Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using various extract of plants and spices

Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350

ISSN:2249-5347
IJSID
International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries An International peer
Review Journal for Science

Research Article Available online through www.ijsidonline.info
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING VARIOUS EXTRACT OF PLANTS AND SPICES

Sumit.S.Lal and P.L.Nayak
P.L.Nayak Research Foundation and Centre for Excellence in Nano Science and Technology, Synergy Institute of Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

ABSTRACT
Received: 13.03.2012

In this work green synthesis of gold nano particle using various plant extracts
and spices extracts was done, in which extracts reduces aqueous HAuCl4.3H2O to Au°
Accepted: 10.06.2012

and stabilized by itself at certain crystalline phase. Synthesized nano particle is
confirmed by the change of color of Auric chloride which is yellow in color, and growth
*Corresponding Author

of nano paricle was monitored by surface plasmon behavior using UV-Vis Spectroscopy
and concerned pH was determined. Furthermore, this green synthesis approach is rapid
and better alternative to chemical synthesis and also effective for the large scale
synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

Key words: Green synthesis, Gold nano particle (AuNPs), plant extract, spices extract.

Address: INTRODUCTION
Name:
PL Nayak
Place:
Synergy Institute of Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
E-mail:
plnayak@rediffmail.com INTRODUCTION

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

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Various properties of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) like optical, thermal, catalytic and physical depend up on their size
INTRODUCTION

and shape had attracted attention toward the synthesis of AuNPs. Attention has been made towards the use of biological
synthesis processes without use of toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocols to avoid adverse effects in biomedical
applications for the synthesis of biocompatible metal. Metallic nanoparticles are presently applied in different fields such as
electronics, biotechnology, chemical and biological sensors, DNA labeling, drug delivery, cosmetics, coatings and packaging.
[1-2]. Use of biological organisms such as microorganisms, plant extract or plant biomass could be an alternative to chemical
and physical methods for the production of nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner [3–5].
Synthesis methods using organisms, both unicellular and multicellular like yeast, fungi and bacteria came into the
exist, which were able to synthesize inorganic materials either extracellularly (6) or intracellularly [7]. Some plants can absorb
and accumulate metals from water and soil in which they are grown. These are named as ‘hyperaccumulators’ [8]. Alfalfa can
accumulate gold and store it in its leaf and stem biomass as discrete nanoparticles of pure metal [9]. In recent years, several
plants have been successfully used and reported for efficient and rapid extracellular synthesis of silver, copper and gold
nanoparticles such as broth extracts of neem [10], Aloe vera [11], tamarind [12], Avena sativa [13], wheat [14], alfalfa [15],
geranium [16], lemongrass [17] and tamarind [18]. Gold in nanoscale display novel properties and have diverse activities that
make it appropriate for therapeutic use and broad applications in nanobiotechnology [19, 20]. Phytochemical constituents in
the plants and spices extract like essential oils (terpenes, eugenols, etc), polyphenols and carbohydrates these compounds
contain active functional groups, such as hydroxyl, aldehyde and carboxyl units which may play important role for reduction of
HAuCl4 to AuNPs. Gold nanoparticles produced by using phytochemicals or other extract components remain stable for certain
time [21,22]. Furthe plants and spices mediated stabilized or capped AuNPs may cross the barrier of cytotoxicity which is a
prior requirement for biomedical application of AuNPs [57]. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of biomolecules
present in the plants and spices extract have facilitated excellent stability of the nanoparticles [18]. Green gold nanoparticles
derived from phytochemicals can be show excellent biocompatibility, such biogenic gold nanoparticle with high
biocompatibility may be clinically useful as contrast enhancement molecular imaging agents for cancer diagnosis [22].
Here in the present work we have reported for the first time synthesis of green gold nanoparticles using twenty-five
plants (Fig. 1) and four spices (Fig. 2). In the subsequent sections we have described the use of different extract of plants and
spices in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles based upon the change in colour, change in pH and change in surface
Plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior for various purposes.

Ashoka or Asoko (Saraca asoca): It is a non Linn plant, belongs to family Fabaceae (Fig. 1. a) used for treating
Plants:-

stomach alagia. The bark is useful in dyspepsia, fever, dipsia, visceromegaly, colic, ulcers, menorrhagia, metropathy,
leucorrhoea and pimples. The floweres are considered to be uterine tonic and syphilis, cervical adinitis, hyperdipsia,
haemorrhoids, dysentery, scabies in children and inflammation. Chemical investigation showed the presence of catechols,
sterols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, leucopelargonodin and leucocyanidin in bark [23-24].


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Arogbati or Poi (Basella alba): Belongs to the family Basellaceae (Fig. 1. b). Study of isolates from basella shows
Fig. 1. (a)

saponins A, B, C, and D, oleanane-type triterpenes oligoglycosides, together with betavulgaroside 1, spinacoside C, and
momordins , from fresh aerial parts. Leaves yield saponin, vitamin A and B and fruit yields mucilage and iron. Medicinally
arogbati leaf shows, anthocyanins, antifungal, antimicrobial. The major components from the volatile oil are: 1
methoxypropane, (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, 3-methoxyphenyl acetate, acetophenone, 4-vinylguaiacol, isophytol, and phytol [25].

Indian plum or Bara koli (Ziziphus mauritiana): Ziziphus mauritiana, also known as Jujube, Chinese Apple, Indian
Fig. 1. (b)

plum, and permseret (Anguilla) (Fig. 1. c). is a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae. It is quite
nutritious and rich in vitamin C, It contains 20 to 30% sugar, up to 2.5% protein and 12.8% carbohydrates. Fruits are applied
on cuts and ulcers; are employed in pulmonary ailments and fevers. Leaves are applied as poultices and are helpful in liver
troubles, asthma and fever and, together with catechu, are administered when an astringent is needed, as on wounds. Seeds
are sedative and are taken, sometimes with buttermilk, to halt nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pains in pregnancy [25].

Curry leaves or Kadipatta (Murraya koenigii): Small strong smelling perennial shrub or small tree belongs to
Fig. 1. (c)

Rutaceae family (Fig. 1. d) Leaves are bitter, acrid, astringent, cooling, demulcent, depurative, antihelmintic, febrifuge,
stomachic, appetising, carminative, antiinflammatory and antiseptic. The major constituents responsible for the aroma and


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flavour have been reported as pinene, sabinene, caryophyllene, cadinol and cadinene. Leaves are rich in carbazole alkaloids-
these include members with- (i) C13 - skeleton -murrayanin, mukoeic acid, mukonine and Mukonidine. (ii) C18 - skeleton
including gerinimbine, koenimbine, murrayacine, koenigine and koenigicine (koenidine). (iii) C23- skeleton containing
mahanimbine, mahanimbicine, isomahanimbicine, mahanine, mahanimbinine, murrayayazoline, murrayazolinine,
murrayazolidine, cyclomahanimbine and bicyclomahanimbicine [26].

Coriander or Dhania (Coriandrum sativum): It is a small herb belongs to family Apiaceae (Fig. 1. e). Major active
Fig. 1. (d)

constituents of coriandrum sativum are essential oils and fatty oil. The essential oil content of the weight of ripe and a dried
fruit of coriander varies between 0.03 and 2.6%, and the content of fatty oil varies between 9.9 and 27.7%. The juice of
coriander is use for treating nausea, and morning sickness. It is also used in the treatment of colitis and some of the liver
disorders. Coriander seeds also help to reduce acid peptic disease and it is also used as ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of
Dysentery [25].

Aloe or Ghee-kunari (Aloe vera): Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant (Fig. 1. f). Aloe
Fig. 1. (e)

contains two classes of Aloins : (1) nataloins, which yield picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, and (2) barbaloins, which
yield aloetic acid (C7H2N3O5), chrysammic acid (C7H2N2O6), picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, being reddened by the acid.
This second group may be divided into, 1) barbaloins, obtained from Barbadoes aloes, and reddened in the cold, and 2)-
barbaloins, obtained from Socotrine and Zanzibar aloes. Aloe is used as important Ayurvedic medicines. It is used in Jaundice,
Liver disorders, during difficulty in urination, in wounds, as a cosmetic. Medicinally for antiseptic and antibiotic properties,
anti-inflammatory, protector of human immune system [25].


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Ginger or Sonth (Zingiber Officinale): The scraped or unscraped rhizome of Zingiber Officinale belongs to
Fig. 1. (f)

Zingiberaceae family (Fig. 1. g). Ginger is used as a calminative and stimulant, antihistamines, ameliorate the effects of motion
sickness in the gastrointestinal tract itself, provide cheap antiemetic adjunct to cancer therapy. Ginger contains about l-2% of
volatile oil and 5-8% of resinous matter, starch and mucilage [27, 28].

Garlic or Rasuna (Allium sativum): It belongs to Amaryllidaceae family (Fig. 1. h). The main phytochemicals in garlic
Fig. 1. (g)

are alliin, methiin and S-allylcysteine. Medicinally garlic shows hypolipidemic, antiplatelet and procirculatory effects,
detoxification and general tonic, hepatoprotective, antioxidative, immune-enhancing, anticancer and chemopreventive
activities [28].

Chinese rose or Mandara (Hibiscus rosasynesus): Belongs to the family Malvaceae (Fig. 1. i), the flowers and leaves
Fig. 1. (h)

contain substantial quantities of flavonoids which are associated with antioxidant, fever-reducing (antipyretic), pain-relieving
(analgesic) and spasm-inhibiting (spasmolytic) activities. The wound-healing activity of the ethanol extract of flower was
determined in rats, using excision, incision, and dead space wound models. Aqueous extract of leaves is to be aphrodisiac,


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hypoglycemic, and antiimplantation. Extract exerts a protective effect against the tumor promotion stage of cancer
development [29, 30].

Jamun leaf or Jammu (Syzygium cumini): An evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant belongs to family
Fig. 1. (i)

Myrtaceae (Fig. 1. j). It has a high source in vitamin A and vitamin C. vitamin-A, thiamine (vit-B1) 1%, riboflavin (vit- B2) 1%,
Niacin (vit-B3) 2%, plantothenic acid (B5), Vit-B6 3%, ascorbic acid (vit-C) 17%. Medicinally all parts of plant seeds, leaf, bark
are used. Properties like antidiabetes, antibacterial, astringent, digestive, diuretic, anthelmintic and is considered useful for
throat problems, stomachic, carminative, antiscorbutic and diuretic are being reported [31].

Kamkamawlaw or Dhatura (Datura metel): Belongs to the family solanaceae (Fig. 1. k), consists of annual and
Fig. 1. (j)

perennial herbs, shrubs and trees. The alkaloids hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine) and meteloidine are found in all
parts of the plant. The total alkaloid content is 0.26 - 0.42 %. Fruit contains daturaolone and daturadiol while roots contain
additionally ditigloyloxy tropane derivatives, tigloidine, apohyoscine, norhyoscine, norhyocyamine, cusiohygrine and tropine.
Medicinally it has intoxicating and narcotic. The plant and fruit are spasmolytic, anticancerous and anthelmintic. Leaf is
antitumour, antirheumatic and vermicide. Flower is antiasthamatic, anaesthetic and is employed in swellings and eruptions on
face [32].

Fig. 1. (k)


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Lemon or Lembu (Citrus limonium): Belongs to citrus family Rutaceae (Fig. 1. l). Along with ascorbic acid, flavonoids
(hesperidoside, limocitrin), Caffeine, essential oils like isopulegol, alpha-bergamotene, alpha-pinene, alpha-terpinene, alph-
thujene, beta-bisolobene, beta-bergamotene, beta-phelandrene, citral, limonene and sabinene are the main components,.
Because of high ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content, it shows antibacterial and astringent properties, used in herbal medicine to
build immunity against colds, influenza, and other viral infections; Lemon shows antiescorbutic, antimigraine,
anticancerigenous [34].

Margosa or Nimba (Azadirachta indica): Belongs to Meliaceae family (Fig. 1. m), it is a moderate sized to fairly large
Fig. 1. (l)

evergreen tree, a medicinal plant widely used as phytomedicine. Neem leaves contain carbohydrates 47-51%, crude protein
14-19%, crude fiber 11-24%, fat 2-7%, ash 7-9%, Ca 0.8-2.5% and P 0.1-0.2%. Leaves are bitter, astringent, acrid, depurative,
antiseptic, ophthalmic, anthelmintic, alexeteric, appetizer, insecticidal, demulcent and refrigerant [29, 33].

Mango or Amba (Mangifera indica): Mango is huge and ever green tree belongs to family Anacardiaceae (Fig. 1. n).
Fig. 1. (m)

Main active component are mangiferin and chinonin. Mangoes are rich in antioxidants such as beta-carotene, Vitamin A, also
contain Vitamin B6. Leaves, bark, stem and unripe mangoes are believed to possess antibacterial properties, used in the
treatment of diarrohoea, chronic dysentery [35].

Fig. 1. (n)


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Marigold or Gendu (Calendula officinalis): Belongs to family Ranunculaceae (Fig. 1. o),It is an herb with yellow
flowers. They are a considerable source of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, proteins and resins, among others. Marigold
flowers contain a bitter compound, volatile oil. They have healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and soothing effects. They
contained bio-flavonoids reduce the fragility of the capillary blood vessels. Marigold infusion are used to treat hyperacid
gastritis, duodenal ulcer, infected icterus, cancerous ulcerations, inflammations and liver failures. The plant shows excellent,
anti-septic and wound healing properties and hence medicinally important [36].

Night-flowering Jasmine or Gangasiveli (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis): Belongs to family Oleaceae (Fig. 1. p),
Fig. 1. (o)

commonly known as Night Jasmine. Active components present in leaves are D-mannitol, β-sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-
Astragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthic acid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, trace of volatile oil,
carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid. Extensively used by Ayurvedic
physicians for analgesics, antipyretic along with ulcerogenic potency have also been observed. This plant has also been found
to possess anti-allergic, antimalarial , leishmanicidal, amoebicidal and anthelminthic activities [37].

Peepal or Bara (Ficus benghalensis): It belongs to Moraceae family (Fig. 1. q). It is used in the treatment of
Fig. 1. (p)

gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhoids and gastrohelcosis. Leaves and tender shoots use for wounds and skin
diseases. Fruits are laxative and digestive; leaves are used in the treatment of mumps. They are also useful in arresting
secretion or bleeding [38].


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Pudina mint or Podina (Mentha arvensis): Belongs to Lamiaceae family (Fig. 1. r), it yields an essential oil and
Fig. 1. (q)

mentho., Mint is rich in many chemicals, vitamins and minerals such as Niacin, Carotene, Folic Acid, Thiamine, Riboflavin,
Magnesium, Protein, Fat, Minerals, Carbohydrates, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Manganese, Zinc,
Chromium, Oxalic Acid, Menthol and Phytin Phosphorus. The plant possesses carminative, antibacterial, antifibrile,
stimulative, stomachic, diaphoretic and antispasmodic properties that enhance the medicinal value of pudina to a large extent
[39].

Pineapple or Sapuri (Ananas comosus): Belongs to Bromeliaceae family (Fig. 1. s), Pineapple is rich in citric and
Fig. 1. (r)

malic acis; citric acid concentration is about 8%, fruit also contain moderate amount of ascorbic acid, two slices of pineapple
contain ascorbic acid 100mg. A steroidal component of the leaves possesses estrogenic activity and variety of aromatic
compounds is found in the essential oil. Bromelain an active component in residue of plant shows anti-inflammatory, anti-
edematous, also anti-carcinogenic and anti-proliferative activity in cancer [40].

Papaya or Amrutabhanda (Carica papaya): The papaya is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya (Fig. 1. t). Papaya fruit
Fig. 1. (s)

is a rich source of nutrients such as provitamin-A, carotenoids, vitamin C, B vitamins, dietary minerals and dietary fibre.
Papaya skin, pulp and seeds also contain a variety of phytochemicals, including polyphenols. It provides the required daily


333


levels of A, C, E-vitamins, providing antioxidant protection. The fibre-rich papaya helps keep your cholesterol levels down.
Enzymes like papain and chemopapain in papaya are believed to have anti-inflammatory effects [41].

Stone apple or Bale (Aegle marmelos): Belongs to the citrus family Rutaceae (Fig. 1. u). Bael or Bengal quince is a
Fig. 1. (t)

deciduous sacred tree, associated with Gods, Leaves contain an alkaloid rutacin which is hypoglycaemic, have a rich source of
carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre, minerals and vitamin B and C. It is reported to contain a number of coumarins, alkaloids,
sterols and essential oils. Roots and fruits contain coumarins such as scoparone, scopoletin, umbelliferone, marmesin and
skimming. It is having useful medicinal propertie, leaves and fruits are useful in controlling diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf is
anti-inflammatory, expectorant, anticatarrhal, antiasthamatic, antiulcerous and ophthalmic [42].

Sadabahar or Sadabihari (Catharanthus roseus): Belongs to the family Apocynaceae (Fig. 1. v). More than 100
Fig. 1. (u)

alkaloids and related compounds have so far been isolated and characterised from the plant. Mainly dry leaves contain
vinblastine and vincristine (leurocristine or LC) which have anticancerous activity. The anticancer drugs vincristine and
vinblastine are synthesized from alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus. Plant is also known for its antihypertensive and
antispasmodic properties. It also posses antidiabetic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antidysenteric, haemorrhagic,
antifibrillic, tonic, stomachic, sedative, tranquillising activities and Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [43].

Fig. 1. (v)


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Tea leaf or (Camellia sinensis): A green tea extract is a herbal derivative from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis)
(Fig.1. w). Containing antioxidant ingredients–mainly green tea catechins (GTC). The cardinal antioxidative ingredient in the
green tea extract is green tea catechins (GTC), which comprise four major epicatechin derivatives; namely, epicatechin (EC),
epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Other components include three kinds
of flavonoids, known as kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. Green tea extract is 20 times more antioxidant-active than
Vitamin C. Medicinally green tea shows antioxidant, anticarcinogen, anti-inflammatory, and anti-radiation [44].

Tamarind or Emli (Tamarindus indica): It is a medium-sized tree belonging to the Caesalpinaceae family (Fig. 1. x).
Fig. 1. (w)

Leaves, were reported, a total of 13 essential oils in which benzyl benzoate and limonene are the major compounds, followed
by hexadecanol and pentadecanol. Leaves also contain good levels of protein, fat, fiber, and some vitamins such as thiamine,
riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene. Flavonoid and other polyphenols are metabolites that have been also found in
tamarind leaves. The leaves have a proven hepatoprotective activity associated with the presence of polyhydroxylated
compounds, with many of them of a flavonolic nature. The seeds and the bark also have medicinal properties. Due to their
antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic effects, tamarind leave have an extensive ethnobotanical uses [45, 46].

Orange or Kandhia/ Karuna (Citrus sinensis): It is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. It belongs to
Fig. 1. (x)

Rutaceae family (Fig. 1. y). They are rich in vitamin C, flavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as
bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes
pigmentation in the skin. The fruit is appetizer and blood purifier. It is used to allay thirst in people with fevers and also treats
catarrh. The fruit juice is useful in the treatment of bilious affections and bilious diarrhea. The fruit rind is carminative and
tonic. The fresh rind is rubbed on the face as a cure for acne. The dried peel is used in the treatment of anorexia, colds, coughs
etc [47].


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Fig. 1. (y)

Cinnamon or Dal chini (Cinnamomum verum): Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree, belongs to family Lauraceae
Spices:-

(Fig. 2. a), native to Sri Lanka and Southern India. The major active components of aqueous cinnamon extract appear to be
doubly-linked procyanidin type-A polymers, cinnamaldehyde and esters such as ethyl cinnamate [46]. In an experiment
aqueous extract of cinnamon bark improved insulin resistance and prevented lipid abnormalities in rats. Cinnamon has been
suggested to have many pharmacological properties, including antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects [49, 50].

Cardamon or Elaichi (Elettaria cardamomum): It is a perennial herb (Fig. 2. b) indigenous to the Indian
Fig. 2. (a)

subcontinent, contains a wide variety of compounds, including α-terpineol, myrcene, subinene, limonene, cineol, α & β-pinene
α-phellandrene, menthone, cis/trans-linalol oxides, trans-nerolidol, β-sitostenone, Y-sitosterol, phytol, eugenyl acetate,
bisabolene, borneol, citronellol, p-cymene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, stigmasterol and terpinene. Studies showed that
cardamom inhibited platelet aggregation, when induced with agents such as ADP. Epinephrine, collagen and calcium
ionophore. Cardamon reduced blood pressure in rats, probably by acting through cholinergic and calcium antagonist
mechanisms [51-54].

Black pepper or Golamaricha (Piper nigrum): It is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae (Fig. 2. c). Major
Fig. 2. (b)

content in Black pepper is piperine which is between 4.6% and 9.7% by mass. Pepper contains small amounts of safrole, a

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mildly carcinogenic compound extracts from black pepper have been found to have antioxidant properties and anti
carcinogenic effects. Medicinally used for constipation, diarrhea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness,
indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, liver problems, lung disease, oral abscesses, sunburn, tooth decay, and
toothaches [55].

Cloves or Lavang (Syzygium Aromaticum): Cloves are the dried flower buds, belongs to family Lauraceae (Fig. 2. d),
Fig. 2. (c)

indigenous to the Molucca or Clove Islands. Cloves contain about 14-21% of volatile oil which contains l0-13% of tannin, 81-
95% of phenols (eugenol with about 3% of acetyleugenol), sesquiterpenes (α- and β-calyophyllenes) and small quantities of
esters, ketones and alcohols. Various triterpene acids and esters and glycoside are also present. The sesquiterpenes of clove
have been cited as potential anti-carcinogenic compounds. Medicinally cloves show Anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-
microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anesthetic, pain reliving and insect repellent, anti-platelet, anti-
stress, anti-pyretic [55-56].

Fig. 2. (d)

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4·XH2O) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Freshly prepared triple distilled water was
Reagents and Chemicals

used throughout the experimental work.

Twenty-five medicinal herbs, such as Ghee-kunari, Jammu, Asoko, Poi, Barakoli, Bhursango, Dhania, Ada, Rasuna,
Boiling/Collection of extracts

Mandara, Dhatura, Lembu, Nimba, Amba, Gendu, Gangasiuli, Tea, Bara, Podina, Sapuri, Amrutabhanda, Bale, Sadabihari,
Tentuli, Kandhia/karuna and four spices Alleicha, Golamarcha, Dalchini, Labanga [Table.1 & 2] which was included in this
study were collected. Primarily their selective parts were washed and the cleaned and dried with water absorbent paper (wet
filter paper). Then it was cut into small pieces and crushed with mortar and pastle dispensed in 10 ml of sterile distilled water

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and boiled for 10 minutes at 70-80°C. Then the plants and spices extract were filtered and centrifuge for 10 minutes at 5000
r.p.m now extracts were collected in separate conical flasks by standard sterilized filtration method and were stored at 4°C.

In a typical experiment, 1 ml of 1 mM Aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution was added to 5 ml of extract with
Synthesis of Gold nanoparticles

ratio of 1;5. Within a particular time change in colour from light yellow to various different color obtained by nanoparticle
synthesis, which is depends upon the extracts of plants and spices. The gold nanoparticles so prepared were stabilized by
adding 1% of chitosan and 1% of PVA.

The reduction of pure Au3+ ions to Au0 was monitored by measuring the UV-Vis spectrum by sampling of aliquots (0.3 ml) of
UV-Vis Spectra analysis

AuNPs solution diluting the sample in 3 ml distilled water. UV-Vis spectral analysis was done by using UV-Vis
spectrophotometer Systronics 118 at the range of 300-600 nm and observed the absorption peaks at 530-550 nm regions due
to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations in the AuNPs solution, which are identical to the characteristics UV-visible
spectrum of metallic gold and it was recorded.

1 mM aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution shows 2.95 pH, there is concerned change in pH was determined of
pH analysis

gold nanoparticle synthesis using extracts of plant and spices, which was determined using Digital pH meter Systronics.

Twenty-five plants extracts and five spices extracts were used to produce gold nanoparticles (Table. 1 and 2), the
Results and Discussion

reduction of gold ions into gold particles during exposure to the plant and spices extract is followed by colour change from
yellow to different color and change in pH of auric acid, extract and gold nanoparticle solution, depends on the plant and spices
extract. It is well known that auric acid exhibit yellowish colors in distilled water. As the plant extract was mixed in the
aqueous solution of the gold ion complex, it started to change the color from yellowish to various different colors due to
reduction of gold ion, which may be the indication of formation gold nanoparticles (Table. 3). In this work almost all except
few green gold nano solutions after incubation at room temperature, were showed the color change from light to dark color
and pH change from high acidic to low acidic.
Table.1. Different Plant used for Gold nanoparticles synthesis

1. Ashoka Asoko Leaf
Sr. No Latin name Common name Local name Family name Part use

2. Arogbati Poi Leaf
Saraca asoca Fabaceae

3 Indian plum Barakoli Leaf
Basella alba Basellaceae

4. Curry leaf Bhursanga Leaf
Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae

5. Coriander Dhania Leaf
Murraya Koenigi Rutaceae

6. Ghi kunaver/Aloe Ghee-kunari Leaf
Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae

7. Ginger Ada Root
Aloe vera Liliaceae

8. Garlic Rasun Leaf
Zingiber officinalis Zingiberaceae

9. Hibiscus rosasynesus Chinese rose Mandara Leaf
Allium sativum Lilliaceae

10. Jambul Jammu Leaf
Malvaceae

11. Kamkam-awlaw Dhatura Leaf
Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae

12. Limonero Lembu Fruit
Datura metel Solanaceae

13. Margosa Nimba Leaf
Citrus limonium Rutaceae

14. Mango Amba Leaf
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae

15. Marigold Gendu Ranunculaceae Leaf
Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae

16. Night-flowering Gangaseuli Leaf
Calendula officinalis
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae

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Jasmine
17. Peepal Bara Leaf
18. Pudina mint Podina Leaf
Ficus benghalensis Moraceae

19. Pineapple Sapuri Fruit
Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae

20. Papaya Amruta-bhanda Leaf
Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae

21. Stone apple Bale Leaf
Carica papaya Cariacaceae

22. Sadabahar Sadabihari Leaf
Aegle marmelos Rutaceae

23. Tea --- Leaf
Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae

24. Tamarind Tentuli Leaf
Camellia sinensis Theaceae

25. Orange Kandhia/ Fruit
Tamarindus indica Caesalpinaceae

Karuna
Citrus sinensis Rutaceae

Table. 2. Different Spices use for Gold nanoparticle synthesis

1. Elaichi Alleicha Seed pod
Sr. No Latin name Common name Local name Family Part use

2. Kalimirchi Golamaricha Fruit
Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae

3. Dalchini Dalchini Bark
Piper nigrum Piperaceae

4. Lavanga Labanga Flower bud
Cinnamomum verum Lauraceae
Syzygium aromaticum Lauraceae

Table. 3. Indication of color change in green gold nano particles solution
Sr. Name of green gold Color change Ph change Color Time Lamda Result
No nanoparticle intensity max
solution

1. Ghee-kunari White Cherry red 5.27 5.20 ++ 1.30 hr 540
Local name Before After Before After

2. Jamun Light yellow Black 4.83 4.74 ++ 15min 540
3. Asoko Light brown Green Brown 4.74 4.50 +++ 2 hr 540 +

4. Poi Pale yellow Red brown 5.75 4.77 ++ 1 hr 540 +

5. Bara koli Pale yellow Pale yellow 6.29 6.29 ++ 5 hr _ _
6. Bhursanga Dark brown Cherr-y red 6.24 6.07 +++ 1.30 540 +
7. Dhania Dark green Dark green 6.37 6.34 +++ 5 hr _ _
8. Ada Yellow Black 6.16 4.66 +++ 1.30hr 540 +
brown
9. Rasuna White White 6.70 6.43 ++ 5 hr _ _
10. Mandara Pale yellow Dark violet 6.65 5.76 +++ 2 hr 540 +
11. Dhatura Light green Blue green 5.69 5.04 ++ 2hr 530 +
12. Lembu White Light violet 3.24 3.27 ++ 1hr 540 +
13. Nimba Light green Light green 5.50 4.20 ++ 5 hr _ _
14. Amba Red pink Red pink 4.61 4.54 +++ 5hr _ _
15. Gendu Light brown Light green 6.55 5.97 ++ 1 hr 530 +
16. Gangaseuli Pale yellow Green brown 6.55 6.03 +++ 20min 530 +
17. Bara Dark brown Light brown 6.62 6.43 +++ 1hr _ _
18. Podina Dark green Dark brown 6.01 7.03 +++ 1hr 540 +
19. Sapuri Yellow Dark violet 4.35 3.99 +++ 20min 540 +
20. Amrutbhanda Light green Light green 6.35 6.23 ++ 5 hr _ _
21. Bale Dark brown Dark red 6.0.6 6.06 +++ 2 hr 540 +
22. Sadabihari Light green Black 6.20 5.68 ++ 10min 530 +
23. Tea Dark brown Green brown 5.00 4.56 ++ 1 hr 530
24. Tentuli Pale yellow Light grey 3.66 3.55 ++ 1 hr 530 +
25. Kandia/ Light brown Light brown 4.50 4.50 + 5 hr _ _
Karune
26. Alleicha White Light violet 5.97 4.99 ++ 1hr 540 +


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27. Golamircha Dark brown Cherr-y red 7.59 5.11 +++ 1hr 530 +
28. Dalchini Light brown Cherr-y red 5.04 4.13 +++ 1 hr 530 +
29. Labanga Dark brown Greenbrown 6.08 6.40 +++ 1hr 540 +
Color intensity: - += Light color, ++= Dark color, +++= Very dark color.; Result: - += Positive, -= Negative.

The UV visible spectroscopy of the synthesized nano particles were in the range of 435-545 nm. Among 25 plants
UV visible spectroscopy and color change for the Green synthesized gold nano particles.

extracts, 17 were showed to synthesize the gold nanoparticles by the indication of suitable surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)
with high band intensities and peaks under visible spectrum. Plants, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior of
nanoparticle synthesize by plant extract, were showed by absorption at various wavelength, the wavelength of some
synthesized nano particle are Ghee-kunari at 540 nm with change in colour (Fig. 1), Jamun at 540 nm (Fig. 2), along with these
Asoko, Poi, Bhursanga, Ada, Mandara, Lembu, Podhina, Sapuri, Bale were shown absorbance around 540 nm and Dhatura,
Gendu, Gangaseuli, Sadabihari, Tea, Tentuli shown absorbance around 530 nm, with concerned change in color where as 8
plants extract Bara koli, Dhania, Rasuna, Nimba, Amba, Bara, Amrutbhanda, Kandia/Karune did not shown any change in color
but small change in pH was observed. And almost all 4 spices extract shown synthesize of nano particle, surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) behavior of nano particle synthesize by spices extract at various wave length are Alleicha at 540 nm with
change in color (Fig. 26), Golamircha at 530 nm (Fig. 27), and Dalchini shown absorbance around 530 nm, Labanga shown
absorbance around 540 nm.
Ghee-kunari:

Fig.1 a) Ghee-kunari gold nanoparticle SPR at 540 nm, b) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B-Extract, Tube C- Ghee-kunari gold
a) b)

nanoparticle solution.


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Jamun :

Fig.2 a) Jamun gold nanoparticle SPR at 530 nm, b) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Jamun gold nanoparticle
a) b)

solution
Asoko:

Fig.3 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Asoko gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Poi:

Fig 4. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Poi gold nanoparticle solution
a)


341


Bara koli:

Fig 5. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bara koli leaf extract, Tube C- Barakoli gold nanoparticle solution.
Bhursanga:

Fig 6. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bhursanga leaf extract, Tube C- Bhursanga gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Dhania:

Fig 7. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Dhania leaf extract, Tube C- Dhania gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Ada:

Fig. 8 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Ada leaf extract, Tube C- Ada gold nanoparticle solution
a)


342


Rasuna:

Fig. 9 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Rasuna extract, Tube C- Rasuna gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Mandara:

Fig. 10 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Mandara extract, Tube C- Mandara gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Dhatura:

Fig. 11 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Dhatura leaf extract, Tube C- Dhatura gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Lembu:

Fig. 12 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Lembu leaf extract, Tube C- Lembu gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Nimbu:


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Fig. 13 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Nimbu leaf extract, Tube C- Nimbu gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Amba:

Fig. 14 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Amba leaf extract, Tube C- Amba gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Gendu:

Fig. 15 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Gendu leaf extract, Tube C- Gendu gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Gangaseuli:

Fig. 16 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Gangaseuli extract, Tube C- Gangaseuli gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Bara:


344


Fig. 17 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bara leaf extract, Tube C- Bara gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Podina:

Fig. 18 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Podina leaf extract, Tube C- Podina gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Sapuri:

Fig. 19 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Sapuri extract, Tube C- Sapuri gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Amrutabhanda:

Fig. 20 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Amrutabhanda extract, Tube C- Amrutabhanda gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Bale:


345


Fig. 21 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bale leaf extract, Tube C- Bale gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Sadabihari:

Fig. 22 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Sadabihari leaf extract, Tube C- Sadabihari gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Tea:

Fig. 23 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Tea leaf extract, Tube C- Tea gold nanoparticle solution.
a)

Tentuli:

Fig. 24 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Tentuli leaf extract, Tube C- Tentuli gold nanoparticle solution.
Kandia/Karune:


346


Fig. 25 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Kaudia/karuna extract, Tube C- Kaudia/karuna gold nanoparticle solution.
Spices Alleicha:

Fig.26 a)Alleicha gold nanoparticle SPR at 540 nm, b)Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Alleicha gold nanoparticle
a) b)

solution.
Golamircha

Fig. 27 a) Golamircha gold nanoparticle SPR at 540 nm, b) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Golamircha gold
a) b)

nanoparticle solution.


347


Dalchini:

Fig. 28 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Dalchini extract, Tube C- Dalchini gold nanoparticle solution.
Labanga:

Fig. 29 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Labanga extract, Tube C- Labanga gold nanoparticle solution.

In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that various extract of plants and spices are capable of producing gold nano
CONCLUSION

particles and the nano particles shows good stability in solution, under the UV-Visible wavelength nano particles shown quiet
good surface plasmon resonance behavior and auric acid with reducing agent i.e plants and spices extract shown various color
changes with concerned change in pH of solution. Success of such a rapid time scale for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is
an alternative to chemical synthesis protocols and low cost reductant for synthesizing gold nano particles.

The authors are sincerely thankful to Head of the Department, University Department of Chemical Technology, North
Acknowledgement

Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra and to the Directorate of General CIPET, Bhubaneswar, India. The authors are
also thankful to Shri Binod Dash, Chairman, Synergy Institute of Technology for providing facilities to carry out this piece of
research work.

1. Kohler, J.M., Csaki, A., Reichert, R., Straube, W. and Fritzche, W., Sens. ActB. (2001) 76,166-172.
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