
mandibular molars extending anteriorly to the
anterior most occlusal contact of the fully
erupted premolars
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CHACONAS:
“Denture plane
which bisects the
posterior occlusion of
the permanent molars
and premolars and
extends anteriorly”
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DOWN”S:
Occlusal plane is the line
bisecting the overlapping cusps
of the first molars and incisor
overbite
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OKASON:
The plane of occlusion is an
imaginary line touching the incisal
edges of the maxillary anterior
teeth and the cusps of the
maxillary posterior teeth
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HARVOLD:
Defines the functional occlusal plane as
the line which represents the functional
table of occlusion in the first permanent
molar, second pre molar and first pre
molars areas
The level and inclination of the functional
occlusal plane is the result of the neuro
muscular growth and developmental
forces acting on the dentition
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SIGNIFICANCE OF OCCLUSAL
PLANE
The configuration of the occlusal plane is
important as slight variations will lead to
occlusal instability.
It should be in harmony with other
components of the masticatory system.
It forms the basis by which occlusal
surfaces of teeth can be related to one
another and to other structures of the
head. www.indiandentalacademy.com
OCCLUSAL PLANE
Occlusal plane or plane of occlusion refers
to a imaginary surface that theoretically
touches the incisal edges of the incisors
and the tips of the occluding surfaces of
the posterior teeth.
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OCCLUSAL CANT
It is defined as
the rotation of the
object in its
longitudinal
plane.
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OCCLUSAL LINE
By definition a line is one which connects
two points in space
Occlusal line refers to the line connecting
the overlap of the first permanent molars
and incisors
In orthodontics the terms occlusal plane
and occlusal line are used interchangingly
and can mean one or the other
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Different occlusal planes
 Thayers in 1990 AJO has given three
different occlusal planes.they are
Bisected occlusal plane
Functional occlusal plane
Lower incisor occlusal plane
Upper occlusal plane
Lower occlusal plane
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BISECTED OCCLUSAL
PLANE
Occlusal plane in
this case refers to
a bisecting line
through overlap of
distobuccal cusps
of first permanent
molars and
incisors
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FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL PLANE
The functional occlusal
plane refers to the line
bisecting the molars and
premolars
It passes posteriorly
through the Xi point
Anteriorly it passes
slightly below the lip
embrasure
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LOWER INCISOR OCCLUSAL
PLANE
Lower incisor
occlusal plane refers
to line drawn from bi
section of
distobuccal cusps of
first permanent
molars to tip of lower
incisor
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Upper occlusal plane
connects the incisal edges of the the
upper central incisors with a point 0.5 mm
occlusal to the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the
first permanent molar
Lower occlusal plane
connects the incisal edges of the
lower central incisors with a point 0.5 mm
occlusal to the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the
first permanent molar
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Esthetic plane of occlusion
The upper incisor lies commonly 3mm
below a relaxed upper lip. So a line joining
this point and distobuccal cusp tip of the
upper first molar represents the esthetic
occlusal plane
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Treatment plane of occlusion
There are two occlusal planes ,the
upper and lower .The treatment occlusal
plane may take either as the reference or a
compromise plane can be taken
depending on the utility to the patient
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Factors determining treatment plane
of occlusion
Natural plane of occlusion
Esthetic plane of occlusion
Distribution of alveolar process
A-B difference to plane of
occlusion
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Natural plane of
occlusion
Maintain a good posterior occlusion
which already exists
Changing the occlusal plane would
alter the axial inclinations of teeth
which might affect stability
So the treatment plane of occlusion
should alter axial inclinations
minimally
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Esthetic plane of
occlusion
When the esthetic plane of occlusion
does not coincide with natural plane of
occlusion,a decision as to which plane
should be taken as treatment plane
should be decided
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Distribution of
alveolar process
The distribution of alveolar process in the
upper and lower arches can be described
as a ratio of the distance from the lower
incisor to Me in relation to the distance
from ANS to Me.
This ratio is about 0.61
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Altering the occlusal plane
and its effect on A-B
differenceThe AB
difference
varies with
the cant of
the occlusal
plane.
The occlusal
plane maybe
flat or steep.
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Extent of the occlusal
plane
APOcc –
ANTERIOR POINT
FOR THE
OCCLUSAL PLANE
A constructed
point, the mid point
of the incisor
overbite in occlusion
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Extent of the occlusal
plane
PPOcc – POSTERIOR
POINT FOR THE
OCCLUSAL PLANE
A constructed
point, the most distal
point of contact
between the most
posterior molars in
occlusion
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OCCLUSAL CURVES
 Curve of spee
 Curve of wilson
 Curve of monson
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CURVE OF SPEE
Introduced by graph
von spee
Is an anteroposterior
curve extending from
the tip of the
mandibular canine
along the buccal cusp
tips of the mandibular
posterior teeth
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If the curve is extended, it would form a
circle of about 4 inches diameter
The curve results from variations in axial
alignment of lower teeth. The long axis of
the each lower teeth is aligned nearly parallel
to its individual arc of closure around the
condylar axis
This requires a gradual progressive
increased mesial tilting of the teeth towards
molars which creates the curve of spee
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FACTORS AFFECTING
THE CURVE OF SPEE
Degree of curve
Orientation of curve
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DEGREE OF CURVE
When the radius of the curve is longer,
a flat plane of occlusion is present.
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When the radius of the curve is shorter,
an acute plane of occlusion is present
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ORIENTATION OF
THE CURVE OF SPEE
Refers to the relationship of its radius
to a horizontal reference plane
Also influences how the height of the
individual posterior teeth is affected
thereby affecting the acuity of the plane
of occlusion
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Radius perpendicular to a horizontal
reference plane
Posterior teeth located distal to the radius
need shorter cusps than those located mesial to
the radius
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If the plane of occlusion is rotated
more posteriorly
All the posterior teeth can have shorter
cusps as they are positioned distal to the
perpendicular from the reference plan
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If the plane of occlusion is rotated
more anteriorly
All the posterior teeth can have taller
cusps as they are positioned mesial to the
perpendicular from the reference plan
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CURVE OF WILSON
A curve that
contacts the
buccal and
lingual cusp tips
of the
mandibular
buccal teeth
It is mediolateral
on each side of
the arch
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CURVE OF WILSON
Teeth are aligned parallel to the
medial pterygoid for optimum
resistance to masticatory stresses
The elevated buccal cusps
prevent food from going past the
occlusal table
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CURVE OF MONSON
It is a curve obtained by extending
the curve of spee and curve of
wilson to all cusps and incisal
edges.
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CANT OF THE OCCLUSAL
PLANE
1997 AJO - Stanley Braun, DDS, MME,
and Harry L. Legan, DDS
Changes in occlusion related to
the cant of the occlusal plane
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 Dental occlusion is influenced by changes in the cant
of the occlusal plane.
 As a general clinical guide, each degree of rotation of
the occlusal plane will result in a half millimeter change in
the dental occlusal relationship.
 This is of importance, because changes in the cant of
the occlusal plane are sometimes unintentional, as well
as intentional, during orthodontic therapy.
 An earlier study has also documented that the occlusal
plane rotates naturally upward and forward approximately
6° during growth and development.
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when the occlusal plane is rotated downward
and backward (steepened—as seen in the
sagittal plane), a Class II dental occlusion
will approach a Class I relation. This rotation
may be achieved by the use of Class II
elastics.
On the other hand, when the occlusal plane
is rotated upward and forward (flattened), a
Class III dental occlusion will tend toward
Class I. This can be achieved through Class
III elastic wear.
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METHODS AND MATERIALS
For purposes of this study, the occlusal
plane as defined by Downs has been used.
(The plane extends from the midpoint of a
line connecting the anterior cusp tip of the
mandibular first molar to the anterior cusp
tip of the maxillary first molar, posteriorly, to
the midpoint of a line connecting the incisal
tip of the mandibular central incisor to the
incisal tip of the maxillary central incisor,
anteriorly.)
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It is assumed the maxillary and
mandibular dental arches each rotate
about a point approximating their
respective centers of resistance. This is
also true for a group of teeth joined
together by a relatively stiff arch wire.
The group will rotate about a point
approximating its combined center of
resistance.
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The center of resistance for the arch
viewed in the sagittal plane is located as
follows: in the maxilla, 1.53 mm anterior
to the first premolar distal contact and
14.20 mm perpendicular and apical to its
occlusal surface
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The center of resistance for the arch
viewed in the sagittal plane in the
mandible, 1.25 mm anterior to the first
premolar distal contact and 14.24 mm
perpendicular and apical to its occlusal
surface.
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The dimensional relationships in the maxillary
arch along the occlusal plane resulting from a
downward and backward rotation of the
occlusal plane.A similar coordinate dimensional
relationships in the mandibular arch resulting
from the same downward and backward rotation
of the occlusal plane.
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The derived relationships were used to
calculate occlusal articulation changes
corresponding to angular changes of the
occlusal plane in the sagittal plane in both
downward and backward and upward and
forward directions in one degree increments
from 0° to 12°.
There is an approximately 0.5 mm change in
the occlusal relationship for each degree of
occlusal plane rotation in either downward
and backward or upward and forward
directions.
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Inference of the study
This study reveals that small changes in the
cant of the occlusal plane significantly effect
dental occlusion. As an example, if the
premolars are in an end-on Class II relation, a
7.2° downward and backward rotation
(steepening) of the occlusal plane will result
in a change to Class I occlusion
Correspondingly, if the premolars exhibit a
Class III relationship, an upward and forward
rotation (flattening) of 7.2° will result in a
change to Class I occlusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
From a clinician's viewpoint, a general
guide that may be used is for each degree
of occlusal plane angular change, a half
millimeter change in occlusion results.
It is apparent that small angular
differences (intentional or unintentional
during orthodontic treatment) will result in
significant alterations in occlusion.
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OCCLUSAL PLANE IN
DIAGNOSIS
In cephalometrics
Down’s analysis.
Steiner’s analysis.
Witt’s analysis.
Sassouni’s analysis.
COGS analysis.
Proportional analysis.
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DOWN’S ANALYSIS
Reference plane – FH plane
OCCLUSAL PLANE
A line bisecting the
occlusion of the first molars
and central incisors.
Should either incisor lack
full eruption or be in supra
occlusion the occlusion plane
is determine by the pre molars.
Mean - 9.3 degrees ± 3
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STEINER’S
ANALYSIS.
Reference plane – SN plane
OCCLUSAL PLANE
A line bisecting the overlap of molars
and the incisor overbite.
Mean – 14.5 ± 2 degree
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Witt’s analysis.
Reference line –
functional occlusal
plane
Occlusal plane - the line
bisecting the molars and
pre molar overlapswww.indiandentalacademy.com
SASSOUNI’S ANALYSIS
In this analysis , the occlusal
plane is the bisector of molar
and incisor overbite
Mean
Upper occ plane angle-9 deg
Lower occ plane angle-15 deg
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COGS analysis
In this analysis the upper
and lower occlusal plane
are drawn seperately
REFERENCE PLANE –true
horizontal
Mean values
Upper occ plane--6.2±5.1
deg
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Proportional
analysis.Developed by koski
and Virolainon in
1965
Based on comparison
of the various angles
to establish relations
between separate
parts of the skeleton
REFERENCE PLANES
op-n & op-pog
Values are given in
percentages
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Occlusal plane during
treatment
-upper-Lowering the upper
occlusal plane
In patients with
vertical maxillary
deficiency,the
occlusal plane can
be lowered with the
use of a cervical
headgear with outer
bows bent upward
Elastics may also
be used opposite to
cRES to avoid rotation
between the archeswww.indiandentalacademy.com
RAISING THE UPPER OCCLUSAL
PLANE
Occipital head gear pull thro cres to get
entire upper jaw “ankylosed”.
When genuine intrusion is needed lefort I
is indicated
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FLATTENING THE UPPER
OCCLUSAL PLANE
Class III elastics
Vertical elastics
thro cres of upper
jaw
Occipital head
gear with short
outer bow(ant to
C resof upper jaw)
Combination
type head gear
with occi pull>
cervical pull) www.indiandentalacademy.com
STEEPENING THE OCCLUSAL
PLANE
ROBIN HOOD TYPE OF HEAD GEAR
used in
Anterior open bites
upper lip length redundencies
cleft lip & palate patients
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Use of class II Elastics and a cervical
pull head gear
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Vertical elastics anterior to the C RES of the
upper jaw combined with cervical head
gear to the lower jaw with anterior hooks
and a short outer bow
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Occipital head gear with long outer bow
Effective in treatment of open bites
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CHANGES IN LOWER
OCCLUSAL PLANE DURING
TREATMENT
Lowering the lower occlusal plane
A cervical head gear thro C RES of
lower arch will hold the lower arch or
intrude it
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Raising the lower occlusal plane
eruption usually occurs without any
orthodontic intervention
when entire arch requires active
eruption vertical elastics can be used
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Flattening the lower occlusal plane
cervical head gear to lower arch with
outer bow bent upward
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Steepening the lower
occlusal plane
Cervical pull head gear ,with point of
force application anterior to the C RES of
the lower jaw
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CONTROLLING THE
DIFFERENCE IN OCCLUSAL
PLANES BETWEEN RIGHT
AND LEFT SIDES DURING
TREATMENT
Many a time the natural plane of occlusion
on one side is different from the other side
One of these planes will be chosen over
the other as the treatment plane of
occlusion
It is therefore necessary to rotate the other
plane of occlusion to the treatment plane
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ASSESSMENT OF
RETRACTION USING THE
OCCLUSAL PLANE AS A
GUIDE
In a group A anchorage case,retraction of
anterior teeth is done in two stages
stage 1 – controlled tipping
stage 2 – root movement
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The picture shows the relationship of the
incisal edges of the anterior segment and
the upper natural occlusal plane
This is what one should see clinically if correct
incisor root position is achieved
Stage 1
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Stage 2
During the enmasse root retraction stage,
the entire anterior segment is rotated about
the CROT very close to the incisal edges or
brackets of the anterior teeth
The occlusal plane once again is levelled
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In group B cases, both the anterior and
the posterior segments can be moved
towards each other in a translatory fashion
The forces must be equal and opposite for
this equal attraction
The natural occlusal plane remains level
and does not change
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In group C cases, the protraction of the
posterior segments is needed
The forces are kept high
Second premolars are extracted
Two stage protraction
stage 1 –controlled tipping of
buccal segment
stage 2 –root uprighting
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Stage 1
controlled tipping of the buccal segment
occurs which leads to the lifting of that part
of occlusal plane
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Stage 2
Root uprighting stage leads to levelling of
the occlusal plane to the natural plane of
occlusion
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OCCLUSAL PLANE
SUBSTITUTES
1994 AJO – Hall & scott
The maxillary-mandibular planes
angle (MM°) bisector: A new reference
plane for anteroposterior measurement of
the dental bases
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MM Bisector
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A new plane, geometrically derived from
the dental base planes, has been tested
as an occlusal plane substitute for the
measurement of anteroposterior jaw
relationships.
It lies close to but at an angle and inferior
to the traditional occlusal planes and is
highly reproducible at all times.
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Lateral cephalograms
36 young adults (25 men and 11 women)
43 – 10- to 12-year-old children (24 girls
and 19 boys)
Wits technique of anteroposterior
measurement was used to compare A-B
values measured to the
MM bisector
 functional occlusal plane (FOP)
Bisecting occlusal plane (BOP).
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Because of the downward cant of the
bisector anteriorly, B is projected onto
it ahead of A in normal occlusion and
coincides with A in skeletal (2)
malocclusion.
Mean values for normal occlusion were
found to be approximately –
4 mm for the children ( – 4.2
mm girls and – 4.0 mm boys)
4.5 mm for the adults ( – 4 mm
women and – 4.7 mm men).
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In this study, the FOP moved in an upward
and forward direction, opposite to that of the
jaws, with age.
This meant that the mean value of the Wits
measurement in the children's group (– 2.65
mm, indicated a skeletal 3 tendency)
changed to 0 mm, measured in the adult
group, suggesting a marked decrease in
mandibular prognathism with age.
This was contradicted by ANB° values for
the two groups, which indicated a slight
increase in prognathism with age.
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The BOP, on the other hand, moved in a
downward and backward direction, the same
as the jaws, Wits measurements made to this
plane, in fact, showed a difference between
the two groups (approximately 1 mm) that
changed from a negative value in the
children's group to a positive value in the
adult group, which seemed to suggest a
slight decrease in jaw prognathism with
maturity, again a result at variance with the
ANB° values for the two groups.
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The MM° bisector is the summary of the
maxillary and the mandibular base plane
angulations, and its rotation, when measured
as an angle to the PM vertical, will reflect the
direction and the amount of the total growth
rotation of the whole dental complex.
In this study, it was a downward and
backward rotation of 2°, However, Wits
values measured between A and B, projected
onto this plane, differed very little with age.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A and B move with the dental bases, the
same amount and direction, and so clearly
their true AP relationship was being
effectively measured when measuring to this
plane, free of the "change of cant" distortion.
Mean values
children's group– 4 mm
adults group – 4.5 mm,
suggesting a slight increase in
prognathism with age that is in agreement
with the ANB° findings for the two groups.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Conclusion
Occlusal plane in the perspective not
only acts as a reliable plane in making a
good diagnosis but also ensures a
correct progress in treatment when
constantly monitored
So a clinician should always check the
occlusal plane to know if he is heading
the right way to the finish
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For more details please visit
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Occlusal plane/ orthodontic seminars

  • 2.  INTRODUCTION  DEFINITION Occlusal plane Functional occlusal plane  SIGNIFICANCE OF OCCLUSAL PLANE  DIFFERENT OCCLUSAL PLANES  EXTENT OF OCCLUSAL PLANE  OCCLUSAL CURVES  LOCATING THE OCCLUSAL PLANE www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 3.  CANT OF THE OCCLUSAL PLANE  OCCLUSAL PLANE IN DIAGNOSIS  OCCLUSAL PLANE IN TREATRMENT PLANNING  OCCLUSAL PLANE SUBSTITUTES  CONCLUSION www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 4. INTRODUCTION In orthodontics various planes are used as reference planes in diagnosis and treatment planning The occlusal plane in being the plane of dentition occupies a prime position in cephalometrics ,treatment mechanics www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 5. DEFINITION-various authors  Enlow: Occlusal plane “A line passing through one half of the cusp heights of the first permanent molars and one half of the overbite of the incisors” Functional occlusal plane A horizontal line from the posterior most occlusal contact of the last fully erupted mandibular molars extending anteriorly to the anterior most occlusal contact of the fully erupted premolars www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 6. CHACONAS: “Denture plane which bisects the posterior occlusion of the permanent molars and premolars and extends anteriorly” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 7. DOWN”S: Occlusal plane is the line bisecting the overlapping cusps of the first molars and incisor overbite www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 8. OKASON: The plane of occlusion is an imaginary line touching the incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth and the cusps of the maxillary posterior teeth www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 9. HARVOLD: Defines the functional occlusal plane as the line which represents the functional table of occlusion in the first permanent molar, second pre molar and first pre molars areas The level and inclination of the functional occlusal plane is the result of the neuro muscular growth and developmental forces acting on the dentition www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 10. SIGNIFICANCE OF OCCLUSAL PLANE The configuration of the occlusal plane is important as slight variations will lead to occlusal instability. It should be in harmony with other components of the masticatory system. It forms the basis by which occlusal surfaces of teeth can be related to one another and to other structures of the head. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 11. OCCLUSAL PLANE Occlusal plane or plane of occlusion refers to a imaginary surface that theoretically touches the incisal edges of the incisors and the tips of the occluding surfaces of the posterior teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 12. OCCLUSAL CANT It is defined as the rotation of the object in its longitudinal plane. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 13. OCCLUSAL LINE By definition a line is one which connects two points in space Occlusal line refers to the line connecting the overlap of the first permanent molars and incisors In orthodontics the terms occlusal plane and occlusal line are used interchangingly and can mean one or the other www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 14. Different occlusal planes  Thayers in 1990 AJO has given three different occlusal planes.they are Bisected occlusal plane Functional occlusal plane Lower incisor occlusal plane Upper occlusal plane Lower occlusal plane www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 15. BISECTED OCCLUSAL PLANE Occlusal plane in this case refers to a bisecting line through overlap of distobuccal cusps of first permanent molars and incisors www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 16. FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL PLANE The functional occlusal plane refers to the line bisecting the molars and premolars It passes posteriorly through the Xi point Anteriorly it passes slightly below the lip embrasure www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 17. LOWER INCISOR OCCLUSAL PLANE Lower incisor occlusal plane refers to line drawn from bi section of distobuccal cusps of first permanent molars to tip of lower incisor www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 18. Upper occlusal plane connects the incisal edges of the the upper central incisors with a point 0.5 mm occlusal to the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the first permanent molar Lower occlusal plane connects the incisal edges of the lower central incisors with a point 0.5 mm occlusal to the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the first permanent molar www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 19. Esthetic plane of occlusion The upper incisor lies commonly 3mm below a relaxed upper lip. So a line joining this point and distobuccal cusp tip of the upper first molar represents the esthetic occlusal plane www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 20. Treatment plane of occlusion There are two occlusal planes ,the upper and lower .The treatment occlusal plane may take either as the reference or a compromise plane can be taken depending on the utility to the patient www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 21. Factors determining treatment plane of occlusion Natural plane of occlusion Esthetic plane of occlusion Distribution of alveolar process A-B difference to plane of occlusion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 22. Natural plane of occlusion Maintain a good posterior occlusion which already exists Changing the occlusal plane would alter the axial inclinations of teeth which might affect stability So the treatment plane of occlusion should alter axial inclinations minimally www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 23. Esthetic plane of occlusion When the esthetic plane of occlusion does not coincide with natural plane of occlusion,a decision as to which plane should be taken as treatment plane should be decided www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 24. Distribution of alveolar process The distribution of alveolar process in the upper and lower arches can be described as a ratio of the distance from the lower incisor to Me in relation to the distance from ANS to Me. This ratio is about 0.61 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 25. Altering the occlusal plane and its effect on A-B differenceThe AB difference varies with the cant of the occlusal plane. The occlusal plane maybe flat or steep. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 26. Extent of the occlusal plane APOcc – ANTERIOR POINT FOR THE OCCLUSAL PLANE A constructed point, the mid point of the incisor overbite in occlusion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 27. Extent of the occlusal plane PPOcc – POSTERIOR POINT FOR THE OCCLUSAL PLANE A constructed point, the most distal point of contact between the most posterior molars in occlusion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 28. OCCLUSAL CURVES  Curve of spee  Curve of wilson  Curve of monson www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 29. CURVE OF SPEE Introduced by graph von spee Is an anteroposterior curve extending from the tip of the mandibular canine along the buccal cusp tips of the mandibular posterior teeth www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 30. If the curve is extended, it would form a circle of about 4 inches diameter The curve results from variations in axial alignment of lower teeth. The long axis of the each lower teeth is aligned nearly parallel to its individual arc of closure around the condylar axis This requires a gradual progressive increased mesial tilting of the teeth towards molars which creates the curve of spee www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 31. FACTORS AFFECTING THE CURVE OF SPEE Degree of curve Orientation of curve www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 32. DEGREE OF CURVE When the radius of the curve is longer, a flat plane of occlusion is present. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 33. When the radius of the curve is shorter, an acute plane of occlusion is present www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 34. ORIENTATION OF THE CURVE OF SPEE Refers to the relationship of its radius to a horizontal reference plane Also influences how the height of the individual posterior teeth is affected thereby affecting the acuity of the plane of occlusion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 35. Radius perpendicular to a horizontal reference plane Posterior teeth located distal to the radius need shorter cusps than those located mesial to the radius www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 36. If the plane of occlusion is rotated more posteriorly All the posterior teeth can have shorter cusps as they are positioned distal to the perpendicular from the reference plan www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 37. If the plane of occlusion is rotated more anteriorly All the posterior teeth can have taller cusps as they are positioned mesial to the perpendicular from the reference plan www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 38. CURVE OF WILSON A curve that contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the mandibular buccal teeth It is mediolateral on each side of the arch www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 39. CURVE OF WILSON Teeth are aligned parallel to the medial pterygoid for optimum resistance to masticatory stresses The elevated buccal cusps prevent food from going past the occlusal table www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 40. CURVE OF MONSON It is a curve obtained by extending the curve of spee and curve of wilson to all cusps and incisal edges. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 41. CANT OF THE OCCLUSAL PLANE 1997 AJO - Stanley Braun, DDS, MME, and Harry L. Legan, DDS Changes in occlusion related to the cant of the occlusal plane www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 42.  Dental occlusion is influenced by changes in the cant of the occlusal plane.  As a general clinical guide, each degree of rotation of the occlusal plane will result in a half millimeter change in the dental occlusal relationship.  This is of importance, because changes in the cant of the occlusal plane are sometimes unintentional, as well as intentional, during orthodontic therapy.  An earlier study has also documented that the occlusal plane rotates naturally upward and forward approximately 6° during growth and development. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 43. when the occlusal plane is rotated downward and backward (steepened—as seen in the sagittal plane), a Class II dental occlusion will approach a Class I relation. This rotation may be achieved by the use of Class II elastics. On the other hand, when the occlusal plane is rotated upward and forward (flattened), a Class III dental occlusion will tend toward Class I. This can be achieved through Class III elastic wear. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 44. METHODS AND MATERIALS For purposes of this study, the occlusal plane as defined by Downs has been used. (The plane extends from the midpoint of a line connecting the anterior cusp tip of the mandibular first molar to the anterior cusp tip of the maxillary first molar, posteriorly, to the midpoint of a line connecting the incisal tip of the mandibular central incisor to the incisal tip of the maxillary central incisor, anteriorly.) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 45. It is assumed the maxillary and mandibular dental arches each rotate about a point approximating their respective centers of resistance. This is also true for a group of teeth joined together by a relatively stiff arch wire. The group will rotate about a point approximating its combined center of resistance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 46. The center of resistance for the arch viewed in the sagittal plane is located as follows: in the maxilla, 1.53 mm anterior to the first premolar distal contact and 14.20 mm perpendicular and apical to its occlusal surface www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 47. The center of resistance for the arch viewed in the sagittal plane in the mandible, 1.25 mm anterior to the first premolar distal contact and 14.24 mm perpendicular and apical to its occlusal surface. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 48. The dimensional relationships in the maxillary arch along the occlusal plane resulting from a downward and backward rotation of the occlusal plane.A similar coordinate dimensional relationships in the mandibular arch resulting from the same downward and backward rotation of the occlusal plane. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 49. The derived relationships were used to calculate occlusal articulation changes corresponding to angular changes of the occlusal plane in the sagittal plane in both downward and backward and upward and forward directions in one degree increments from 0° to 12°. There is an approximately 0.5 mm change in the occlusal relationship for each degree of occlusal plane rotation in either downward and backward or upward and forward directions. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 50. Inference of the study This study reveals that small changes in the cant of the occlusal plane significantly effect dental occlusion. As an example, if the premolars are in an end-on Class II relation, a 7.2° downward and backward rotation (steepening) of the occlusal plane will result in a change to Class I occlusion Correspondingly, if the premolars exhibit a Class III relationship, an upward and forward rotation (flattening) of 7.2° will result in a change to Class I occlusion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 51. From a clinician's viewpoint, a general guide that may be used is for each degree of occlusal plane angular change, a half millimeter change in occlusion results. It is apparent that small angular differences (intentional or unintentional during orthodontic treatment) will result in significant alterations in occlusion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 52. OCCLUSAL PLANE IN DIAGNOSIS In cephalometrics Down’s analysis. Steiner’s analysis. Witt’s analysis. Sassouni’s analysis. COGS analysis. Proportional analysis. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 53. DOWN’S ANALYSIS Reference plane – FH plane OCCLUSAL PLANE A line bisecting the occlusion of the first molars and central incisors. Should either incisor lack full eruption or be in supra occlusion the occlusion plane is determine by the pre molars. Mean - 9.3 degrees ± 3 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 55. STEINER’S ANALYSIS. Reference plane – SN plane OCCLUSAL PLANE A line bisecting the overlap of molars and the incisor overbite. Mean – 14.5 ± 2 degree www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 56. Witt’s analysis. Reference line – functional occlusal plane Occlusal plane - the line bisecting the molars and pre molar overlapswww.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 57. SASSOUNI’S ANALYSIS In this analysis , the occlusal plane is the bisector of molar and incisor overbite Mean Upper occ plane angle-9 deg Lower occ plane angle-15 deg www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 58. COGS analysis In this analysis the upper and lower occlusal plane are drawn seperately REFERENCE PLANE –true horizontal Mean values Upper occ plane--6.2±5.1 deg www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 59. Proportional analysis.Developed by koski and Virolainon in 1965 Based on comparison of the various angles to establish relations between separate parts of the skeleton REFERENCE PLANES op-n & op-pog Values are given in percentages www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 60. Occlusal plane during treatment -upper-Lowering the upper occlusal plane In patients with vertical maxillary deficiency,the occlusal plane can be lowered with the use of a cervical headgear with outer bows bent upward Elastics may also be used opposite to cRES to avoid rotation between the archeswww.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 61. RAISING THE UPPER OCCLUSAL PLANE Occipital head gear pull thro cres to get entire upper jaw “ankylosed”. When genuine intrusion is needed lefort I is indicated www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 62. FLATTENING THE UPPER OCCLUSAL PLANE Class III elastics Vertical elastics thro cres of upper jaw Occipital head gear with short outer bow(ant to C resof upper jaw) Combination type head gear with occi pull> cervical pull) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 63. STEEPENING THE OCCLUSAL PLANE ROBIN HOOD TYPE OF HEAD GEAR used in Anterior open bites upper lip length redundencies cleft lip & palate patients www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 64. Use of class II Elastics and a cervical pull head gear www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 65. Vertical elastics anterior to the C RES of the upper jaw combined with cervical head gear to the lower jaw with anterior hooks and a short outer bow www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 66. Occipital head gear with long outer bow Effective in treatment of open bites www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 67. CHANGES IN LOWER OCCLUSAL PLANE DURING TREATMENT Lowering the lower occlusal plane A cervical head gear thro C RES of lower arch will hold the lower arch or intrude it www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 68. Raising the lower occlusal plane eruption usually occurs without any orthodontic intervention when entire arch requires active eruption vertical elastics can be used www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 69. Flattening the lower occlusal plane cervical head gear to lower arch with outer bow bent upward www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 70. Steepening the lower occlusal plane Cervical pull head gear ,with point of force application anterior to the C RES of the lower jaw www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 71. CONTROLLING THE DIFFERENCE IN OCCLUSAL PLANES BETWEEN RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES DURING TREATMENT Many a time the natural plane of occlusion on one side is different from the other side One of these planes will be chosen over the other as the treatment plane of occlusion It is therefore necessary to rotate the other plane of occlusion to the treatment plane www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 73. ASSESSMENT OF RETRACTION USING THE OCCLUSAL PLANE AS A GUIDE In a group A anchorage case,retraction of anterior teeth is done in two stages stage 1 – controlled tipping stage 2 – root movement www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 74. The picture shows the relationship of the incisal edges of the anterior segment and the upper natural occlusal plane This is what one should see clinically if correct incisor root position is achieved Stage 1 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 75. Stage 2 During the enmasse root retraction stage, the entire anterior segment is rotated about the CROT very close to the incisal edges or brackets of the anterior teeth The occlusal plane once again is levelled www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 76. In group B cases, both the anterior and the posterior segments can be moved towards each other in a translatory fashion The forces must be equal and opposite for this equal attraction The natural occlusal plane remains level and does not change www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 77. In group C cases, the protraction of the posterior segments is needed The forces are kept high Second premolars are extracted Two stage protraction stage 1 –controlled tipping of buccal segment stage 2 –root uprighting www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 78. Stage 1 controlled tipping of the buccal segment occurs which leads to the lifting of that part of occlusal plane www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 79. Stage 2 Root uprighting stage leads to levelling of the occlusal plane to the natural plane of occlusion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 80. OCCLUSAL PLANE SUBSTITUTES 1994 AJO – Hall & scott The maxillary-mandibular planes angle (MM°) bisector: A new reference plane for anteroposterior measurement of the dental bases www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 82. A new plane, geometrically derived from the dental base planes, has been tested as an occlusal plane substitute for the measurement of anteroposterior jaw relationships. It lies close to but at an angle and inferior to the traditional occlusal planes and is highly reproducible at all times. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 83. Lateral cephalograms 36 young adults (25 men and 11 women) 43 – 10- to 12-year-old children (24 girls and 19 boys) Wits technique of anteroposterior measurement was used to compare A-B values measured to the MM bisector  functional occlusal plane (FOP) Bisecting occlusal plane (BOP). www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 84. Because of the downward cant of the bisector anteriorly, B is projected onto it ahead of A in normal occlusion and coincides with A in skeletal (2) malocclusion. Mean values for normal occlusion were found to be approximately – 4 mm for the children ( – 4.2 mm girls and – 4.0 mm boys) 4.5 mm for the adults ( – 4 mm women and – 4.7 mm men). www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 85. In this study, the FOP moved in an upward and forward direction, opposite to that of the jaws, with age. This meant that the mean value of the Wits measurement in the children's group (– 2.65 mm, indicated a skeletal 3 tendency) changed to 0 mm, measured in the adult group, suggesting a marked decrease in mandibular prognathism with age. This was contradicted by ANB° values for the two groups, which indicated a slight increase in prognathism with age. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 86. The BOP, on the other hand, moved in a downward and backward direction, the same as the jaws, Wits measurements made to this plane, in fact, showed a difference between the two groups (approximately 1 mm) that changed from a negative value in the children's group to a positive value in the adult group, which seemed to suggest a slight decrease in jaw prognathism with maturity, again a result at variance with the ANB° values for the two groups. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 87. The MM° bisector is the summary of the maxillary and the mandibular base plane angulations, and its rotation, when measured as an angle to the PM vertical, will reflect the direction and the amount of the total growth rotation of the whole dental complex. In this study, it was a downward and backward rotation of 2°, However, Wits values measured between A and B, projected onto this plane, differed very little with age. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 88. A and B move with the dental bases, the same amount and direction, and so clearly their true AP relationship was being effectively measured when measuring to this plane, free of the "change of cant" distortion. Mean values children's group– 4 mm adults group – 4.5 mm, suggesting a slight increase in prognathism with age that is in agreement with the ANB° findings for the two groups. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 89. Conclusion Occlusal plane in the perspective not only acts as a reliable plane in making a good diagnosis but also ensures a correct progress in treatment when constantly monitored So a clinician should always check the occlusal plane to know if he is heading the right way to the finish www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 90. For more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com