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1. Basic Cephalometrics
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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2. Purpose of Cephalometrics
•
•
•
•
Study craniofacial growth
Diagnosis
Planning orthodontic treatment
Evaluation of treated cases
Cephalometrics is a technique employing
oriented radiographs for the purpose of
making head measurements.
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3. Cephalostat
15"
15"
60"
60"
Source Plane
Source Plane
X-ray Source
X-ray Source
Mid-saggital Plane
Mid-saggital Plane
Patient in Head
Patient in Head
Positioning Device
Positioning Device
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Film Plane
Film Plane
X-ray Film in
X-ray Film in
Cassette
Cassette

4. Cephalostat
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5. Cephalostat
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6. Cephalometric Values for
Selected Groups
White
Black
Israeli
Chinese
Japanese
SNA
82
85
82
82
81
SNB
80
81
78
79
77
ANB
2
4
4
3
4
U1-NA
4 mm, 22
7 mm, 23
5 mm, 24
5 mm, 24
6 mm, 24
L1-NB
4 mm, 25
10 mm, 34
6 mm, 29
6 mm, 27
8 mm, 31
U1-L1
131
119
124
126
120
GoGn-SN
32
32
35
32
34
L1-MnPl
93
100
93
93
96
L1-FH
62
51
57
57
57
Y axis
61
63
61
61
62
from Proffit,Contemporary Orthodontics, 1992
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7. What Are We Trying to
Accomplish?
• Find out skeletal classification
– anteroposterior
– vertical
• Find out angulation of incisors
• Consider soft tissue
– facial profile
– airway considerations
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8. What Are We Trying to
Accomplish? (In other words)
• Is the patient Class I, II, III skeletal?
• Does the patient have a skeletal open bite
growth pattern, or a deep bite growth
pattern, or a normal growth pattern?
• Are the maxillary/mandibular incisors
proclined, retroclined or normal?
• Is the facial profile protrusive, retrusive, or
straight; can the patient breathe normally?
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9. Structures to be Traced
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10. Standard Cephalometric
Landmarks
Sella
Nasion
Orbitale
Porion
ANS
Articulare
A Point
B Point
Gonion
Pogonion
PNS
Menton
Gnathion
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11. Radiographic Landmarks
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12. Frequently Used Planes
SN Plane
Frankfort Plane
Palatal Plane
Occlusal Plane
Mandibular Plane
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13. Skeletal Assessment
SNA
Antero-posterior maxillary assessment
82
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14. Skeletal Assessment
SNB
Antero-posterior mandibular assessment
80
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15. Skeletal Assessment
ANB
Antero-posterior bimaxillary assessment
2
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16. Skeletal Assessment
Wits (AO-BO)
-1 mm
BO anterior to
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AO

17. Skeletal Assessment
Y Axis
66
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18. Skeletal Assessment
Y Axis (to Frankfort Horizontal)
Vertical Skeletal Assessment
59
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19. Skeletal Assessment
NS(SN plane)-GoGn
Vertical Skeletal Assessment
32
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20. Dental Assessment
U1-NS (Max 1 - SN)
Incisor Angulation Assessment
104
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21. Dental Assessment
Max 1 - NA (degrees)
22
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22. Dental Assessment
Max 1 - NA (mm)
4 mm
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23. Dental Assessment
L1-GoGn (Man 1 - GoGn)
Incisor Angulation Assessment
95
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24. Dental Assessment
Man 1 - NB (degrees)
25
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25. Dental Assessment
Man 1 - NB (mm)
4 mm
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26. Dental Assessment
APog - Man 1
2 mm +/- 2
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27. Dental Assessment
U1-L1 (Max 1 - Man 1)
Inter-Incisor Angulation Assessment
130
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28. Soft Tissue Assessment
E Plane
-2 mm
CHANGES WITH AGE!
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29. Soft Tissue Assessment
>4 mm.
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30. Composite Cephalometric
Tracing
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31. Nasorespiratory Considerations
Children with airway obstruction, when
compared to normal controls, show:
• Increased total and lower face heights
• More retrognathic mandibles
• Steeper (increased) mandibular plane
angles
• Spontaneous improvement after
reestablishment of normal respiration
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32. Cases
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33. Thank you
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