PC Troubleshooting and Networking

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Table of Contents
First Aid and Safety Precaution ................................................................................................................... 7
First Aid Kit............................................................................................................................... 7
Proper Handling of electrical and electronics components .................................................................... 12
Computer System ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Hardware ............................................................................................................................... 17
Input Devices ................................................................................................................................. 17
Output Devices............................................................................................................................... 22
Storage Devices .............................................................................................................................. 26
Processor ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Software ................................................................................................................................................... 59
DOS ................................................................................................................................................ 64
DOS Command .................................................................................................................. 66
Internal Command ............................................................................................... 81
External Command .............................................................................................. 83
Windows ........................................................................................................................................ 86
Linus/Unix .................................................................................................................................... 100
Basic Computer Components and Peripherals..................................................................................... 108
Monitor ........................................................................................................................................ 111
Types of Monitor ............................................................................................................ 111
Basic Part of Monitor ...................................................................................................... 112
Central Processing Unit ................................................................................................................ 113
Vital parts of CPU ............................................................................................................ 114
Motherboard ..................................................................................................... 115
Types and compatibility ..................................................................................... 116

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Memory ............................................................................................................. 122
Random Access Memory ...................................................................... 125
Types of RAM ........................................................................... 125
Read Only Memory ............................................................................... 126
System Bus ............................................................................................ 128
ISA ............................................................................................ 129
EISA .......................................................................................... 129
PCI ............................................................................................ 130
AGP .......................................................................................... 131
MCA ......................................................................................... 132
USB ........................................................................................... 133
CMOS .................................................................................................... 134
POST ......................................................................................... 136
SETUP ....................................................................................... 137
Chipset .................................................................................................. 139
Northbridge ............................................................................. 139
Southbridge ............................................................................. 143
Network Interface Card ........................................................................ 158
Types and function .................................................................. 158
Processor .............................................................................................. 181
INTEL ........................................................................................ 182
AMD ......................................................................................... 183
Video Cards ........................................................................................... 185
Types and Function .................................................................. 187
Installation ............................................................................... 188

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Power Supply ..................................................................................................... 195
Connectors ......................................................................................................... 200
Troubleshooting Motherboards ........................................................................................................... 204
Symptoms .................................................................................................................................... 208
Diagnosis ...................................................................................................................................... 208
Storage Devices ..................................................................................................................................... 213
Hard Disk Drive ............................................................................................................................ 214
Parts and Types ............................................................................................................... 215
Installation ...................................................................................................................... 215
Jumper Setting ................................................................................................... 219
Partitioning ........................................................................................................ 221
Formatting ......................................................................................................... 223
CD-ROM Drives ............................................................................................................................ 227
Types and Parts ............................................................................................................... 227
Floppy Disk Drive ......................................................................................................................... 229
Types and Parts ............................................................................................................... 230
Printers .................................................................................................................................................. 234
Types of Printer ............................................................................................................................ 234
Dot Matrix ....................................................................................................................... 234
Inkjet ............................................................................................................................... 235
Laser ................................................................................................................................ 235
Installation of Printers ................................................................................................................. 236
Troubleshooting Printer ............................................................................................................... 238
Symptoms and diagnosis ................................................................................................ 241
Mouse .................................................................................................................................................... 245

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Types of Mouse ............................................................................................................................ 245
Trackball .......................................................................................................................... 245
Digital Mouse .................................................................................................................. 245
Installation of Mouse ................................................................................................................... 245
Troubleshooting Mouse ............................................................................................................... 247
Symptoms and Diagnosis ................................................................................................ 248
Software Installation............................................................................................................................. 252
Windows ...................................................................................................................................... 255
System Software and Drivers ....................................................................................................... 260
Networking Basics ................................................................................................................................. 265
Computer Networking ................................................................................................................. 265
Types of Computer Network ........................................................................................... 265
SAN ..................................................................................................................... 265
LAN ..................................................................................................................... 265
MAN ................................................................................................................... 265
WAN ................................................................................................................... 266
Network Devices ............................................................................................................. 266
Modem............................................................................................................... 266
Hub ..................................................................................................................... 267
Switch ................................................................................................................. 268
Repeaters ........................................................................................................... 268
Router ................................................................................................................ 268
Types of Computer Network Topology ........................................................................... 269
Star ..................................................................................................................... 270
Ring .................................................................................................................... 271

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Bus ..................................................................................................................... 271
Mesh .................................................................................................................. 272
Token Ring ......................................................................................................... 273
Network Interface Card Installation ............................................................................................ 273
Cabling ......................................................................................................................................... 275
Categories of Cables ....................................................................................................... 276
Types and Configuration of Cables ................................................................................. 282
Straight Through ................................................................................................ 282
Cross-over .......................................................................................................... 283
Roll-over ............................................................................................................. 284
IP Address Familiarization ............................................................................................................ 285
Classification of IP Address ............................................................................................. 286
Setting up IP Address ...................................................................................................... 287
IP Configuration .................................................................................................................................... 292
Automatic IP Configuration ......................................................................................................... 292
Manual Allocation of IP Address .................................................................................................. 299
Computer Network Configuration ........................................................................................................ 301
Peer-to-Peer Network .................................................................................................................. 301
Client/Server Network ................................................................................................................. 302
Network Troubleshooting ..................................................................................................................... 303
Testing Device ................................................................................................................. 303
LAN Tester .......................................................................................................... 311
PING Commands ................................................................................................ 312
Symptoms and Commands ...................................................................................................

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QUIZZES
1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 58
3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 107
4 ............................................................................................................................................................. 157
5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 233
6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 251
7 ............................................................................................................................................................. 264
8 ............................................................................................................................................................. 325

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First Aid Kit A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, and can be put together for the purpose by an individual or organization or purchased complete. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid requirements of the area where it may be used and variations in legislation or regulation in a given area. The international standard for first aid kits is that they should be identified with the ISO graphical symbol for first aid (from ISO 7010) which is an equal white cross on a green background, although many kits do not comply with this standard, either because they are put together by an individual or they predate the standards. Format First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container and this will depend on whether they are commercially produced or assembled by an individual. Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from wallet sized through to large rucksacks. It is recommended that all kits are in a clean, waterproof container to keep the contents safe and aseptic. Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or are expired out of date.
Appearance
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets a standard for first aid kits of being green, with a white cross, in order to make them easily recognizable to anyone requiring first aid.
ISO First Aid Symbol Alternate version of Red Cross Star of Life the first aid symbol

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CONTENTS FIRST AID PRECAUTION 1. LOOK around. Is it safe to help? If not, call 9-1-1, have someone else call, or seek medical help. If it is safe to help, stay calm and go to step 2. 2. CHECK for a response. 3. Gently tap the person. Ask, “Are you okay?” Ask loudly. Call the person by name if you know it.
A Pocket mask in its case.
Adhesive bandages are one of the most commonly used items in a first aid kit.
Plastic Tweezers
Disposable gloves are often found in modern first-aid kits.

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4. If the person responds or moves, attend to his or her problem, as needed. If the person is injured or the problem is serious, call for emergency medical care. Give first aid as needed, until medical help arrives. 5. If the person does not respond or move, begin CPR. 6. PROTECT yourself from hepatitis B virus and HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. You can get these from an infected person’s blood or other body fluids if they enter your body. These organisms can enter through cuts or breaks in your skin or through the lining of your mouth, nose, and eyes. When you give first aid or do CPR, take these steps, especially if you don’t know the person: 7. Use plastic wrap or a plastic bag that you can throw away whenever you touch another person’s body fluids, blood, or other objects that may be soiled with his or her blood. If possible, have the person apply pressure to the wound with his or her own hand. 8. Cover the person’s open wounds with dressings, extra gauze, or water proof material. 9. Using a mouth-to-mouth barrier device when you give rescue breaths may or may not protect you from picking up an infection. If you are not willing to give mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths during CPR, do Hands-Only CPR. Wash your hands with soap and water right after you give first aid. 1. Report every incident in which you are exposed to another person’s blood or other body fluids to your doctor, local health department, or EMS personnel. Do this within 1 to 2 hours. 2. FIND out if the person has certain medical needs. 3. Ask if he or she has prescribed medicine, such as nitro-glycerine, to take for a heart condition. Ask where he or she keeps the medicine. Find out how much to give. Ask the person or read the directions on the medicine’s label, if there is one. 4. Ask the person if you can give the medicine to him or her. 5. Look for a medical alert tag to find out about health problems the person has. 6. Find out if the person is allergic to any medicine.

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Safe Lab Procedures (2.1)
This section discusses safety in the lab. Safety guidelines help protect individuals from accidents and injury. They also help to protect equipment from damage. Some of these guidelines are designed to protect the environment from contamination caused by improperly discarded materials.
General Safety (2.1.1.1)
Safe working conditions help prevent injury to people and damage to computer equipment. A safe workspace is clean, organized, and properly lighted. Everyone must understand and follow safety procedures.
Follow the basic safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns, electrical shock, and damage to eyesight. As a best practice, make sure that a fire extinguisher and first-aid kit are available in case of fire or injury. Poorly placed or unsecured cables can cause tripping hazards in a network installation. Cables should be installed in conduit or cable trays to prevent hazards.
This is a partial list of basic safety precautions to use when working on a computer:
 Remove your watch and jewelry and secure loose clothing.
 Turn off the power and unplug equipment before performing service.
 Cover sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.
 Never open a power supply or a CRT monitor.
 Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or that use high voltage.
 Know where the fire extinguisher is located and how to use it.
 Keep food and drinks out of your workspace.
 Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.
 Bend your knees when lifting heavy objects to avoid injuring your back.
Electrical Safety (2.1.1.2)
Follow electrical safety guidelines to prevent electrical fires, injuries, and fatalities in the home and the workplace. Power supplies and CRT monitors contain high voltage.
CAUTION
Do not wear the antistatic wrist strap when repairing power supplies or CRT monitors. Only experienced technicians should attempt to repair power supplies and CRT monitors.
Some printer parts become hot during use, and other parts might contain high voltage. Check the printer manual for the location of high-voltage components. Some

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components retain a high voltage even after the printer is turned off. Make sure that the printer has had time to cool before making the repair.
Electrical devices have certain power requirements. For example, AC adapters are manufactured for specific laptops. Exchanging power cords with a different type of laptop or device may cause damage to both the AC adapter and the laptop.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
There is always a potential danger of electric shock or fire whenever there are outlets, plugs, wiring or connections. In addition to the usual electrical hazards, some labs have high voltage electrical equipment.
 Familiarize yourself with the location of Circuit breaker panels in labs.
 Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.
 Electrical cords must be secured
 Connect to the power source LAST.
 Turn off and unplug equipment (instead of relying on interlocks that can fail) before removing the protective cover to replace a part, adjust or troubleshoot.
 Do not use an electrical outlet or switch if the protective cover is ajar, cracked or missing
 All electrical apparatus must be properly grounded.
 Never remove the ground pin of a 3-pronged plug.
 Do not run wires over moving or rotating equipment, or on the floor, or string them across walkways from bench to bench as this creates a trip hazard.
 DO NOT use electric wires as supports and never pull on live wires.
 Ensure that all wires are dry before plugging into circuits.
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 Remove electrical cords from the receptacle by grasping and pulling the plug not the cord
 Always pick up and carry portable equipment by the handle or base.
 Only use DRY hands and stand on a dry surface when using electrical equipment, plugging in an electric cord, etc.
 If electrical equipment emits smoke or a burning smell, shut off power immediately and take it out of service for repair.
Fire Safety (2.1.1.3)
Follow fire safety guidelines to protect lives, structures, and equipment. To avoid an electrical shock and to prevent damage to the computer, turn off and unplug the computer before beginning a repair.
Fire can spread rapidly and be very costly. Proper use of a fire extinguisher can prevent a small fire from getting out of control. When working with computer components, be aware of the possibility of an accidental fire and know how to react. Be alert for odors emitting from computers and electronic devices. When electronic components overheat or short out, they emit a burning odor. If there is a fire, follow these safety procedures:

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 Never fight a fire that is out of control or not contained.
 Always have a planned fire escape route before beginning any work.
 Get out of the building quickly.
 Contact emergency services for help.
 Locate and read the instructions on the fire extinguishers in your workplace before you have to use them.
Be familiar with the types of fire extinguishers used in your country or region. Each type of fire extinguisher has specific chemicals to fight different types of fires:
 Paper, wood, plastics, cardboard
 Gasoline, kerosene, organic solvents
 Electrical equipment
 Combustible metals
 It is important to know how to use a fire extinguisher. Use the memory aid P-A-S- S to remember the basic rules of fire extinguisher operation:
 P: Pull the pin.
 A: Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames.
 S: Squeeze the lever.
 S: Sweep the nozzle from side to side.
Proper Handling of electrical and electronic components Handling Electronic Assemblies Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Certain components used in electronic assemblies are sensitive to static electricity and can be damaged by its discharge. Static charges are created when non-conductive materials are separated, such as when plastic bags are picked up or opened, when friction occurs between articles of synthetic clothing, when plastic tapes are dispensed and many other causes. Destructive static charges are induced on nearby conductors, such as human skin, and delivered in the form of sparks passing between conductors, such as when the surface of printed board assembly is touched by a person having a static charge potential. If touched at the right solder joint or conductive pattern, the circuit board assembly can be damaged as the discharge passes through the conductive pattern to a static sensitive component. It is important to note that usually the static damage level for components cannot be felt by humans. (Less than 3,000 volts.) Electrical Overstress (EOS) Electrical overstress damage can be caused by generation of unwanted energy; such as spikes, occurring within soldering irons, solder extractors, testing instruments and

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other electrically operated equipment. This equipment must be designed as to prevent unwanted electrical discharges. ESD/EOS Safe Work Areas The purpose of an ESD/EOS safe work area is to prevent damage to sensitive components from spikes and static discharges. These areas must be designed and maintained to prevent ESD/EOS damage. Handling and Storage Methods 1. Circuit board assemblies must always be handled at properly designated work areas. 2. Designated work areas must be checked periodically to ensure their continued protection. Areas of main concern include: 1. Proper grounding methods. 2. Static dissipation of work surfaces. 3. Static dissipation of floor surfaces. 4. Operation of ion blowers and ion air guns. 3. Designated work areas must be kept free of static generating materials including Styrofoam, vinyl, plastic, fabrics and other static generating materials. 4. Work areas must be kept clean and neat. To prevent contamination of circuit board assemblies, there must be no eating or smoking in the work area. 5. When not being worked on, sensitive components and circuit boards must be enclosed in shielded bags or boxes. There are three types of ESD protective enclosure materials including: Static Shielding - Prevents static electricity from passing through the package. Antistatic - Provides antistatic cushioning for electronic assemblies. Static Dissipative - An "over-package" that has enough conductivity to dissipate any static build up. 6. Whenever handling a circuit board assembly the operator must be properly grounded by one of the following: A. Wearing a wrist strap connected to earth ground. B. Wearing 2 heel grounders and have both feet on a static dissipative floor surface. 7. Circuit board assemblies should be handled by the edges. Avoid touching the circuits or components. (See Figure 1)

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8. Components should be handled by the edges when possible. Avoid touching the component leads. 9. Hand creams and lotions containing silicone must not be used since they can cause solder ability and epoxy adhesion problems. Lotions specifically formulated to prevent contamination of circuit boards are available. Stacking of circuit boards and assemblies should be avoided to prevent physical damage. Special racks and trays are available for handling. Occupational Health and Safety Procedure (OHS) (written): 1. Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit. 2. Always full cable connector on the handle and not on the cable itself. 3. Use only rubber shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor. 4. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting cable connector. 5. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or soft drinks near your working area or near computers. 6. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are recognized. 7. Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with organization OHS procedures and practices. 8. Hazard/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified to minimize or eliminate risk to co-workers, workplace and environment. 9. Take necessary precautions to protect the components of the computer from damage caused by ESD (Electrostatic Discharge). 10. Hold the components by the edges and do not touch the IC’s. 11. Read and follow instructions on the manual carefully. 12. Do not use excessive force if things don’t quite slip into place.

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Summary:
First Aid Kit - A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, and can be put together for the purpose by an individual or organization or purchased complete.
ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization .
We need to secure every time the first aid kit in case of emergency. We have a first aid for that accident, example is burn.
We need also to know what the safety procedures are before we start our work to avoid accidents.
Chapter Quiz:
Essay:
1. Briefly discuss what is First Aid Kit.
2. What are the Occupational Health and Safety Procedure.

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What is Computer?
An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) and performing a sequence of logical operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.
A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form ofmemory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.
A computer includes both hardware and software. In general, hardware is the physical aspect of the computer that can be seen, and software is the invisible instructions that control the hardware and make it work. Computer programming consists of writing instructions for computers to perform. You can learn a programming language without knowing computer hardware, but you will be better able to understand the effect of the instructions in the program if you do. This section gives a brief introduction to computer hardware components and their functionality.
A computer consists of the following major hardware components:
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory
 Secondary Storage
 Input and Output Devices Computer System A system of interconnected computers that share a central storage system and various peripheral devices such as a printers, scanners, or routers. Each computer

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connected to the system can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate with other external devices and computers. A complete working computer, Computer systems will include the computer along with any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. Every computer system, for example, requires an operating system.
What is Hardware?
 The physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of a computer system.
 All the Physical parts of a Computer System (the bits that you can see and touch)
 Tangible part/ devices of computer.
INPUT DEVICES
What are Input Devices?
 Input devices gather data and convert them into electronic form for use by the computer.
 The Physical Parts of a Computer System which allows data to be entered into a Computer System
 Data or instructions entered into memory of computer
 Accepts data and instructions from the user or from another computer system.
In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.
Many input devices can be classified according to:
 Modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
 the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
 the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications)
Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, can further be classified according to:
 Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears. Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examples involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.

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 Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative (e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)
Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be either absolute or relative. For example, digitizing graphics tablets that do not have an embedded screen involve indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often run in an absolute input mode, but they may also be set up to simulate a relative input mode like that of a touchpad, where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned.
Input and output devices make up the hardware interface between a computer and a scanner or 6DOF controller.
What are the two types of input?
 Data
o Unprocessed text, numbers,
images, audio, and video
 Instructions
o Programs
o Commands
o User responses
Examples of Input Devices:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Scanner
 Microphone
Keyboard Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although

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there are some additional keys provided for performing some additional functions. Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard is also available for Windows and Internet. The keys are following Sr. No. Keys Description 1 Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9) which generally give same layout as that of typewriters. 2 Numeric Keypad It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machine and calculators. 3 Function Keys The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose. 4 Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow key. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). 5 Special Purpose Keys Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

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Keyboard Entry – Data is inputted to the computer through a keyboard.
- Keyboard - The first input device developed for the PC. Data is transferred to the PC over a short cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector that plugs into the back of the motherboard.
- Direct Entry – A form of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone sitting at a keyboard. Direct-entry devices create machine-readable data on paper, or magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer’s CPU.
There are 3 types of Keyboard:
1. PS2(Violet)
2. Standard
3. USB
3 Parts of Keyboard
1. Alphanumeric
2. Function Key(F1-F10-12)
3. Special Keys
Mouse Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. Generally, it has two buttons called left and right button and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
- Pointing device that fits under palm of hand
Pointing Devices - An input device used to move the pointer (cursor) on screen.
Mouse - The most common 'pointing device' used in PCs. Every mouse has two buttons and most have one or two scroll wheels. ADVANTAGES  Easy to use  Not very expensive

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 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of keyboard.
There are 3 types of Mouse:
1. PS2 (Green)
2. Serial
3. USB
Kinds of Mouse
1. Optical
2. Trackball
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. T he lower spherical ball moves in a socket. T he Joystick can be moved in all four directions.
T he function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
Scanner
- A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translates the information into a form the computer can use. - Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer for further manipulation. - Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the digital form that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited before they are printed. - Light-sensing device that reads printed text and graphics - Used for image processing, converting paper documents into electronic images

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Different Types of Scanner:
1. Flatbed Scanner
- A scanner, plotter, or other device which keeps paper flat
during use.
2. Handheld Scanner (Barcode Reader)
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded
data (data in form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is
generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc.
It may be a hand-held scanner or may be embedded in a
stationary scanner.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then
stored in digital form. The microphone is used for various
applications like adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.
OUTPUT DEVICE
What are Output Devices?
- An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing
system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information
into human-readable form.
- An output device is any peripheral that receives or displays output from a
computer. The picture shows an inkjet printer, an output device that can make a hard

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copy of anything being displayed on a monitor. Below is a listing of all the different computer output devices used with a computer.
Display devices
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device is called soft copy because the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.
Examples of Output Devices:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Headphones/ Speaker
 Projector Monitors Monitor commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) is the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels, that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of the pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors:  Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
 Flat-Panel Display Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor In the CRT, display is made up of small picture elements called pixels for short. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form whole character, such as the letter 'e' in the word help. A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically. There are some disadvantages of CRT:  Large in Size

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 High power consumption Flat-Panel Display Monitor The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement compared to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses for flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, graphics display. The flat-panel display are divided into two categories:  Emissive Displays - The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. Examples are plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).  Non-Emissive Displays - The Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. Example is LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device)
Printers Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print information on paper. There are two types of printers:  Impact Printers  Non-Impact Printers
Under Impact Printer is Dot-matrix Printer.
Under Non-Impact Printers are Laser Printer and Inkjet Printer.
Speakers
Use to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.
 Computer component that produces music, speech,

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or other sounds
 Speakers and headsets are common devices
Projector
A device used to project rays of light, especially an apparatus for projecting slides or
film on to a screen.
LCD Projectors- utilize two sheets of polarizing
material with a liquid crystal solution between them.
An electric current passed through the liquid causes
the crystals to align so that light cannot pass
through them. Each crystal, therefore, is like a
shutter, either allowing light to pass through or
blocking the light.
Smart Board
A type display screen that has a touch
sensitive transparent panel covering the
screen which is similar to a touch screen.
What is the difference between an input and output device?
To understand the difference between an input and output
device, you must understand the difference
between input and output. Any information or data that's
entered or sent to the computer to be processed is considered
input and anything that is displayed from the computer is

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output. Therefore, an input device such as a computer keyboard is capable of having information sent to the computer, but does not display (output) any information. An output device such as a computer printer can print information from the computer but does not send any information (input) to the computer.
STORAGE DEVCE
What are Storage Devices? Alternatively referred to as storage, storage media, or storage medium, a storage device is any hardware device capable of holding information. There are two storage devices used in computers; a primary storage device such as computer RAM and a secondary storage device such as a computer hard drive. The secondary storage could be a removable, internal, or external storage. The picture shows an example of a Drobo, an external secondary storage device. Without a storage device, your computer would not be able to save any settings or information and would be considered a dumb terminal. Below, are some additional examples of storage devices that are used with computers. Types of computer storage  Floppy diskette  CD-ROM disc  CD-R and CD-RW disc  Cloud storage  DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc  Jump drive and USB flash drive  Hard drive  Memory card  Memory stick  Tape cassette  Zip diskette

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Primary Storage
 Primary storage is a category of computer storage, often called main memory.
 Has three functions:
o Stores all or part of the program that is being executed.
o Stores the operating system programs that manage the operation of the computer.
o Holds data that the program is using.
 Data and program are placed in primary storage before processing, between processing steps and after processing has ended prior to being returned to secondary storage or released as output.
Memory
 How is memory measured?
o By number of bytes available for storage
 Modern primary storage devices include:
o Random access memory (RAM)
 It is used for short-term storage of data or program instructions. RAM is volatile. Its contents will be lost when the computer’s electric supply is disrupted by a power outage or when the computer turned off.
o Read-only memory (ROM)
 It can only be read from. It cannot be written to. ROM chips come from the manufacturer with programs already burned in, or stored. ROM is used in general-purpose computers to store important or frequently used programs, such as computing routine for calculating the square roots of numbers.
Term Abbreviation Approximate Size
Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand bytes
Megabyte MB 1 million bytes
Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes
Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes

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Primary Memory (Main Memory) Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instructions required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. Characteristic of Main Memory  These are semiconductor memories.  It is known as main memory.  Usually volatile memory.  Data is lost in case power is switched off.  It is working memory of the computer.  Faster than secondary memories.  A computer cannot run without primary memory. Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing Data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input- output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc. Characteristics of Secondary Memory  These are magnetic and optical memories.  It is known as backup memory.  It is non-volatile memory.  Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.  It is used for storage of the data in the computer.  Computer may run without secondary memory.  Slower than primary memories.

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Optical storage devices
CD rom/DVD ROM
 Definition : CD Read Only Memory/DVD Read Only Memory
This means when we buy it, it has some data already installed on it and we can’t remove that data. We can read it, but can’t save on it
Examples are: Musical CD, Film DVD
Advantage
 It has a lot of memory on it
Disadvantage
 A data can be installed on it one time only.
CD R/DVD R
An empty CD/DVD disk
Advantages
 It is small and portable.
 It is very cheap to produce.
 Fairly fast to access data.
Disadvantages
 Data can be stored 1 time only.
 It is easy to break or scratched.
CD RW/DVD RW
Advantages
 CD
2. DVD

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 It has enough memory in it.
 The data can be stored as much time as you want.
 It is small and portable.
 Fairly fast to access data.
Disadvantages
 DVDs do not work in CD drives.
 There is no single standard of DVD.
 They can be easily damaged by breaking or scratching.
DVD RAM
DVD Random-Access Memory
Advantages
 Long life (about 30 years without damaging).
 Can be rewritten about 100000 times.
 Has write-protect tabs to prevent accidental deletion when used in a cartridge.
Disadvantages
 Less compatibility than DVD+RW and DVD-RW, despite predating both formats (as noted above).
 DVD-RAM media is more expensive than other types of DVD.
HD DVD
High Definition/Density DVD
Advantages
 Cheap considering the picture quality produced by HD-DVD and the list of movie studios.
 Sounds good.
 Backwards compatibility included.
Disadvantages
 Xbox 360 version features no HDMI.
 Films are not cheap.

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Blu-ray
Advantages
 Huge storage capacity.
 Backwards compatibility.
 Keep on burning.
 Quality support.
Disadvantages
 High cost.
Solid state backing storage
Advantages
 Smallest form of memory used as removable storage.
 More robust than other forms of storage.
 Can be easily written to and updated.
 Small and comfortable.
Disadvantages
 More expensive than other forms.
 Easy to lost.
Memory sticks/pen drives
Advantages
 Used to transport files and backup data from computer to computer.
 Can store up to a lot of Gigabytes.
Disadvantages
 Can be easily lost.
Flash memory cards
Advantages
 They are compact and portable.

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 They hold a lot of data.
 They are reliable.
Disadvantages
 At the moment, the cost per megabyte of storage is more expensive than floppy disks, CDs or DVDs.
 They can be easily lost.
 The metal part which is inserted into the USB port can be snapped off if they are handled roughly.
Magnetic Tape
 Magnetic tape is an older storage technology that still used for secondary storage of large volumes of information.
 The principle advantages
 Its inexpensiveness, its relative stability and its ability to store very large quantities of information.
 The disadvantages
 Its sequentially stored data and its relative slowness compared to the speed of secondary storage media.
Tape
What is tape?
- Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of storing large amounts of data at low cost.
- Primarily used for backup
PC Cards
What is a PC Card?
- Adds capabilities to computer
- Credit-card-sized device commonly used in notebook computers

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PROCESSOR
What is Processor?
- The CPU is an example of a processor. It has the same important as the brain to human being.
- The processor or Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer
- The performance of the processor is measured in Giga Hertz (GHz)
- We send programs to the processor to get the computer to do something
A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drives a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.
A central processing unit (CPU) (formerly also referred to as a central processor unit) is the hardware within a computer that carries out theinstructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, andinput/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.
A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. All modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning contained on a single chip. Some integrated circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs are called multi-core processors. An IC containing a CPU can also contain peripheral devices, and other components of a computer system; this is called a system on a chip (SoC).
Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
Not all computational systems rely on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has multiple parallel computing elements, with no one unit considered the "center". In the distributed computing model, problems are solved by a distributed interconnected set of processors.
Kinds of Microprocessor
 INTEL

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 AMD
 MOTOROLA/ARM
INTEL If there was a single semiconductor chip maker the average consumer is aware of it would likely be Intel. If not for the famous Intel "chime" as heard in many television commercials throughout the years then definitely for the fact that it would be difficult not to encounter its technologies in some form whether at work, school or otherwise. Intel is the premier chip maker for personal computers—companies such as Apple, Dell, HP, Samsung, Sony have product lines that depend on the processors that Intel produces. Intel's processors generally offer the best performance for all-around usage. This has been especially the case the last several years with the introduction and evolution of Intel's Core series product line. Currently, Intel's flagship consumer product line consists of mobile and desktop-grade Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7 processors now in their second generation (dubbed "Sandy Bridge"). The third and latest generation of these processors (dubbed "Ivy Bridge") began to roll out for release late April 2012. The biggest difference between these two generations amounts to a moderate improvement in all-around computing performance but a substantial improvement in integrated graphics performance. Another significant feature Ivy Bridge adds is native USB 3.0 support, overtaking USB 2.0. Intel Comparison Table
Recommended For Last Generation Released (Codename) Number of Cores Notable Features Additional Product Information Product Commentary Core i7
Enthusiasts, Superior All- Around Performance, Multi- tasking, Multimedia Creation,
2012 ("Ivy Bridge") and upcoming
2, 4
(1) Hyper- Threading (2) Turbo Boost (3) QuickPath InterConnect (4) Tri-
Intel
The Intel Core i7 represents the company's most feature robust processor

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Advanced Productivity and Advanced 3D Graphics
Gate (3D) Transistors (5) Intel HD Graphics (6) 64-bit
offering. They are Intel's flagship series of processor, achieving the greatest levels of relative performance. As an excellent all- around processor, the i7 is ideal for enthusiasts, gamers, power users and content creators alike. They are available for both desktop and notebook platforms. The current generation of i7 (as well as i3 and i5) processors is Ivy Bridge as of Mid- 2012. Core i5
All-Around Performance, Multi-
2012 ("Ivy Bridge") and
2, 4
(1) Hyper- Threading (on i5
Intel
The Intel Core i5 is a class of

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tasking, Advanced Producivity, Multimedia, Advanced 3D Graphics
upcoming
Mobile Dual-Core only, not available on Quad- Core desktop version) (2) Turbo Boost (3) QuickPath InterConnect (4) Tri- Gate (3D) Transistors (5) Intel HD Graphics (6) 64-bit
high- performance processor just a notch beneath the i7. Though they generally possess same features as the i7 with some exceptions (see Features), they have less cache (L3) memory which amounts to similar, but lesser all- around performance. Like the i7 and i3, the i5 features Intel's high performance integrated graphics in the HD 3000/4000. Most users will find the general level of perfomance offered by

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the i5 to be an attractive option compared to a more expensive i7-equipped system. Core i3
Productivity, Multi- tasking, Basic Graphics, Multimedia
2012 ("Ivy Bridge") and upcoming
2, 4
(1) Hyper- Threading (2) QuickPath InterConnect (3) Tri- Gate (3D) Transistors (4) Intel HD Graphics 3000 (5) 64-bit
Intel
The Intel Core i3 processor is the closest successor to the now out- of- production Core2Duo processor. The most significant differences between the i3 and i5/i7 is the lack of Turbo Boost and less cache (L3) memory. The i3 offers moderate all-around performance and is often found in budget- oriented systems.

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Pentium (Post-2009)
Productivity, E-mail, and Web Browsing, Photos and Music
2011 ("Sandy Bridge")
2
Hyper- Threading (however, most currently do not support this feature)
Intel
The Intel Pentium as a product line had built a strong reputation with consumers in the 90's through the early 2000s with the Pentium I/II/III/4 series. Formerly a flagship line of processor, the Pentium is currently in production as a budget- oriented option just above the Celeron in terms of relative performance. The most recent iteration of the Pentium takes some architectural cues from the Core i series with the 2011 Pentium

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based on the Sandy Bridge, offering performance suitable for most basic tasks. Celeron (Post-2010)
Productivity, E-mail, and Web Browsing, Photos and Music
2011 ("Sandy Bridge")
2
64-bit
Intel
Throughout its many iterations, the Intel Celeron has occupied the lower end of the processor market in terms of both price and performance. Updates to the Celeron based on current generation architecture have been made to keep the processor relevant. The improvements are enough such that they allow for

40
running current productivity packages and web applications. They are best considered for an entry- level system. Atom
Basic Productivity, E-mail, and Web Browsing
2012 ("Cedar Trail") and upcoming
1, 2
(1) Hyper- Threading (2) 64-bit
Intel
The Intel Atom belongs almost exclusively to a class of personal computers known as netbooks (nettops and tablets are the lesser common instances). The Atom is focused not so much on performance as it is on reducing power consumption. As a result, many netbooks offer excellent

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battery life at the cost of being unable to run more sophisticated applications beyond web browsing and word processing. Generally speaking, netbook processors such as the Atom do not see substantial performance gains with subsequent generations. Retiring/Retired Product Lines
Core 2 Duo & Core 2 Quad
Multi- tasking, Productivity and Multimedia
2008
2, 4
64-Bit
Intel - Core 2 Duo - Core 2 Quad
Though the Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad processors are still in production, the platform has been succeeded by the Core i Series since

42
late 2008. Despite this, these processors are still very servicable providing adequete levels of performance for multitasking to varying levels of multimedia creation and productivity applications. Core Solo/Core Duo/Centrino & Celeron (Pre-2010)
2006
1, 2
32-bit
N/A
The Core Duo/Duo Centrino processors preceeded both the Core2 and Core i series of processor. Generally do not recommend running current software for optimal use; consideration of an upgrade path is recommend

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ed soon. Pentium III & Pentium 4
Legacy software and operating system
Late 90s/Early 2000s
1
Pentium 4: mostly 32- bit later versions 64-bit, w/Hyper- Threading
N/A
An upgrade path is highly recommended; Usefulness is relagated to doing basic tasks such as running older versions of Microsoft Office or browsing webpages absent of the latest media or plugins such as Flash or Java. AMD Though not considered the behemoth in the personal computing space as Intel, AMD is a decisive runner-up—and arguably the only true competitor Intel has in this domain. After spending much of the early to middle 2000's as being the performance and value leader with their Athlon 64 line of personal computing processors, AMD—unable to mimic this success in more recent years, has shifted their focus towards both enthusiast and budget-oriented system configurations. As a result, AMD is considered to be a viable alternative to Intel. Their current offerings are flanked by the Phenom series processors and Fusion APU processors. The Fusion APU (AMD A-Series) is a relatively new platform (as of 2011 and ongoing) that attempts to merge high-end graphical capabilities on the same chip as the processor. This means if your work or play requires a powerful graphics card, then AMD can potentially offer a cost effective alternative.

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AMD Comparison Table
Recommended For Last Generation Released (Codename) Number of Cores Notable Features Additional Product Information Product Commentary FX
Desktop Enthusiasts, All-Around High Performance
2012 ("Bulldozer") and upcoming
4, 6, 8
(1) HyperTransport (2) Integrated DRAM Controller with AMD Memory Optimizer (2) AMD Turbo CORE (3) AMD Virtualization (4) AMD PowerNow! (Cool'n'Quiet)
(1) AMD (2) Architectural Features
Available exclusively on desktop platforms, AMD FX targets custom builders and enthusiasts. This is a processor that far surpasses the needs of the average user. However, given the amount of performance it provides combined with the relative low cost, it becomes

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an attractive option for budget custom PC builds. The FX along with the A- Series, represent AMD's current flagship products and later releases within these product lines are planned. A-Series (Fusion)
A4: Basic All-Around Use/Productivity, Casual Gaming A6, A8: All- Around Performance, Multimedia, Advanced 3D Graphics
2012 ("Trinity") and upcoming
A4: 2 A6, A8: 4
DirectX 11 Capable Graphics
(1) AMD (2) Notebook Features
The AMD A-Series (AMD Fusion) are a type of chip that merges the CPU with a high- performance GPU (graphics processing unit) resulting in a versatile system that is very

46
power efficient. They are available in desktops, laptops and most recently, ultrabooks. Where the A4 APU is found in less expensive, entry level systems, the A6 and A8 are more suited for all-around use w/advanced graphics applications (such as gaming or 3D modeling). In May 2012, AMD released the next generation of Fusion A-Series processors known as "Trinity", these

47
processors promise much greater graphical and general purpose performance. AMD has aligned Trinity as an answer to Intel's Ivy Bridge. Phenom II
Advanced Productivity, HD Video, 3D Graphics, Photos and Music
2010
2, 3, 4, 6
(1) HyperTransport™ (2) Integrated DRAM Controller with AMD Memory Optimizer (3) AMD Turbo CORE (4) AMD PowerNow! (Cool'n'Quiet) (5) AMD CoolCore!
(1) AMD (2) Key Architectural Features
The AMD Phenom II is primarily a class of high- performance desktop processor.In 2010, AMD claimed to be the first in the industry to offer a consumer class six- core processor though the X6. Mobile variants of the Phenom II

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were introduced as well, but not in the six-core flavor. Though new generations of this product line are no longer in the works, this line of processor is still sold as a low- cost, budget- oriented option for custom system builds. The performance of this processor is more than enough for everyday usage and productivity. Athlon II
Basic Multi- tasking, Productivity and
2011 and upcoming
2, 3, 4
(1) AMD Virtualization (2) AMD
(1) AMD (2) Key Architectu
The Athlon II is a relatively recent

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Multimedia Applications
PowerNow! (Cool'n'Quiet) (3) AMD CoolCore!
ral Features
processor taking design cues from the Phenom II. Unlike the Athlon Classic, is still in production and far more suited to current productivity applications such as Microsoft Office as well as multitasking and multimedia applcations. It is found in both laptops and desktops as a reasonably-powered, cost- effective option. Turion II
Productivity, Photos, and Music
2010
1, 2
(1) HyperTransport (2) 64-bit
AMD
The Turion II is a processor based from the same architecture in the Phenom II and Athlon

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II. It was introduced as a competitor to Intel's Core 2 Duo. As a result, its performance should be very suitable for productivity software. They designed with power efficiency in mind and is found primarily in notebook configurations. Sempron
2010
1, 2
(1) HyperTransport (2) 64-bit
AMD
The Sempron is the AMD analogue to the Intel Celeron. It offers very basic levels of performance and is updated every so often so as to offer an

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inexpensive option capable of running recent versions of productivity software such as Office 2010 as well as web applications. Retiring/Retired Product Lines
Phenom
Multi-tasking, HD Video, Basic Graphics
2008
2, 3, 4
(1) HyperTransport (2) AMD PowerNow! (Cool'n'Quiet) (3) AMD CoolCore!
AMD
The AMD Phenom processor preceded the Phenon II. Though the processor is no longer in production, it is generally considered lower- middle range in performance; suitable for multitasking and

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more than casual use. The Phenom was available only for desktop platforms. Athlon (Classic)
Web Browsing, E- mail
Not In production (1999- 2005)
1, 2
32-bit or 64- bit
N/A
Formerly known as just the Athlon, the Athlon Classic has not been in production since 2005. The kind of performance is extremely limited for today's applications and is recommended for only the most basic of uses. Generally, a complete system upgrade from this processor range would be

53
advisable if your needs fall beyond web browsing and e-mail tasks. MOTOROLA/ARM The increased need for mobile productivity and entertainment has given rise to a relatively new class of devices: smartphones and tablets. ARM is well-known for the design of mobile, power-efficient processor designs. In recent years it has seen its technology used in the products of many prominent electronics companies. Apple's A4/A5/A5X, Nvidia's Tegra, Samsung's Exynos and Texas Instruments' OMAP products all integrate ARM processors into what is known as a system-on-a-chip (SoC). SoCs merge many of the essential components of a computer (such as the CPU, RAM, ROM etc.) on a single chip which allows devices that utilize them to be lightweight and compact. These SoCs have gone on to be implemented in blockbuster products such as Apple's iPhone and iPad or Samsung's series of Galaxy phones. ARM's presence as the CPU and architecture of choice on many mobile devices cannot be understated as estimates put their numbers in the billions. Companies Utilizing ARM Architecture System-On- a-Chip (SoC) Notable Product(s) Containing Type of ARM Processor Number of Cores Additional Product Information Apple
A4
iPhone 4, iPod Touch (4th Gen), iPad (1st Gen), AppleTV (2nd Gen)
Cortex-A8
1
Apple
A5
iPhone 4S, iPad 2, AppleTV (3rd Gen)
Cortex-A9
2

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A5X
iPad (3rd Gen, Retina Display)
Cortex-A9
2 Samsung
Exynos 3 Single
Samsung Galaxy S, Samsung Galaxy Nexus S,
Cortex-A8
1
Samsung
Exynos 4 Dual
Samsung Galaxy SII, Samsung Galaxy Note (International)
Cortex-A9
2
Exynos 4 Quad
Samsung Galaxy SIII
Cortex-A9
4
Exynos 5 Dual
N/A
Cortex- A15
2 Nvidia
Tegra
Microsoft Zune HD
ARM11
1
Nvidia
Tegra 2
ASUS Eee Pad Transformer, Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1, Motorola Xoom, Dell Streak 7 & Pro, Sony Tablet S
Cortex-A9
2
Tegra 3
ASUS Transformer Pad 300, ASUS Nexus 7, Acer Iconia Tab A510 & A700, HTC One X
Cortex-A9
4 Qualcomm
Snapdragon S2
Nokia Lumia 900
N/A
1
Qualcomm
Snapdragon S3
Galaxy Note LTE (AT&T), HP TouchPad
N/A
2
Snapdragon
Samsung Galaxy SIII
N/A
2, 4

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S4
LTE, HTC EVO 4G LTE Texas Instruments
OMAP 3
Barnes and Noble Nook Color
Cortex-A8
1
Texas Instruments
OMAP 4
Amazon Kindle Fire, Samsung Galaxy Tab 2, Blackberry Playbook, Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Barnes and Noble Nook Tablet
Cortex-A9
2
OMAP 5
N/A
Cortex- A15
2

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Summary:
Computer
- An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) and performing a sequence of logical operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.
Computer System
- A computer system is the one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them and create a set of outputs. This is done by the combination of hardware and software.
Hardware
- It is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Input Devices
- Convert data and instructions into electronic form for input into the computer.
o Examples: Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Microphone.
Output Devices
- Convert electronic data produced by the computer system and display them in a form that people can understand.
o Examples: Monitor, Speaker, Projector, Printer
Storage Device
- Information and documents are stored in computer storage so that it can be retrieved whenever they are needed later on.
- Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.
o Examples: HDD, CD, DVD, Memory Cards, Etc.
Processor
- Also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Microprocessor.

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- Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer
- It is the Brain of Computer.
o Examples of Processors
 INTEL - used for office suite
 AMD - used for gaming.
 ARM /Motorola - for mobile use.
Intel
- Pentium I
- Pentium II
- Pentium III
- Pentium IV
- Core2Duo
- Dual Core
- Quad Core
- I3
- I5
- I7
AMD
- Duron
- Sempron
- Athlon
- Phenom
- AM2
- AM3
ARM /Motorola
- Mobile Devices

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CHAPTER QUIZ!
Definition of Terms:
1. Hardware
2. Output Device
3. Computer
4. Central Processing Unit
5. Input Device
6. Storage Device
7. Computer System
Enumeration:
8.
9. Give at least 3 example of Output device.
10.
11.
12. Give at least 2 example of Input Device.
13.
14. Kinds of Microprocessor
15.
16.
17. Give at least 2 example of Storage device.
18.
19. Differentiate Input Devices and Output Devices
20.
***GOOD LUCK!***

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Computer software
Computer software (often called just software) is made of one or more computer programs. Sometimes it means one specific program, or it can mean all the software on a computer, including the applications and the operating system. Applications are programs that do a specific thing, such as a game or a word processor. The operating system (Mac OS, Windows 7, Windows XP, Linux, etc) is software that helps the applications run, and controls the display and the keyboard.
The word software was first used in the late 1960s to show the difference from computer hardware, which are the parts of a machine that can be seen and touched. Software is the instructions that the computer follows. Before compact discs (CDs) or Internet downloads, software came on "soft media" like paper punch cards, magnetic discs or magnetic tape.
The word firmware is sometimes used to describe a style of software that is made special for a particular type of computer (or other electronic device) and is usually stored on a Flash memory or ROM chip in the computer. Firmware usually refers to a piece of software that directly controls a piece of hardware, for example the firmware for a CD drive or the firmware for a modem.
Software Software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). Sometimes abbreviated as SW and S/W, software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer or have it perform specific tasks for them. Without software, computers would be useless. For example, without your Internet browser software you would be unable to surf the Internet or read this page and without a software operating system the browser would not be able to run on your computer. In the picture is Microsoft Excel, an example of a software program. Computer software, or simply software, also known as computer programs, is the non- tangible component of computers. It represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which is the physical component of computers.

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Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used without the other. Computer software includes all computer programs regardless of their architecture; for example, executable files, libraries and scripts are computer software. Yet, it shares their mutual properties: software consists of clearly defined instructions that upon execution, instructs hardware to perform the tasks for which it is designed. Software is stored in computer memory and cannot be touched, just as a 3D model shown in an illustration cannot be touched. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor – typically a central processing unit (CPU). A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location inside the computer – an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also (indirectly) cause something to appear on a display of the computer system – a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or interrupted. Software is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, essentially, a vaguely mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language is converted into object code via an assembler. Categories of Computer Software Software is often divided into two categories. Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. Applications software includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.
Computer software can be put into categories based on common function, type, or field of use. There are three broad classifications:

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 Application software is the general designation of computer programs for performing user tasks. Application software may be general purpose (word processing, web browsers, ...) or have a specific purpose (accounting, truck scheduling, ...). Application software contrast with system software.
 System software is a generic term referring to the computer programs used to start and run computer systems and networks.
 Computer programming tools, such as compilers and linkers, are used to translate and combine computer program source code and libraries into executable RAMs (programs that will belong to one of the three said categories). Types of software
Software components of a computer system have no physical presence, they are stored in digital form within computer memory. There are different categories of software, including system software, utilities and applications software. Software can also be described as being either generic or bespoke.
System software is the software used to manage and control the hardware components and which allow interaction between the hardware and the other types of software. The most obvious type of system software is the computer's operating system but device drivers are also included within this category.
Utility software is software such as anti-virus software, firewalls, disk defragmenters and so on which helps to maintain and protect the computer system but does not directly interface with the hardware.
Applications software (also known as 'apps') are designed to allow the user of the system complete a specific task or set of tasks. They include programs such as web browsers, office software, games and so on. They are usually the reason you bought the computer system in the first place and aren't concerned with the management or maintenance of the system itself.
Any individual software package, whichever of the above types it falls into, can be either generic (or 'off-the-shelf') or it can be bespoke (custom-built). Generic software is mass produced with the intention that it will be used by a wide variety of different users in a range of different situations. Bespoke software is created for a specific purpose which will be used in a known environment.
Often generic software is used when there is a package available that meets the needs of the user. Because it is used by many more people the cost of creating it is spread over a greater number of people or organisations and so the cost to the individual is much lower. It also has the advantage that it is available immediately there's no waiting time involved while the software package is designed, created and tested. Bespoke

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software has the advantage that it can be tailor made to exact specifications but it significantly more expensive and will take time to create. Examples of Computer Software
1. Application Software
o Application software
o Free application software
o Astrology software
o Business software
o Chemical engineering software
o Software for children
o Communication software
o Computer-aided manufacturing software
o Data management software
o Desktop widgets
o Editing software
o Educational software
o Entertainment software
o Genealogy software
o Government software
o Graphics software
o Industrial software
o Knowledge representation software
o Language software
o Legal software
o Library and information science software
o Multimedia software
o Music software
o Personal information managers
o Computer programming tools
o Religious software
o Science software
o Simulation software
o Spreadsheet software
o Stagecraft software
o Application software suites
o Transport software
o Digital typography
o Video games
o Video software
o Word processors
o Workflow software

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2. System Software
o System software
o Free system software
o Boot loaders
o Compatibility layers
o Device drivers
o Firmware
o Graphical user interfaces
o Middleware
o Operating systems
o Utility software
o Windowing systems
3. Development Software
o Computer programming tools
o OS X programming tools
o Bug and issue tracking software
o Build automation
o Code navigation tools
o Code search engines
o Compilers
o Compiling tools
o Computer-aided software engineering tools
o Data modeling tools
o Debuggers
o Desktop database application development tools
o Disassemblers
o Discontinued development tools
o Documentation generators
o Text editors
o EXE packers
o Formal methods tools
o Free computer programming tools
o Integrated development environments
o Java development tools
o JavaScript programming tools
o Linux programming tools
o Software-localization tools
o Microsoft development tools
o Mobile software programming tools
o Profilers
o Programming language implementation
o Programming tools for Windows
o Revision control systems
o RISC OS programming tools

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o Software testing tools
o Static program analysis tools
o UML tools
o Unix programming tools
o User interface builders
o Web development software
o Computer programming tool stubs DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS) What is Disk Operating System (DOS) - Disk Operating System (specifically) and disk operating system (generically), most often reveal themselves in abbreviated form as DOS, refer to an operating system software used in most computers that provides the abstraction and management of secondary storage devices and the information on them (e.g., file systems for organizing files of all sorts). Such software is referred to as a disk operating system when the storage devices it manages are made of rotating platters, such as floppy disks or hard disks. In the early days of microcomputers, computer memory space was often limited, so the disk operating system was an extension of the operating system. This component was only loaded if needed. Otherwise, disk access would be limited to low-level operations such as reading and writing disks at the sector-level. In some cases, the disk operating system component (or even the operating system) was known as DOS. Sometimes, a disk operating system can refer to the entire operating system if it is loaded off a disk and supports the abstraction and management of disk devices. Examples include DOS/360. On the PC compatible platform, an entire family of operating systems was called DOS.
- DOS, short for Disk Operating System, is an acronym for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 including the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions 95, 98, and Millennium Edition.

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Related systems include MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, Free DOS, ROM-DOS, and PTS-DOS.
In spite of the common usage, none of these systems were simply named "DOS" (a name given only to an unrelated IBM mainframe operating system in the 1960s). A number of unrelated, non-x86microcomputer disk operating systems had "DOS" in their name, and are often referred to simply as "DOS" when discussing machines that use them (e.g. Amiga DOS, AMSDOS, ANDOS, Apple DOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, CSI-DOS, ProDOS, and TRS-DOS). While providing many of the same operating system functions for their respective computer systems, programs running under any one of these operating systems would not run under others.
- Short for Microsoft Disk operating system, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible computers. MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI like Windows. Today, MS-DOS is no longer used; however, the command shell, more commonly known as the Windows command line is still used by many users. The picture to the right, is an example of what an MS-DOS window more appropriately referred to as the Windows command line looks like running under Microsoft Windows. Most computer users are only familiar with how to navigate Microsoft Windows using the mouse. Unlike Windows, MS-DOS is a command-line and is navigated by using MS- DOS commands. For example, if you wanted to see all the files in a folder in Windows you would double-click the folder to open the folder in Windows Explorer. In MS-DOS, to view that same folder you would navigate to the folder using the cd command and then list the files in that folder using the dir command.

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Disk operating systems A disk operating system is an operating system component that deals with high-level disk-IO such as providing the abstraction of a file system resident on a disk storage system (made up of hard disks and/or floppy disk drives). Disk Operating System was often abbreviated to the three-letter acronym DOS (not to be confused with the DOS family of disk operating systems for x86 compatible or even IBM PC compatible platforms). The use of "DOS" as a suffix of operating system names was most common in the era when floppy disk drives were the predominant secondary storage technology, and command line interfaces the predominant OS user interface. With a few exceptions, this mostly pertained to home-/personal computers of the 1970s and 80s. DOS Commands A Complete List of MS-DOS Commands
DOS commands are the commands available in MS-DOS that are used to interact with the operating system. Unlike in Windows, DOS commands are the primary way in which you use the MS-DOS operating system.
Below is a complete list of the nearly 100 MS-DOS commands, commonly referred to as simply DOS commands, available as of MS-DOS 6.22:
1. Append
o The append command can be used by programs to open files in another directory as if they were located in the current directory.
2. Attrib
o The attrib command is used to change the attributes of a single file or a directory.
3. Break
o The break command sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.
4. Call
o The call command is used to run a script or batch program from within another script or batch program.
o The call command has no effect outside of a script or batch file. In other words, running the call command at the DOS prompt will do nothing.
5. Cd

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o The cd command is the shorthand version of the chdir command.
6. Chcp
o The chcp command displays or configures the active code page number.
7. Chdir
o The chdir command is used to display the drive letter and folder that you are currently in. Chdir can also be used to change the drive and/or directory that you want to work in.
8. Chkdsk
o The chkdsk command, often referred to as check disk, is used to identify and correct certain hard drive errors.
9. Choice
o The choice command is used within a script or batch program to provide a list of choices and return the value of that choice to the program.
10. Cls
o he cls command clears the screen of all previously entered commands and other text.
11. Command
o The command command starts a new instance of the command.com command interpreter.
12. Copy
o The copy command does exactly that - it copies one or more files from one location to another.
13. Ctty
o The ctty command is used to change the default input and output devices for the system.
14. Date
o The date command is used to show or change the current date.
15. Dblspace
o The dblspace command is used to create or configure DoubleSpace drives.

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o DriveSpace, executed using the drvspace command, is an updated version of DoubleSpace.
16. Debug
o The debug command starts Debug, a command line application used to test and edit programs.
17. Defrag
o The defrag command is used to defragment a drive you specify. The defrag command is the command line version of Microsoft's Disk Defragmenter.
18. Del
o The del command is used to delete one or more files.
o The del command is the same as the erase command.
19. Deltree
o The deltree command is used to delete a directory and all the files and subdirectories within it.
20. Dir
o The dir command is used to display a list of files and folders contained inside the folder that you are currently working in.
o The dir command also displays other important information like the hard drive's serial number, the total number of files listed, their combined size, the total amount of free space left on the drive, and more.
21. Diskcomp
o The diskcomp command is used to compare the contents of two floppy disks.
22. Diskcopy
o The diskcopy command is used to copy the entire contents of one floppy disk to another.

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23. Doskey
o The doskey command is used to edit command lines, create macros, and recall previously entered commands.
24. Dosshell
o The dosshell command starts DOS Shell, a graphical file management tool for MS-DOS.
o The dosshell command was only available up to MS-DOS 6.0 but most MS-DOS 6.22 installations were upgrades from previous versions so the dosshell command is usually still available.
25. Drvspace
o The drvspace command is used to create or configure DriveSpace drives.
o DriveSpace is an updated version of DoubleSpace, executed using the dblspace command.
26. Echo
o The echo command is used to show messages, most commonly from within script or batch files. The echo command can also be used to turn the echoing feature on or off.
27. Edit
o The edit command starts MS-DOS Editor, a tool used to create and modify text files.
28. Edlin
o The edlin command starts the Edlin tool which is used to create and modify text files from the command line.
o Edlin was only available up to MS-DOS 5.0 so unless your version of MS- DOS 6.22 was upgraded from 5.0, you likely won't see the edlin command. Later versions of Windows again included the edlin command.
29. Emm386
o The emm386 command is used to give MS-DOS access to more than 640 KB of memory.

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30. Erase
o The erase command is used to delete one or more files.
o The erase command is the same as the del command.
31. Exit
o The exit command is used to end the command.com session that you're currently working in.
32. Expand
o The expand command is used to extract a single file or a group of files from a compressed file.
33. Fasthelp
o The fasthelp command provides more detailed information on any of the other MS-DOS commands.
34. Fastopen
o The fastopen command is used to add a program's hard drive location to a special list stored in memory, potentially improving the program's launch time by removing the need for MS-DOS to locate the application on the drive.
35. Fc
o The fc command is used to compare two individual or sets of files and then show the differences between them.
36. Fdisk
o The fdisk command is used to create, manage, and delete hard drive partitions.
37. Find
o The find command is used to search for a specified text string in one or more files.

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38. For
o The for command is used to run a specified command for each file in a set of files. The for command is most often used within a batch or script file.
39. Format
o The format command is used to format a drive in the file system that you specify.More »
40. Goto
o The goto command is used in a batch or script file to direct the command process to a labeled line in the script.
41. Graphics
o The graphics command is used to load a program that can print graphics.
42. Help
o The help command provides more detailed information on other DOS commands.
43. If
o The if command is used to perform conditional functions in a batch file.
44. Interlnk
o The interlnk command is used to connect two computers via a serial or parallel connection to share files and printers.
45. Intersvr
o The intersvr command is used to start the Interlnk server and to copy Interlnk files from one computer to another.
46. Keyb
o The keyb command is used to configure a keyboard for a specific language.

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47. Label
o The label command is used to manage the volume label of a disk.
48. Lh
o The lh command is the shorthand version of the loadhigh command.
49. Loadfix
o The loadfix command is used to load the specified program in the first 64K of memory and then runs the program.
50. Loadhigh
o The loadhigh command is used to load a program into high memory and is usually used from within the autoexec.bat file.
51. Md
o The md command is the shorthand version of the mkdir command.
52. Mem
o The mem command shows information about used and free conventional, upper, reserved, and extended (XMS) memory.
53. Memmaker
o The memmaker command is used to start MemMaker, a memory optimization tool.
54. Mkdir
o The mkdir command is used to create a new folder.
55. Mode
o The mode command is used to configure system devices, most often COM and LPT ports.
56. 56. More

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o The more command is used to display the information contained in a text file. The more command can also be used to paginate the results of any other MS-DOS command.
57. Move
o The move command is used to move one or files from one folder to another. The move command is also used to rename directories.
58. Msav
o The msav command starts Microsoft Antivirus.
59. Msbackup
o The msbackup command starts Microsoft Backup, a tool used to back up and restore one or more files.
60. Mscdex
o The mscdex command is used to provide CD-ROM access to MS-DOS.
61. Msd
o The msd command starts Microsoft Diagnostics, a tool used to display information about your computer.
62. Nlsfunc
o The nlsfunc command is used to load information specific to a particular country or region.
63. Path
o The path command is used to display or set a specific path available to executable files.
64. Pause
o The pause command is used within a batch or script file to pause the processing of the file.

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o When the pause command is used, a "Press any key to continue…" message is displayed.
65. Power
o The power command is used to reduce the power consumed by a computer by monitoring software and hardware devices.
66. Print
o The print command is used to print a specified text file to a specified printing device.
67. Prompt
o The prompt command is used to customize the appearance of the MS- DOS prompt.
68. Qbasic
o The qbasic command starts QBasic, the MS-DOS based programming environment for the BASIC programming language.
69. Rd
o The rd command is the shorthand version of the rmdir command.
70. Rem
o The rem command is used to record comments or remarks in a batch or script file.
71. Ren
o The ren command is the shorthand version of the rename command.
72. Rename
o The rename command is used to change the name of the individual file that you specify.
73. Replace

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o The replace command is used to replace one or more files with one or more other files.
74. Restore
o The restore command is used to restore files that were backed up using the backup command.
o The backup command was only available up to MS-DOS 5.00 but the restore command was included by default with later versions of MS-DOS to provide a way to restore files that were backed up in previous versions of MS-DOS.
75. Rmdir
o The rmdir command is used to delete a directory.
76. Scandisk
o The scandisk command is used to start Microsoft ScanDisk, a disk repair program.
77. Set
o The set command is used to display, enable, or disable environment variables in MS-DOS.
78. Setver
o The setver command is used to set the MS-DOS version number that MS- DOS reports to a program.
79. Share
o The share command is used to install file locking and file sharing functions in MS-DOS.
80. Shift
o The shift command is used to change the position of replaceable parameters in a batch or script file.

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81. Smartdrv
o The smartdrv command installs and configures SMARTDrive, a disk caching utility for MS-DOS.
82. Sort
o The sort command is used to read data from a specified input, sort that data, and return the results of that sort to the MS-DOS prompt, a file, or another output device.
83. Subst
o The subst command is used to associate a local path with a drive letter. The subst command is a lot like the net use command available in Windows except a local path is used instead of a shared network path.
o The subst command replaced the assign command beginning with MS- DOS 6.0.
84. Sys
o The sys command is used to copy the MS-DOS system files and command interpreter to a disk. The sys command is used most often to create a simple bootable disk or hard drive.
85. Time
o The time command is used to show or change the current time.
86. Tree
o The tree command is used to graphically display the folder structure of a specified drive or path.
87. Type
o The type command is used to display the information contained in a text file.
88. Undelete

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