Impatica Biology 2113 chapter one by Mrs. Jan House Summer of 2011

1. 1
1
Elaine N. Marieb
The Human Body:
An Orientation

2. REQUIRED TEXTBOOK
• Anatomy &
Physiology, 4th edition
• Marieb
• BIO 2113/2114
• Janyce
House, Instructor

3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the structure of body parts
– Gross or macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
• Physiology – the function of body parts

4. Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology –
• Histology –

5. Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific organ
systems
– Renal –
– Neurophysiology –
– Cardiovascular –
• Focuses on the functions of the body, often at
the cellular or molecular level

6. Physiology
• Understanding physiology:
• Physics
• Pathophysiology – abnormal or disease body
function

7. Principle of Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its
specific form

8. Levels of Structural Organization
• Chemical –
• Cellular –
• Tissue –
• Organ –
• Organ system –
• Organismal –

9. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Cardiovascular
Tissues consist of
system Blood
similar types of cells
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism is made
tissue up of many organ systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of different 5 Organ system level
types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that
work together closely
Figure 1.1

10. Bio. 2113 - Organ Systems of the Body
- p. 6
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal system
• Muscular System
• Nervous System

11. Bio. 2114 - Organ Systems of the Body
- p. 6 &7
• Endocrine System
• Cardiovascular System
• Lymphatic System/Immunity
• Respiratory System
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Male and Female Reproductive Systems

12. Organ Systems Interrelationships
• The integumentary system protects the body
from the external environment
• Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact
with the external environment, take in
nutrients and oxygen

13. Organ Systems Interrelationships
• Nutrients and oxygen
are distributed by
the blood
• Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the
urinary and
respiratory systems
Figure 1.2

14. Necessary Life Functions I
• Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment
remains distinct from the external
– Cellular level –
– Organismal level –
• Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and
contractility
• Responsiveness –
• Digestion –

15. Necessary Life Functions II
• Metabolism –
• Excretion –
• Reproduction –
– Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter
cells
– Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
• Growth –

16. Survival Needs
• Nutrients –
• Oxygen –
• Water –
• Maintaining normal body temperature –
• Atmospheric pressure –

17. HOMEOSTASIS
• STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
• COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BODY
(NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS)

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• CONTROL MECHANISMS FOR HOMEOSTASIS:
– Receptor – changes (stimuli)
– Control center – determines the set point at which
the variable is maintained
– Effector – responds to the stimulus

19. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
3 Input: Control
center 4 Output:
Information Information sent
sent along along efferent
afferent pathway to
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Change
2 detected
by receptor
5 Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
1 Stimulus: magnitude of
Produces stimulus and
change returns
in variable variable to
homeostasis
Variable (in homeostasis)
Figure 1.4

20. Negative Feedback
• In negative feedback systems, the output
shuts off the original stimulus
• Examples: Regulation of blood glucose levels;
body temperature