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Endodontic instruments /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. ENDODONTIC
INSTRUMENTS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in Continuing Dental Education
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2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• CLASSIFICATION OF ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS
• EXAMINING INSTRUMENTS
• EXPLORING INSTRUMENTS
• DEBRIDING INSTRUMENTS
• CLEANING AND SHAPING INSTRUMENTS
• STANDARDISATION OF ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENT
• ISO GROUP I INSTRUMENTS
• ISO GROUP II INSTRUMENTS
• ISO GROUP III INSTRUMENTS
• ISO GROUP IV INSTRUMENTS
• NON-ISO INSTRUMENTS
• NEW CONCEPT IN INSTRUMENT DESIGN
• CONCLUSION
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3. INTRODUCTION:
“worksman is known by his tool”
As the endodontic therapy becomes a more routine part
of general dental practice the clinician is bombarded with
number of newer products designed to make treatment
more precise and easier to perform.
Newer instruments overcome the deficiency seen in
earlier instruments.
Thus a thorough knowledge in evolution of instruments is
mandatory for operator.
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4. HISTORY:
• 2200 years old Nabatean warrior skull _ oldest root canal
filling
• 1750 – Fauchard recommended removal of pulp
• 1850 _ wooden pegs for debriding pulp
• Early 1900 – Introduction of files ,reamers ,pathfinder ,
lentulospiral
• 1915_kerr manufacturing company obtained patent for
all instruments later known as k_type instruments
• 1957 _Richman introduced first ultrasonic system
• 1958_introduction of racer file handle
• 1958 – Ingle & Levine 1st proposed standardization.
• 1959 – New line of standardized instruments & filling
materials. www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. • 1962 – Working committee on standardization .
• 1964 _ Introduction of giromatic handpiece.
• 1975 _ 1st report on potential application of NiTi alloys
• 1976 – 1st approved specification for root canal
instruments.
• 1976 to 1984_ Martin and Cunningham provided
instruments that were set for vibration at 25 to 40KHz
• 1984 _introduction of canalfinder system
• 1988 _ 1st use of NiTi in endodontic instruments
• 1989 – ANSI approval of “ADA specification number 28
for endodontic files & reamers.”
• 1989_Wildey and Senic introduced canal master
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6. CLASSIFICATION OF ENDODONTIC
INSRUMENTS
BASED ON FUNCTION
A)EXPLORING _to locate canal orifice and to assist
in obtaining patency of root canal
B) DEBRIDING _to extirpate pulp and remove debris
C) CLEANING AND SHAPING _ clean and shape
root canals laterally and apically
D) OBTURATING _To pack filling material into root
canal
MODE OF USE
A) HAND
B) ROTARY
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7. ISO GROUPING
A) GROUP I _hand use only
B) GROUP II _engine driven latch type
C) GROUP III_ engine driven latch type drills or
reamers
D) GROUP IV_ root canal points
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8. EXAMINING INSTRUMENTS
• Instruments used in examination are
1)front surface mouth mirror _ overcomes the
problem of associated with double image
2)periodontalprobe
3)explorer
4)cotton forceps
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10. PATHFINDER:
• To negotiate highly calcified and constricted root canals.
• Available in pre sterilized single-unit packages, in 19, 21
and 25 mm lengths and two sizes, K1 and K2.
• The carbon steel shaft – greater sharpness and strength
for penetrating calcified root canals.
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12. BARBED BROACH, RASP AND
APPLICATORS:
• Made from soft iron wire.
• Differ from other H-type and K-type _ taper and working
portion length. (ANSI sp. No :63)
• The length of working portion of shaft _ 10mm.
• Taper – 0.007mm/mm (Broach).
0.015mm/mm (rasp).
• Difference between broach and rasp
_ depth and angle of cut.
• Barb height – half of core diameter (Broach).
• Barb height – one third of core diameter (rasp).
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13. • Barbed broach – Thin, flexible, tapered and pointed
removal of intact pulp tissue, paper
points and cotton
dressings.
Identification symbol – 8 pointed star
• Rasps – rough walled canal preparation.
Previously rattail file
Identification symbol – 8 pointed polyhedron
• Applicators – slender, tapering, flexible, pointed
C.S. – circle
Incisive cuts – shallow, slight elevation
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14. MICRO OPENERS
• Exploring of explorers + Instrumentation of K-files.
• 7mm K-type flutes.
• 10 and 15 size with 0.04/0.06mm/mm taper
MICRO DEBRIDERS
•Instrumenting or retreating – hard to reach canals.
•H-type configuration – 20 and 30 size.
0.02mm/mm taper with
16mm cutting flutes.
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15. ISO GROUP I INSTRUMENTS
MANUFACTURE:
First made from carbon steel
Now made universally of Ni-Ti and stainless steels.
Produced by two techniques.
1st technique Grinding graduated sizes of round “piano”
wire into various shapes and second grinding for taper.
Then, twisted in counter clockwise direction for
programmed number of times.
2nd technique Grind spirals into tapered wire rather than
twisting. Ni-Ti instruments are produced by this
technique.
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16. STANDARDIZATION
STANDARIZATION OF ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS
The recommendations for standardization of
endodontic instruments
A) Instruments numbered from 10 to 100, based on
diameter of the instruments in hundreds of a millimeter at
the beginning of the tip of the blades
B)The instruments from size 10 to size 60 advance by 5
units then by 10 units to size 140.
C) The working blade (flutes) shall begin at tip,
designated site D0 (diameter 1) and extend up to the
most coronal part of the cutting edge at D16 (diameter
2). The flutes extend 16mm up the shaft.
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17. E) The instruments enlarge by 0.02 mm/mm from D0 to D16
D) The tip angle of an instrument should be 75 ±15°
Color coding of instruments _ easier identification of
instruments
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18. TERMINOLOGIES IN INSTRUMENT
DESIGN:
RAKE ANGLE:
“The angle between the cutting edge and a
perpendicular to the surface being cut”
HELICAL ANGLE:
“The angle the cutting edge makes with the long
axis of the instrument”
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19. CLEANING AND SHAPING
INSTRUMENTS
K FILES
• Instruments with tighter spirals.
• 1.97 to 0.88 cutting flutes per mm of operating
head.
• Produced mainly from square blank.
• Cutting action – either filing (rasping) or reaming
(drilling) motion.
• Filing – rake of flutes rasp the walls as the
instrument is withdrawn without turning.
• Reaming – penetration, rotation and retraction
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20. • More work hardened – stiffer than reamers.
• Identification symbol – square
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21. K REAMERS
• Instruments with lesser number of flutes.
• 0.80 to 0.28 cutting flutes per mm of operating head.
• Produced mainly from triangular blanks.
• Cutting action penetration, rotation and retraction.
• Identification symbol – equilateral triangle
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22. K-STYLE MODIFICATION
K-FLEX:
• Forerunner of hybrid instruments.
• Hybrid – strength and versatility of
K-type + aggressive cutting of H-type.
• Cross-section – rhombus or diamond.
• Cutting edge – Two acute angles.
• Alternating low flutes – obtuse angle – increase debri
removal.
• Space reservoir – reduced compacting dentinal
filing.
• Increase flexible.
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23. HEDSTROEM FILES
• Cutting spiraling flutes into shaft of round, tapered
stainless steel wire.
• Very positive rake of flute design.
• Impossible to ream or drill.
• Cut in one direction – retraction.
• Cross-section – single helix teardrop
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24. H-STYLE MODIFICATION:
• Mcspadden – Unifile
• ‘S’ file – variation of unifile
• Double helix design.
• Cross-section – ‘S’ shaped.
• Helical angle – less than 90 degrees
• Unifile , ‘S’ file _ flutes less deep than H files
• Differs _ angle of flutes – constant
depth of flute _ increases from tip to handle
• ‘A’ file _ hand and rotary
steep flutes and 40 degree helical angle
non cutting tip
• Safety Hedstroem files – non cutting side – prevent
ledging.
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25. TIP MODIFICATION :
• Tip design led to improved cutting efficiency.
(NWU group)
• Triangular pyramidal tips outperformed
conical tips. (NWU group)
• University of Oklahoma – redesigning tips
eliminating their cutting ability.
• Powell et al – “grinding to remove the
transition angle” from tip to first blade.
• Modified tip _ less transportation and more
inner curvature preparation. (Sabala et al
1988)
• Flex-R-files, control safe files, Anti-Ledging
file and safety Hedstrom file.
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26. FLEXOFILES:
• Flexible file_ triangular cross section stainless steel blank
• Non cutting tip(1.81 flutes per mm)
• Golden medium _similar in design
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27. FLEX_R FILES
• Used in BALANCED FORCE TECHNIQUE
• Triangular blank machined
• Advantage _
increased stiffness and strength _ smaller files
increased flexibility _ larger files
• cut efficiently _ anti clockwise rotary motion
• safe ended tip
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29. ZIPPERER FLEXICUT
• Triangular blank_ SCS spacecraft steel
• High vaccum fired chrome nickel steel _ uniform
structure
• Advantage _ flexibility and non aggressive tip
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30. FLEXOGATES:
• Stainless steel instrument – similar to
canal master
• One spiral fluting – expanded head
• Non cutting tip
• Smooth flexible shank _ circular in C.S
• Shank _ deliberately weak at handle end
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31. INTERMEDIATE FILES
• Produced _ trimming 1mm from tip of file and rounding
off sharp edges on a diamond file
• Files changed from
10 to 12
15 to 17
20 to 22
25 to 27
• Advantage _ smooth progress through files
• Disadvantage _ disposable , edges difficult to smooth
may cause ledging
• Overcomed _ “GOLDEN MEDIUM” intermediate
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32. OBTURATING INSTRUMENTS
ENDODONTIC CONDENSERS AND
SPREADERS:
• Smooth tapered metal instruments – compress and
compact gutta-percha
• Pluggers or condensers – blunt or flat-ended tips
Spreaders – more tapered and pointed tips
Long handled – chrome plated or stainless steel
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33. • M series plugger-spreaders – double-ended
long-handled instruments
Handles colour coded
Corresponds to standard sizing and
taper of K-type files
• Finger held spreaders and condensers –
similar to K-type files with plastic or metal
handles.
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34. ENDODONTIC PLIERS AND
FORCEPS:
• Handling and placement of silver point and gutta-percha
cones.
• Pliers – tapered groove in beak for grasping silver cone.
• Forceps – grooved or serrated beaks for holding gp
cones.
• Have latch mechanism for locking in closed
position.
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35. RECENTADVANCES
SENSEUS FLEXOFILE
• Unique silicone handle.
• Stainless steel triangular core file and safe ended tip.
• Large, ergonomic handle provides comfort and excellent
tactile feedback.
• X-ray visible calibration ring (25mm and 31mm) to
improve accuracy and diagnosis.
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36. NEW C-PILOT FILE:
• Probing calcified canals.
• Creating smooth passage for rotary NiTi preparation.
• Extra sturdy – unique thermo process.
• Thin but strong for obliterated canals.
• ISO 6%, 8%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%.
• Length – 19, 21, 25mm.
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37. ENDO HANDLE:
• Colour coded handles with locking chamber
• Micro files used with file holder
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38. NiTi spreaders
• NiTi finger spreaders
• Used in curved canals for good obturation
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39. FLEX MASTER
• K-type cutting blades with Blunt tip.
• Cross-section – convex.
• Sufficient space between blades – removal of dentinal
debris.
• Highest cutting efficiency – efficient preparation.
• 50% faster.
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40. CC+ SERIES
• Includes H-file, R-reamer, K- file, flexicut file, C-pilot file.
• Additional longitudinal ridge – increased grip.
• Anti slip effect.
• Easier, less tiring.
• X-ray visible calibration rings
Continuous depth control during preparation.
Faster stopper positioning.
• Increased accuracy.
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41. ISO GROUPS II AND III
Engine – driven instrument use – 3 types of contra angle
handpiece.
• A full rotary handpiece – Latch or friction grip.
• Reciprocating/Quarterturn handpiece.
• Special handpiece – vertical stroke with reciprocating
quarterturn.
ISO GROUP II –
Instruments with shaft and operating head as separate pieces
ISO GROUP III –
Instruments with shaft and operating head as one piece.
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42. ROTARY CONTRA ANGLE
HANDPIECE
• Instrumentation – Straight line drilling or side
cutting.
• With round or tapered burs – coronal access
to canal orifice.
• With special reamers – Funnel out orifices.
• With Nickel titanium reamer type instruments
– Clean and shape canals,
• Misdirected or forced behind limits –
Perforations.
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43. • Solution – Use of slower handpiece.
Ex: 1) Medidenta/ Micro Mega MM 324
reduction gear Handpiece.
2) Aseptico Electric Motor handpiece.
3) The Quantec ETM.
4) The Moycol union broach sprint
EDM.
• Speeds – 300 rpm for NiTi profiles.
2000 rpm for Light Speed instruments.
• Newer electric handpieces – Both speed and torque
control.
• New rotary handpiece – Morita tri Autozx.
• Tri Auto ZX – Battery – powered slow-speed (280 rpm)
handpiece with a built in apex locator.
• NiTiMatic _ 16:1 gear reduction handpiece
300 rpm
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44. RECIPROCATING HANDPIECE:
• Giromatic handpiece – Accepts latch type
instruments.
• Canal insruments available for use with
GIROMATIC
giro pointer _ 16mm long orifice opener
giro broach or cleanser
giro file,a hedstroem configuration
giro reamer
heli girofile_3 cutting blades in c.s
• Quarter-turn motion – 3,000 times per minute.
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45. • M4 safety handpiece – 30 degree reciprocating
motion.
Regular hand files by their
handles.
• Endo-Gripper – 10:1 gear ratio, 45 degree turning
motion.
• Endo Cursor _ press button chuck
Take hand instruments
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46. VERTICAL STROKE HANDPIECE:
• Air or electrically driven – Vertical stroke, 0.3 to 1mm.
• On binding – Quarter turn reciprocating motion.
• Canal finder system – A file, variation of H file.
Reciprocal rotation with filing
motion.
Penetration of severely curved
and constricted canals without
perforation or ledging.
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47. • Canal leader – speed reducing handpiece with 4:1 step
down
• Vertical movement of 0.4 to 0.8mmwith 30 degree contra
rotational movement
• 3 instruments available_ K file with safe ended tip,H file
and universal file
• Racer handpiece – vertical oscillation
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48. RANDOM HANDPIECE
• Excalibur _ lateral vibrational movement
20000 to 25000 r.p.m.
Use modified K files
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49. ENDO IT PROFESSIONAL
• Individually programmed torque limit and speed for each
instrument.
• Fast reaction auto stop – reverse.
• Warning signal at 75% torque limit.
• Warning signal – motor in reverse rotation.
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50. ISO GROUP II
Instruments with shaft and operating head as separate
pieces:
Ex:
• B-2 reamer – cylindrical working head
2 cutting edges – spiral
c.s – rectrangle
working head and shaft – similar to
K-type.
Used with contraangle or straight handpiece
• Lentulospiral – power-operated, spiral.
Used with contraangle or
straight handpiece
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51. • Quarter-turn reamer – power-operated,
tapered and pointed
used with giromatic or racer
handpiece
enlarge/widen root canal
similar to blank of K-type.
McSpadden compactor – specially designed
Apically directed spirals.
frictional heat softens
guttapercha
•Other group II – K-reamer, H file, R-type rasp,
barbed broach
Used with giromatic or racer handpiece
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52. EZ FILL
• It has patented bi_directional spiral produces a coronal
and apical cement flow simultaneously
• When the opposite flows of cement meet they are forced
to laterally
• Used in slow up and down and circular motion for 5
seconds
• Used in contra angle in forward direction
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53. ISO GROUP III
Shaft and operating head as 1 piece.
• G-type reamer – GG drill
stainless steel or NiTi
Short, flame-shaped head with
side cutting blades
Short, non-cutting guide at tip
Long-thin neck connects
working head and shaft.
Number 1 to 6
Used with gear reduction, slow speed,
high torque handpiece
Speed – 750 to 1000 RPM
• B-1 reamer – similar to G-type.
Twice long working head.
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54. • O-type reamer – long, tapered head
3 spiralling blades – plane angle
short neck.
• P-type reamer – Paeso drill
Long, narrow, tapering head
Side cutting, spiral blades
Tip – cutting /non-cutting.
Thick neck
Number 1 to 6
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55. • A-type and D-type – similar design.
• A-type – long, tapered, pyramid shaped
4 side cutting blade
c.s – square
short, narrow neck.
• D-type – shorter pyramidal point
Short narrow neck.
• Ko, T-, M- reamers- orifice enlargers
straight/contra angle handpiece
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56. • Ko reamer – longer than tapered and pointed fissure but
with out cross-cut.
8 side cutting blades with spiraling
Short neck.
• T reamer – 12-16 straight side cutting blades
Short head length.
• M reamer – round head
6-8 cutting blades
Neck-long and flexible.
• Root facer – power operated rotary
Crownless tooth.
Thin wheel shaped end cutting with center
cylindrical truncated cone with
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Smooth surface entering
57. BURS:
• Burs with extended shank –
preparation in pulp space with low
speed handpiece.
• Surgical length – 26mm.
• Extra long shank – 34mm
Ex: Brasseler, shank 25
Good visibility and control
• Friction grip tapered fissure burs (557 or 701) –
correct outline form.
• Round burs – normal and extra long
Size 2, 4, 6
Deroofing
• Longer and smaller round burs – fine calcified
canals.
• Safe ended diamond / tungsten carbide bur / endo2
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bur – taper, smooth access cavity.
58. ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTS:
• System in which sound as an energy source activates an
endodontic file resulting in a three dimensional activation
of the file.
• File – Vibrates in a sinus wave like fashion.
• Antinodes _ maximal displacement (tip).
• Nodes – no displacement.
• Fracture – at the nodes.
• Debriding action – Cavitation and acoustic streaming.
• Cavitation – positive pressure followed by a negative
pressure in the fluid.
Cavity formed in the negative phase
implodes with great force during next
positive pressure phase.
• Acoustic streaming – small, intense, circular, fluid
movement.
occurs closer to the tip.
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59. • Various ultrasonics used
Cavitron endodontic system.
Enac unit.
Piezon master 400.
• 20 to 25 KHZ – used.
• Piezoelectrical design – Decreased heat
Increased energy
• Magnetostrictive – Increased heat
decreased energy.
• Endosonic ultrasonic synergistic system –
instrumentation + irrigation.
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60. • Cavi-Endo ultrasonic unit – 1st
• Use either inert sterile or chemically active irrigant.
• Modifications of K-type or R-type.
• Endosonic diamond file – cutting of dentin by abrasion.
Coronal enlargement.
• Ultrasonic tips – used in detection of canal orifices.
removal of posts, fractured instruments, coating canals
with sealer
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61. SONIC INSTRUMENTS:
• Sonic systems – vibration in audible frequency range
• Frequency – 2 to 3 KHZ.
• Micro Mega 1500 sonic Air endo system – Airline
pressure of 0.4 MPA.
• Sonic file – large elliptical motion at the tip.
• Loaded – longitudinal motion, up and down.
• Oscillatory range – 1500-3000 cycles per second.
• Three sonic files used – Rispisonic, shaper sonic, Trio
sonic.
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62. • Rispisonic – old rat tail file
(8 cutting blades)
coronal third
• Shaper sonic – husky barbed broach.
(16 cutting blades).
apical one third
• Triosonic – tripled helix H file.
• Sizes – 15 to 40.
• Length – 17 to 29mm.
• Rougher canal surface.
• Endosonic 3000- sonic handpiece similar to
sonic air driven
scalers.
• Irrigation – filtered water.
• Dis advantange –perforations,
transportation.
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63. ISO GROUP IV:
• Not strictly endodontic instrument but have been
considered part of armamentarium under developing
international standards.
ABSORBENT POINTS:
• Slender cones made of paper or other absorbent
material.
• Uses – drying the canal
Conveying medicaments
Obtaining canal cultures
• Available in standardized sizes
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64. ROOT CANAL FILLING POINTS
• Smaller, slender cones of solid material.
• Used for canal obturation.
Ex: silver points, gutta-percha points.
• Available in standardized sizes and taper
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65. NON-ISO INSTRUMENTS
• Advent of NiTi _ newer instrument system
• Instruments with greater taper
• Tapers _ 4% ,6% ,8% ,10% ,12%
• Better shaping
• Faster treatment
• TERMINOLOGIES:
• RADIAL LAND – “The surface that projects axially from
the central axis between the flutes”
• PITCH – “Number of flutes per unit length”
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66. ProFile
• Design – U grooves and radial lands
• Lands – prevent uncontrolled cutting
Prevents premature fractures, perforation and
transportation
Strength of the instrument
• Standard taper – 0.04mm/mm
0.06, 0.08mm/mm taper available
• Used in control, slow speed, high torque rotary
handpiece
• Rotational speed – 275 to 325 RPM
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67. • Available – ISO sizing
series 29 standards
4% taper – small canals and apical regions
6% taper – mid root portions
• Orifice shapers – 0.06, 0.07mm/mm taper
shaping coronal portion of canal
length – 19mm, cutting length 9mm
30, 40, 50 sizes
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68. GT PROFILES
• Made of Ni-Ti.
• Both hand and rotary.
• Instruments – size 20.
• Tapers – 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12mm/mm
• Cutting blades – 6-8 mm of shaft.
• Standard set – 4 instruments, size 20, taper
0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12mm/mm.
• Design – radial landed, clockwise cut U
blade flutes with non-cutting tip
• Maximum flute diameter – 1mm
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69. • 6% taper – moderate to severely curved canals in small roots
• 8% taper – straight to moderately curved canals in small roots
• 10% taper – straight to moderately curved canals in large roots
• Accessory GT files
3 instruments – 0.12mm/mm taper
maximum flute diameter of 1.5mm
35, 50, 70 size
unusually large root canals to apical diameter greater than
0.3mm
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70. LIGHTSPEED
• NiTi instrument.
• Resemble a GG drill.
• Rotary instrument.
• Sizes – 20 to 140
• Half sizes – upto. 60
• Head size – 0.25mm for size 20
1.75mm for size 100.
• Used in slow speed handpiece
• Rotational speed – 1,000 to 2,000 RPM
• Used in pecking motion
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71. • Laser etched length control rings – eliminate need for
silicone stops
• Advantage – finish apical third preparation to a larger
size.
• Disadvantage – excessive number of instruments –
strain
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72. QUANTEC FILES
• Design – similar to ProFile
Double helical flute design with
extensive peripheral mass
• Lands – wider
Enhanced strength
• Both – hand and rotary– powered instruments.
• Quantec series – 10 NiTi files
0.02 to 0.06 taper
• Both safe cutting and non-cutting tips.
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73. • Quantec flare series – 0.08, 0.10, 0.12mm/mm taper
25 size
shape coronal third of canal
• Built in graduated taper technique
• Used in high torque, gear reduction, slow speed
handpiece
• Speed – 300 to 350 RPM
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74. Hero 642
• Design – tri helical Hedstroem with sharp flutes
Increased distance between flutes – reduced risk of
binding
• Large central core
• Size – 20 to 45
• Taper – all sizes – 0.02mm/mm
Size 20, 25, 30 – 0.04, 0.06mm/mm
• Crown down technique
• Speed _ 500 to 600 rpm
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75. PROTAPER:
• Multiple tapering – fewer files required to create a
tapered shape.
• Used – curved canals, restricted canals
• Both rotary and hand instruments
• Increased efficiency, effectiveness.
• Length – 19, 21, 25mm.
• Protaper SX, S1, S2, F1, F2, F3,
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76. Shaping files
SX shaper – canals of teeth with shorter roots
expand the coronal aspect of preparation
increased rate of taper
Do – 0.19mm, D9 – 1.1mm,D14_ 1.2mm
rate of taper drops from D9 to D14
S1 shaper – D0 – 0.17mm,D14 _ 1.2mm
prepare coronal third of canals
S2 shaper – D0 – 0.20mm ,D14 _ 1.1mm
prepare middle third along with coronal region
of apical third
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77. Finishing files
To plane away variation in canal diameter in apical one
third
F1 – size 20, taper 0.07mm/mm (D0 to D3)
F2 – size 25, taper 0.08mm/mm (D0 to D3)
F3 – size 30, taper 0.09mm/mm (D0 to D3)
Speed – 200 to 300 RPM
Used in torque and speed control electric motor handpiece
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80. CANAL MASTER SYSTEM:
• Both hand and engine driven instruments.
• Instrument similar to GG drill.
• Hand instrument – apical preparation.
• Engine driven – coronal preparation of root canals.
• Non-cutting pilot tip
Hand instrument – 0.75mm.
Engine driven – 2.0mm.
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81. • Major features:
a) Replace usual cutting tip with non-cutting pilot.
b) Cutting head – 1-2mm.
c) Shaft diameter constant and reduced.
• Follow original canal curvature and reduce
transportation.
• Hand instrument – colour coded handles
Sizes – 20 to 80
60 degrees reciprocal rotation.
• Rotary instrument – colour coded latch type attachments
Sizes – 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100.
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82. RAPID BODY SHAPERS AND POW – R ROTARY
FILES
Rapid body shapers – 4 NiTi rotary engine reamers
pattern bullet tip
shape body of the canal
RBS NO: 1 – 0.61mm at the tip
RBS NO: 2 – 0.66mm at the tip
RBS NO:3 – 0.76mm at the tip
RBS NO:4 – 0.86mm at the tip
Speed – 275 to 300 RPM
Used in gear reduction, slow speed handpiece
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83. POW – R rotary files – NiTi with non ledging bullet tip
0.02, 0.04 taper
clean and shape middle and apical
third
ISO size and half sizes available
pecking motion
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84. RECENTADVANCES
V – taper system
• Variable decreasing rate of taper starting from tip
towards shaft
• Ex: V10
0 to 4mm – 10% taper
4 to 8mm – 5% taper
8 to 12mm – 2% taper
Self core parabolic cross-section –
efficient, safe and flexible
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85. M2 SYSTEM:
• NiTi rotary system
• Flutes _ minimum contact
maximum space for debri removable
Radiographically visible calibration _ increased accuracy
no stops required
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86. LIBERATOR
• Taper _ 2%,4%,6%
• Sizes _ 15 to 40
• Speed _ 1000 to 2000 rpm
• Straight flute design cannot selfthread
• Lack of radial lands reduces friction
• Safety tip keeps the file centered
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87. NEW CONCEPT IN INSTRUMENT
DESIGN:
• New instruments based on constant percent change
• Percent change – difference between D0 diameters
divided by D0 diameter of smaller file and multiplied by
100
• Series 29 – percent changes is 29.17%
• Fewer instruments than current system
• More instruments at the beginning and fewer at the end
• Ex: profile series 29, golden medium instruments
• Golden medium instruments series – reduce large
percentage change between smaller sized files
• GM – provide half sizes
disadvantage – machining tolerance 0.02mm
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88. CONCLUSION
• Successful endodontic treatment requires accurate
diagnosis , proper access opening, cleaning and shaping
which can be achieved by using proper instruments.
• Knowledge of instruments improves the quality of
treatment and makes work more easier for both operator
and patient.
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