SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 6
Download to read offline
Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276
www.ijera.com 271 | P a g e
Reduction of Losses and Comparision of Sensor and Sensor less
Control of Four-Switch Inverter Fed Permanent Magnet
Brushless DC Motor for Low Cost Commercial Applications
Pvsl Pavana Kumari*, P.Sri Hari**
*(Department of Electrical and Electronics PBR VITS Kavali, JNTUAnanthapur)
** (Department of Electrical and Electronics PBR VITS Kavali, JNTUAnanthapur)
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this paper is to develop low costfour-switch brushless dc (BLDC) motor drives for
practical industrial applications. Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC)machines are more popular due to
its simple structure and low cost. Improvements in permanent magnetic materials and power electronic devices
have resulted in reliable, cost effective PMBLDC drives, for many applications. PMBL motors find applications
in diverse fields such as domestic appliances and automobiles due to its low cost and performance. Modelling,
simulation and experimentation of drives with new converter configuration and control schemes are essential
for making this drive competitive. In this paper, a comparative study between sensor and sensor less control of
four-switch Inverter fed PMBLDC is discussed and Simulation model using transfer function of BLDC motor is
presented.
Keywords - PMBLDC Motor, Simulation models, sensor less, Fuzzy logic controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
Because of the distinct advantages of high
efficiency, high power density and minimal
maintenance, the Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless
DC machine is becoming increasingly attractive for
industrial and electric vehicle (EV) applications. A
brushless DC motor (BLDC) is a synchronous
electric motor which is powered by direct current
electricity (DC) and has an electronically controlled
commutation system; instead of a mechanical
commutation system with brushes. It has all the good
advantage of DC drives and eliminating the
drawbacks using electronic commutation. So in this
motor current and torque, voltage and rpm are related
linearly. Normally from the Hall Effect sensor, the
signal for commutation is generated. But using these
sensors the size of the BLDC motor will become
larger and when space will be a main constraint,
BLDC motor fails to meet the same. BLDC Motors
are extensively used in domestic and automobile
industries. The market is too competitive so cost
reduction and higher performance will be the prime
importance. Cost reduction in BLDC motor drives
can be achieved by two methods one topological
approach and second control approach. In the
topological approach, the number of switches,
sensors and associated circuitry used to compose the
power converter is minimized. Normally for the
BLDC Motor drive six switches inverter topology is
used. By reducing the no of switches the cost
reduction can be achieved. Moreover switching and
conduction losses can be reduced. So here Four
Switch VSI (FSVSI) topology is attempted. By using
the Sensor less control the cost of the For extensive
system testing and evaluation program, detailed
computer modelling and simulation is being
developed. Modelling of the PMBLDC machine and
the controller are essential for evaluating their
performance. Each of the simulators allows setting of
the input parameters of the drive as well as the setup
of certain load torque and speed profiles in order to
evaluate the drives. In this paper the modelling of
BLDCM is explained with transfer function model.
The simulation of sensor and sensor less control of
drive is done in Matlab/Simulink. Control with
sensor, the controller is used Fuzzy logic Controller
and in sensor less control the method is used terminal
voltage sensing.
II. TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL
The dynamics of the machine are described
by a set of differential equations [1]. The electrical
and mechanical equations can be obtained from the
equivalent circuit shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of BLDCM
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276
www.ijera.com 272 | P a g e
To attain the electrical equations for a
BLDC machine, basic circuit analysis was used to
find the per-phase voltage as shown below. The
equation is only shown for phase-A to neutral since
the equations for phase B and C only differ in
the subscript notation.
From the equivalent circuit Figure 1., the circuit
equation of the motor in phase variable form are
given in equation (1) where Van the applied phase
voltages, ea is the induced back emf, ia is the phase
currents. La, is the self inductances of the phases and
Ra is the resistance of each phase. The mechanical
equation that relates the machine's angular velocity to
the developed electromagnetic torque, load torque,
and motor parameters is given in equation (2),
where Tem(t) is developed electro-magnetic torque,
TL is load torque, B is viscous friction constant, J is
rotor moment of inertia, _ is the angular speed of the
motor. But we know that Electromagnetic torque and
back emf are given by equations (3) and (4),
where Kt is torque constant and Ke motor constant.
Taking Laplace transformation of the respective
quationsand rearranging the terms equations (5) and
(6) are obtained.
From the above equations it is possible to draw the
model of the BLDC motor as shown in Figure 2.
From the Figure 2transfer function of the system is
presented in equation (7).
Figure 2. Transfer function model of PMBLDC
III. FOUR SWITCH CONVERTER
TOPOLOGY
The cost reduction of controllers for
PMBLM drives can be considered with the
topologies with more than one switch per phase, but
less than conventional two switches per phase .But
according to the working of BLDCM, at a time only
two phases are conducing and the third phase is
inactive [2-5].A BLDC motor needs quasi-square
current waveforms, which are synchronized with the
back-EMF to generate constant output torque and
have 120 degree conduction and 60 degree non-
conducting regions. However, in the four-switch
converter, the generation of 120 degree conducting
current profiles is inherently difficult Though cost
saving is achieved, it introduces distortions in the
uncontrolled phase. This problem is solved by using
hysteresis current control. In this method pwm pulses
produced by the switching ON and OFF the switch
when the phase current crosses the Hysteresis Band.
The simulation model is as shown in Figure 3 and
output waveform is shown in the Figure 4.
Figure 3 Four Switch converter using Direct Control
method
Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276
www.ijera.com 273 | P a g e
Figure 4 Phase current waveform of Four switch
converter
IV. SENSOR LESS CONTROL
A low cost BLDC motor drive with reduced
parts that is by reducing the number of switches from
six to four is to be developed. The implementation of
a low cost, reduced parts BLDC motor is desired with
high system reliability. Most of the sensors less
methods for a six-switch inverter BLDC motor drive
are not directly applicable to the four-switch inverter
[6-10]. The main reason is that in the four-switch
topology, some methods detect less than six points,
and other commutation instants must be interpolated
via software. This paper presents a novel sensor less
method for four-switch BLDC motor drive based on
zero crossing points of stator line voltages.
Figure 5 Position Sensing Using Line Voltages
In four switch converter topology the third
phase is connected in between midpoint of two
capacitors. Assume that point to be ‘O’ and is
connected to the ground. With point O as reference,
the three line voltage waveforms, Vao ,Vbo and -Vbo
. Therefore, by detecting the zero crossing points of
three line voltages, six commutation points are
obtained. From this commutation points the virtual
hall effect signals are produced. Three line voltages
are derived from terminal voltages Vao and Vbo.
They have higher magnitude compared to back EMF
voltages that is times phase voltages plus drop
voltage on the stator impedance.
written as equation (8) to (10).
From figure 5 the terminal voltage equation
can be written as equation (8) to (10).
Because the drive employs the Direct Current Control
(DPC) method, in order to make the current as quasi
square waveform in accordance with the trapezoidal
back emf, motor adopts 120 degree conducting mode
and only two phases are energized at one time. So,
the current in the two phases has the same amplitude
and opposite direction, while in the third phase, the
current is zero. The phasor representation of Four
switching topology is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Line to line voltage representation
A complete simulation of the system is done
in Simulink of the MATLAB environment. The
system consists of a BLDC motor with the dc link
voltage and inverter. The performance of the machine
is studied in open loop. A constant speed operation of
the drive is simulated in closed loop. Control is
achieved via terminal voltage sensing. The three
voltage functions are used to get the commutation
points. A voltage divider circuit is used first,
followed by low pass filter (second order
Butterworth) and then a zero crossing detection
circuit to get the virtual hall signals. A d- q model of
the BLDC motor done is considered in a rotor
reference frame and an analytical simulation using a
m-file is carried out to study the torque-speed
characteristics of the motor under steady state. The
simulation diagram is shown in Figure 7 and results
are given in Figure 8
Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276
www.ijera.com 274 | P a g e
Figure 7 Simulink diagram for sensor less control
Figure 8 Stator current for Phase C
In analytical simulation method the torque speed
characteristics using M-file.The steady-state torque is
given by equation 11.
For steady-state operation, v is constant
and represents the angular displacement between the
peak value of the fundamental component of Vas and
the q-axis fixed in the rotor. The values of and
ds are determined by the firing of the driving
inverter. But for most applications, the
common operating mode is used where the conditions
are v = 0, whereupon and Also
assuming Ld = Lq , the expression for torque is given
in the equation (12).
The graph is not entirely linear but approximately
linear only in the region where Te≥0 and r0. It is
not linear for the entire speed range. The simulation
result analytical simulation is shown in the Figure 9.
Figure 9 Torque Speed characteristics obtained by
Analytical method
V. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
Fuzzy logic controller is used for simulation
of BLDC Motor with sensor. Three hall effect
sensors are connected the other end of the motor and
they are separated by 120 degree mechanically. A
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)[11-12] uses fuzzy
logic as a design methodology, which can be utilized
for developing linear and non-linear systems for
embedded control. FLC techniques need less
development time, have better performance and are
good replacements for conventional control
techniques, which require highly complicated
mathematical models. A fuzzy logic controller does
not require an exact mathematical model. It however
requires knowledge-based set of heuristic rules.
These rules are impressive and are expressed in terms
of linguistic variables. The steps involved in the
design of fuzzy controller are fuzzification, rule
definition and defuzzification. For the fuzzy
controller necessary data required for the simulation
is given in Table 1. The two inputs given are error
and change in error. The output is the reference
current for the Hysteresis controller. All three
membership functions are Triangular. The input and
output membership functions are shown in Figures 10
to 12. The fuzzification rule is entered using the rule
editor of the fuzzy toolbox as shown in Figure 13.
The simulation diagram is shown in Figure 14. The
overall simulation diagram with controller, four-
Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276
www.ijera.com 275 | P a g e
switch inverter and BLDC motor model is shown in
Figure 15.
TABLE 1: PARAMETERS FOR THE
SIMULATION OF FUZZY CONTROLLER
Name ‘FuzzyBldc.fis’
Type ‘mamdani’
and method ‘min’
or method ‘max’
defuzzMethod ‘centriod’
impMethod ‘min’
aggMethod ‘max’
input [1x2 struct]
outpule [1x1 struct]
rule [1x49 struct]
Fig10: Membership Function of Error
Figure 11 Membership Function of Change Error
Figure 12 Membership Function of Reference
Current
Figure 13 Rule Editor
Figure 14 Fuzzy controller with hysteresis controller
Figure 15 Controller, four-switch inverter and Motor
model
The measured motor speed from the BLDC
drive is compared with the reference speed producing
the error which is given to the controller in the
model. By decoding output of the hall sensor signals,
gate pulses for the three phase inverter are generated.
The current output from the fuzzy output is fed to
hysteresis controller(current limit control) [13] is
used for making the phase currents smoother.
Simulation duration is given as 0.6 sec and solver is
fixed step,ode4 (Runge-gutta). The simulations are
performed for fuzzy controller and the results are
given in fig11-17.
Figure 16 Phase Current Using Fuzzy controller
Figure 17 Speed profile of the drive for Fuzzy
controller
Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276
www.ijera.com 276 | P a g e
Figure 18 Torque profile of the drive for Fuzzy
controller
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the transfer function model is
explained. The simulation is performed in MATLAB
/SIMLINK motor model fed by four-switch inverter
with hysteresis current control first with sensor less
and then Fuzzy controller with the hall effect sensors.
The current waveforms are rectangular without any
distortion due to the hysteresis control. From the
phase voltages the virtual Hall Effect signals are
produced and thus applicable in four switch inverter
topology. The sensorless method via terminal voltage
sensing will overcome the disadvantages of back emf
method. But the sensorless control method is not
suitable for higher speed changes. The fuzzy
controller i.e sensor control responds faster and
smoother to reference speed changes. But if low cost
is the primary concern and motor speed is not an
issue, then sensorless control will be the better
choice. The hardware implementation is simplified
with the use of DSP processor with built-in features
and easy C programming interface of Code
Composer studio. The hysteresis current control is
yet to be implemented in hardware.
REFERENCES
[1] Pragasan Pillay and R.Krishnan,(1988),
“Modeling of Permanent Magnet Motor
Drives”,IEEE’1988,vol35, No.4. PPillay and
R Krishnan. ‘Modelling, Simulation and
Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Brushless
dc Motor Drive.’Conference Record of
IEEE/IAS Meeting, 1987, p 8
[2] R. Krishnan, “A novel single-switch-per-
phase converter topology for four-quadrant
pm brushless dc motor drive”, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 1154-1161,
Sep./Oct., 1997
[3] R. Krishnan and P. Vijayraghavan, “A new
power converter topology for PM Brushless
dc motor drives”, in Proc. IEEE IECON,
Vol. 2, pp. 709– 714, 1998
[4] B. K. Lee and M. Ehsani, “Advanced BLDC
motor drive for low cost and high
performance propulsion system in electric
and hybrid vehicles”, in Proc. IEEE Electric
Machines and Drives Conf., pp. 246-251,
2001.
[5] B. K. Lee, T. H. Kim and M. Ehsani, “On
the feasibility of four-switch three-phase
BLDC motor drives for low cost commercial
applications: topology and control”, in Proc.
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. and
Expo., Vol. 1, pp. 428-433, 2001
[6] Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A.
Vahedi, “Implementation of fourswitch
brushless dc motor drive based on
TMS320LF2407 DSP”, 2007 IEEE
International Conference on Signal
Processing and Communications ICSPC
2007), 24-27 November 2007, Dubai,
United Arab Emirates, PP 332-335
[7] Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A.
Vahedi, “A Low-Cost Sensorless Control for
Reduced-Parts, Brushless DC Motor
Drives,” IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, 2008, pp 662-667.
[8] Tsung Lin, C. Wen Hung, C. Wen Liu;
“Sensorless Control for Four- Switch Three-
Phase Brushless DC Motor Drives”, in
Proceeding of the Forty-First IEEE Industry
Applications Conference Meeting (IAS'06),
Taiwan, Oct. 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2049-2053
[9] J.P. Johnson, M. Ehsani, Y. Guzelgunler;
“Review of Sensorless Methods for
Brushless DC Motor”, IEEE Industry
Applications Conference, 1999, Vol. 1, pp.
143 –150.
[10] Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A.
Vahedi, “A Novel Sensorless Control
Method for Four-Switch, Brushless DC
Motor Drive without Phase Shifter”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23,
No. 6, November 2008, pp 3079 – 3087.
[11] M. Nasir Uddin, Tawfik S. Radwan M.
Azizur Rahman, ” Fuzzy-Logic- Controller-
Based Cost-EffectiveFour-Switch Three-
Phase Inverter-Fed IPM Synchronous Motor
Drive System ”, IEEE Trans Ind.Appl Conf
Vol. 42, No. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY
2006
[12] M. A. Awadallah, M. M. Morcos, “Switch
Fault Diagnosis of PM Brushless DC Motor
DriveUsing Adaptive Fuzzy Techniques ”
IEEE Trans Energy Conv, Vol. 19, No. 1,
MARCH 2004 [13] Oh, D.S.; Youn, M.J.; ,
"Automated adaptive hysteresis current
control technique for a voltage-fed PWM
inverter," Electronics Letters , vol.26, no.24,
pp. 2044-2046, 22 Nov. 1990
[14] A. Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli, A. Vahedi;
"High Performance TorqueControl of
Brushless DC Motor Drive based on
TMS320LF2407 DSP Controller",
International Review on Electrical
Engineering Journal, June 2007.
[15] "TMS32OC24x DSP Controllers, Volume 2:
Peripheral Library and Specific Devices",
Literature Number: SPRU160C, September
1997

More Related Content

What's hot

IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...
IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...
IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...IRJET Journal
 
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )Mathankumar S
 
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using Transformer
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using TransformerIRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using Transformer
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using TransformerIRJET Journal
 
Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...
Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...
Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...ijiert bestjournal
 
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensation
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load CompensationComparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensation
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensationidescitation
 
Four switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehicles
Four switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehiclesFour switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehicles
Four switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehiclesIAEME Publication
 
Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...
Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...
Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...IJPEDS-IAES
 
Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)
Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)
Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)Aneel-k Suthar
 
Design & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology
Design & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage TopologyDesign & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology
Design & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage TopologyIJMTST Journal
 
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...idescitation
 
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
 
78201910
7820191078201910
78201910IJRAT
 
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...IOSR Journals
 
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...IJECEIAES
 

What's hot (20)

IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...
IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...
IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...
 
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )
 
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using Transformer
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using TransformerIRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using Transformer
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using Transformer
 
Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...
Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...
Performance & Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Fed Three-phase Induction Mot...
 
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensation
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load CompensationComparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensation
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensation
 
Four switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehicles
Four switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehiclesFour switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehicles
Four switch three phase brushless dc motor drive for hybrid vehicles
 
Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...
Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...
Efficiency Optimized Brushless DC Motor Drive based on Input Current Harmonic...
 
Implementation on the dSPACE 1104 of VOC-SVM based anti-windup PI Controller ...
Implementation on the dSPACE 1104 of VOC-SVM based anti-windup PI Controller ...Implementation on the dSPACE 1104 of VOC-SVM based anti-windup PI Controller ...
Implementation on the dSPACE 1104 of VOC-SVM based anti-windup PI Controller ...
 
Converter driver dc motor
Converter driver dc motorConverter driver dc motor
Converter driver dc motor
 
Modeling and control of two five-phase induction machines connected in series...
Modeling and control of two five-phase induction machines connected in series...Modeling and control of two five-phase induction machines connected in series...
Modeling and control of two five-phase induction machines connected in series...
 
Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)
Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)
Practical of Power System Analysis (PSA)
 
Design & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology
Design & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage TopologyDesign & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology
Design & Simulation of 3-Phase, 27-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology
 
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...
 
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
 
X33128132
X33128132X33128132
X33128132
 
78201910
7820191078201910
78201910
 
Design of PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Distribution Static Compensator
Design of PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Distribution Static CompensatorDesign of PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Distribution Static Compensator
Design of PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Distribution Static Compensator
 
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...
 
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...
 
IJET-V3I2P11
IJET-V3I2P11IJET-V3I2P11
IJET-V3I2P11
 

Viewers also liked

Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...
Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...
Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...Walter Raul Pinedo Caldas
 
Avances tecnologicos2
Avances tecnologicos2Avances tecnologicos2
Avances tecnologicos2tecnolg
 
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsStudy: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
 
Hype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
Hype vs. Reality: The AI ExplainerHype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
Hype vs. Reality: The AI ExplainerLuminary Labs
 

Viewers also liked (6)

годовой план 14 15
годовой план 14 15годовой план 14 15
годовой план 14 15
 
Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...
Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...
Hoja de Vida de Docentes del Diplomado Liderazgo para la Trasnformacion 2015 ...
 
Avances tecnologicos2
Avances tecnologicos2Avances tecnologicos2
Avances tecnologicos2
 
20150326145412840
2015032614541284020150326145412840
20150326145412840
 
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsStudy: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
 
Hype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
Hype vs. Reality: The AI ExplainerHype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
Hype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
 

Similar to Aw35271276

A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVESA NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVEScscpconf
 
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...
IRJET-  	  Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...IRJET-  	  Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...IRJET Journal
 
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...ijsrd.com
 
Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...
Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...
Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...ijcnes
 
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
 
Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...
Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...
Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...IJAAS Team
 
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection MathodSpeed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathodijtsrd
 
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
 
IJSRED-V2I3P85
IJSRED-V2I3P85IJSRED-V2I3P85
IJSRED-V2I3P85IJSRED
 
Sensorless Speed Control of BLDC Motor
Sensorless Speed Control of BLDC MotorSensorless Speed Control of BLDC Motor
Sensorless Speed Control of BLDC Motorijsrd.com
 
Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...
Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...
Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...AI Publications
 
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
 

Similar to Aw35271276 (20)

THREE PHASE INVERTER FED BLDC MOTOR DRIVE
THREE PHASE INVERTER FED BLDC MOTOR DRIVETHREE PHASE INVERTER FED BLDC MOTOR DRIVE
THREE PHASE INVERTER FED BLDC MOTOR DRIVE
 
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVESA NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
 
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...
IRJET-  	  Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...IRJET-  	  Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sensor and Sensor Less Control of Three Phase...
 
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...
Digital Signal Controller Based Four Switch Three Phase Inverter Fed BLDC Mot...
 
Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...
Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...
Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of ...
 
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...
 
[000007]
[000007][000007]
[000007]
 
Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...
Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...
Speed control of sensorless brushless DC motor by computing back EMF from lin...
 
Investigation of Slim Type BLDC Motor Drive with Torque Ripple Minimization u...
Investigation of Slim Type BLDC Motor Drive with Torque Ripple Minimization u...Investigation of Slim Type BLDC Motor Drive with Torque Ripple Minimization u...
Investigation of Slim Type BLDC Motor Drive with Torque Ripple Minimization u...
 
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection MathodSpeed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod
Speed Control System for BLDC Motor by using Direct Back EMF Detection Mathod
 
D0262019026
D0262019026D0262019026
D0262019026
 
D0262019026
D0262019026D0262019026
D0262019026
 
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
 
C010511620
C010511620C010511620
C010511620
 
IJSRED-V2I3P85
IJSRED-V2I3P85IJSRED-V2I3P85
IJSRED-V2I3P85
 
Sensorless Speed Control of BLDC Motor
Sensorless Speed Control of BLDC MotorSensorless Speed Control of BLDC Motor
Sensorless Speed Control of BLDC Motor
 
G010215361
G010215361G010215361
G010215361
 
Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...
Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...
Torque Ripple Minimization of a BLDC Motor Drive by Using Electronic Commutat...
 
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...
 
A fuzzy logic controller based brushless DC motor using PFC cuk converter
A fuzzy logic controller based brushless DC motor using PFC cuk converterA fuzzy logic controller based brushless DC motor using PFC cuk converter
A fuzzy logic controller based brushless DC motor using PFC cuk converter
 

Recently uploaded

Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfDianaGray10
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfDaniel Santiago Silva Capera
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...DianaGray10
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 

Aw35271276

  • 1. Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276 www.ijera.com 271 | P a g e Reduction of Losses and Comparision of Sensor and Sensor less Control of Four-Switch Inverter Fed Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Low Cost Commercial Applications Pvsl Pavana Kumari*, P.Sri Hari** *(Department of Electrical and Electronics PBR VITS Kavali, JNTUAnanthapur) ** (Department of Electrical and Electronics PBR VITS Kavali, JNTUAnanthapur) ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is to develop low costfour-switch brushless dc (BLDC) motor drives for practical industrial applications. Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC)machines are more popular due to its simple structure and low cost. Improvements in permanent magnetic materials and power electronic devices have resulted in reliable, cost effective PMBLDC drives, for many applications. PMBL motors find applications in diverse fields such as domestic appliances and automobiles due to its low cost and performance. Modelling, simulation and experimentation of drives with new converter configuration and control schemes are essential for making this drive competitive. In this paper, a comparative study between sensor and sensor less control of four-switch Inverter fed PMBLDC is discussed and Simulation model using transfer function of BLDC motor is presented. Keywords - PMBLDC Motor, Simulation models, sensor less, Fuzzy logic controller. I. INTRODUCTION Because of the distinct advantages of high efficiency, high power density and minimal maintenance, the Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless DC machine is becoming increasingly attractive for industrial and electric vehicle (EV) applications. A brushless DC motor (BLDC) is a synchronous electric motor which is powered by direct current electricity (DC) and has an electronically controlled commutation system; instead of a mechanical commutation system with brushes. It has all the good advantage of DC drives and eliminating the drawbacks using electronic commutation. So in this motor current and torque, voltage and rpm are related linearly. Normally from the Hall Effect sensor, the signal for commutation is generated. But using these sensors the size of the BLDC motor will become larger and when space will be a main constraint, BLDC motor fails to meet the same. BLDC Motors are extensively used in domestic and automobile industries. The market is too competitive so cost reduction and higher performance will be the prime importance. Cost reduction in BLDC motor drives can be achieved by two methods one topological approach and second control approach. In the topological approach, the number of switches, sensors and associated circuitry used to compose the power converter is minimized. Normally for the BLDC Motor drive six switches inverter topology is used. By reducing the no of switches the cost reduction can be achieved. Moreover switching and conduction losses can be reduced. So here Four Switch VSI (FSVSI) topology is attempted. By using the Sensor less control the cost of the For extensive system testing and evaluation program, detailed computer modelling and simulation is being developed. Modelling of the PMBLDC machine and the controller are essential for evaluating their performance. Each of the simulators allows setting of the input parameters of the drive as well as the setup of certain load torque and speed profiles in order to evaluate the drives. In this paper the modelling of BLDCM is explained with transfer function model. The simulation of sensor and sensor less control of drive is done in Matlab/Simulink. Control with sensor, the controller is used Fuzzy logic Controller and in sensor less control the method is used terminal voltage sensing. II. TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL The dynamics of the machine are described by a set of differential equations [1]. The electrical and mechanical equations can be obtained from the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of BLDCM RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
  • 2. Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276 www.ijera.com 272 | P a g e To attain the electrical equations for a BLDC machine, basic circuit analysis was used to find the per-phase voltage as shown below. The equation is only shown for phase-A to neutral since the equations for phase B and C only differ in the subscript notation. From the equivalent circuit Figure 1., the circuit equation of the motor in phase variable form are given in equation (1) where Van the applied phase voltages, ea is the induced back emf, ia is the phase currents. La, is the self inductances of the phases and Ra is the resistance of each phase. The mechanical equation that relates the machine's angular velocity to the developed electromagnetic torque, load torque, and motor parameters is given in equation (2), where Tem(t) is developed electro-magnetic torque, TL is load torque, B is viscous friction constant, J is rotor moment of inertia, _ is the angular speed of the motor. But we know that Electromagnetic torque and back emf are given by equations (3) and (4), where Kt is torque constant and Ke motor constant. Taking Laplace transformation of the respective quationsand rearranging the terms equations (5) and (6) are obtained. From the above equations it is possible to draw the model of the BLDC motor as shown in Figure 2. From the Figure 2transfer function of the system is presented in equation (7). Figure 2. Transfer function model of PMBLDC III. FOUR SWITCH CONVERTER TOPOLOGY The cost reduction of controllers for PMBLM drives can be considered with the topologies with more than one switch per phase, but less than conventional two switches per phase .But according to the working of BLDCM, at a time only two phases are conducing and the third phase is inactive [2-5].A BLDC motor needs quasi-square current waveforms, which are synchronized with the back-EMF to generate constant output torque and have 120 degree conduction and 60 degree non- conducting regions. However, in the four-switch converter, the generation of 120 degree conducting current profiles is inherently difficult Though cost saving is achieved, it introduces distortions in the uncontrolled phase. This problem is solved by using hysteresis current control. In this method pwm pulses produced by the switching ON and OFF the switch when the phase current crosses the Hysteresis Band. The simulation model is as shown in Figure 3 and output waveform is shown in the Figure 4. Figure 3 Four Switch converter using Direct Control method
  • 3. Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276 www.ijera.com 273 | P a g e Figure 4 Phase current waveform of Four switch converter IV. SENSOR LESS CONTROL A low cost BLDC motor drive with reduced parts that is by reducing the number of switches from six to four is to be developed. The implementation of a low cost, reduced parts BLDC motor is desired with high system reliability. Most of the sensors less methods for a six-switch inverter BLDC motor drive are not directly applicable to the four-switch inverter [6-10]. The main reason is that in the four-switch topology, some methods detect less than six points, and other commutation instants must be interpolated via software. This paper presents a novel sensor less method for four-switch BLDC motor drive based on zero crossing points of stator line voltages. Figure 5 Position Sensing Using Line Voltages In four switch converter topology the third phase is connected in between midpoint of two capacitors. Assume that point to be ‘O’ and is connected to the ground. With point O as reference, the three line voltage waveforms, Vao ,Vbo and -Vbo . Therefore, by detecting the zero crossing points of three line voltages, six commutation points are obtained. From this commutation points the virtual hall effect signals are produced. Three line voltages are derived from terminal voltages Vao and Vbo. They have higher magnitude compared to back EMF voltages that is times phase voltages plus drop voltage on the stator impedance. written as equation (8) to (10). From figure 5 the terminal voltage equation can be written as equation (8) to (10). Because the drive employs the Direct Current Control (DPC) method, in order to make the current as quasi square waveform in accordance with the trapezoidal back emf, motor adopts 120 degree conducting mode and only two phases are energized at one time. So, the current in the two phases has the same amplitude and opposite direction, while in the third phase, the current is zero. The phasor representation of Four switching topology is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 Line to line voltage representation A complete simulation of the system is done in Simulink of the MATLAB environment. The system consists of a BLDC motor with the dc link voltage and inverter. The performance of the machine is studied in open loop. A constant speed operation of the drive is simulated in closed loop. Control is achieved via terminal voltage sensing. The three voltage functions are used to get the commutation points. A voltage divider circuit is used first, followed by low pass filter (second order Butterworth) and then a zero crossing detection circuit to get the virtual hall signals. A d- q model of the BLDC motor done is considered in a rotor reference frame and an analytical simulation using a m-file is carried out to study the torque-speed characteristics of the motor under steady state. The simulation diagram is shown in Figure 7 and results are given in Figure 8
  • 4. Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276 www.ijera.com 274 | P a g e Figure 7 Simulink diagram for sensor less control Figure 8 Stator current for Phase C In analytical simulation method the torque speed characteristics using M-file.The steady-state torque is given by equation 11. For steady-state operation, v is constant and represents the angular displacement between the peak value of the fundamental component of Vas and the q-axis fixed in the rotor. The values of and ds are determined by the firing of the driving inverter. But for most applications, the common operating mode is used where the conditions are v = 0, whereupon and Also assuming Ld = Lq , the expression for torque is given in the equation (12). The graph is not entirely linear but approximately linear only in the region where Te≥0 and r0. It is not linear for the entire speed range. The simulation result analytical simulation is shown in the Figure 9. Figure 9 Torque Speed characteristics obtained by Analytical method V. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER Fuzzy logic controller is used for simulation of BLDC Motor with sensor. Three hall effect sensors are connected the other end of the motor and they are separated by 120 degree mechanically. A Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)[11-12] uses fuzzy logic as a design methodology, which can be utilized for developing linear and non-linear systems for embedded control. FLC techniques need less development time, have better performance and are good replacements for conventional control techniques, which require highly complicated mathematical models. A fuzzy logic controller does not require an exact mathematical model. It however requires knowledge-based set of heuristic rules. These rules are impressive and are expressed in terms of linguistic variables. The steps involved in the design of fuzzy controller are fuzzification, rule definition and defuzzification. For the fuzzy controller necessary data required for the simulation is given in Table 1. The two inputs given are error and change in error. The output is the reference current for the Hysteresis controller. All three membership functions are Triangular. The input and output membership functions are shown in Figures 10 to 12. The fuzzification rule is entered using the rule editor of the fuzzy toolbox as shown in Figure 13. The simulation diagram is shown in Figure 14. The overall simulation diagram with controller, four-
  • 5. Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276 www.ijera.com 275 | P a g e switch inverter and BLDC motor model is shown in Figure 15. TABLE 1: PARAMETERS FOR THE SIMULATION OF FUZZY CONTROLLER Name ‘FuzzyBldc.fis’ Type ‘mamdani’ and method ‘min’ or method ‘max’ defuzzMethod ‘centriod’ impMethod ‘min’ aggMethod ‘max’ input [1x2 struct] outpule [1x1 struct] rule [1x49 struct] Fig10: Membership Function of Error Figure 11 Membership Function of Change Error Figure 12 Membership Function of Reference Current Figure 13 Rule Editor Figure 14 Fuzzy controller with hysteresis controller Figure 15 Controller, four-switch inverter and Motor model The measured motor speed from the BLDC drive is compared with the reference speed producing the error which is given to the controller in the model. By decoding output of the hall sensor signals, gate pulses for the three phase inverter are generated. The current output from the fuzzy output is fed to hysteresis controller(current limit control) [13] is used for making the phase currents smoother. Simulation duration is given as 0.6 sec and solver is fixed step,ode4 (Runge-gutta). The simulations are performed for fuzzy controller and the results are given in fig11-17. Figure 16 Phase Current Using Fuzzy controller Figure 17 Speed profile of the drive for Fuzzy controller
  • 6. Pvsl Pavana Kumari et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.271-276 www.ijera.com 276 | P a g e Figure 18 Torque profile of the drive for Fuzzy controller VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, the transfer function model is explained. The simulation is performed in MATLAB /SIMLINK motor model fed by four-switch inverter with hysteresis current control first with sensor less and then Fuzzy controller with the hall effect sensors. The current waveforms are rectangular without any distortion due to the hysteresis control. From the phase voltages the virtual Hall Effect signals are produced and thus applicable in four switch inverter topology. The sensorless method via terminal voltage sensing will overcome the disadvantages of back emf method. But the sensorless control method is not suitable for higher speed changes. The fuzzy controller i.e sensor control responds faster and smoother to reference speed changes. But if low cost is the primary concern and motor speed is not an issue, then sensorless control will be the better choice. The hardware implementation is simplified with the use of DSP processor with built-in features and easy C programming interface of Code Composer studio. The hysteresis current control is yet to be implemented in hardware. REFERENCES [1] Pragasan Pillay and R.Krishnan,(1988), “Modeling of Permanent Magnet Motor Drives”,IEEE’1988,vol35, No.4. PPillay and R Krishnan. ‘Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Brushless dc Motor Drive.’Conference Record of IEEE/IAS Meeting, 1987, p 8 [2] R. Krishnan, “A novel single-switch-per- phase converter topology for four-quadrant pm brushless dc motor drive”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 1154-1161, Sep./Oct., 1997 [3] R. Krishnan and P. Vijayraghavan, “A new power converter topology for PM Brushless dc motor drives”, in Proc. IEEE IECON, Vol. 2, pp. 709– 714, 1998 [4] B. K. Lee and M. Ehsani, “Advanced BLDC motor drive for low cost and high performance propulsion system in electric and hybrid vehicles”, in Proc. IEEE Electric Machines and Drives Conf., pp. 246-251, 2001. [5] B. K. Lee, T. H. Kim and M. Ehsani, “On the feasibility of four-switch three-phase BLDC motor drives for low cost commercial applications: topology and control”, in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Expo., Vol. 1, pp. 428-433, 2001 [6] Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A. Vahedi, “Implementation of fourswitch brushless dc motor drive based on TMS320LF2407 DSP”, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications ICSPC 2007), 24-27 November 2007, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, PP 332-335 [7] Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A. Vahedi, “A Low-Cost Sensorless Control for Reduced-Parts, Brushless DC Motor Drives,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2008, pp 662-667. [8] Tsung Lin, C. Wen Hung, C. Wen Liu; “Sensorless Control for Four- Switch Three- Phase Brushless DC Motor Drives”, in Proceeding of the Forty-First IEEE Industry Applications Conference Meeting (IAS'06), Taiwan, Oct. 2006, vol. 4, pp. 2049-2053 [9] J.P. Johnson, M. Ehsani, Y. Guzelgunler; “Review of Sensorless Methods for Brushless DC Motor”, IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 1999, Vol. 1, pp. 143 –150. [10] Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A. Vahedi, “A Novel Sensorless Control Method for Four-Switch, Brushless DC Motor Drive without Phase Shifter”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2008, pp 3079 – 3087. [11] M. Nasir Uddin, Tawfik S. Radwan M. Azizur Rahman, ” Fuzzy-Logic- Controller- Based Cost-EffectiveFour-Switch Three- Phase Inverter-Fed IPM Synchronous Motor Drive System ”, IEEE Trans Ind.Appl Conf Vol. 42, No. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2006 [12] M. A. Awadallah, M. M. Morcos, “Switch Fault Diagnosis of PM Brushless DC Motor DriveUsing Adaptive Fuzzy Techniques ” IEEE Trans Energy Conv, Vol. 19, No. 1, MARCH 2004 [13] Oh, D.S.; Youn, M.J.; , "Automated adaptive hysteresis current control technique for a voltage-fed PWM inverter," Electronics Letters , vol.26, no.24, pp. 2044-2046, 22 Nov. 1990 [14] A. Halvaei Niasar, H. Moghbelli, A. Vahedi; "High Performance TorqueControl of Brushless DC Motor Drive based on TMS320LF2407 DSP Controller", International Review on Electrical Engineering Journal, June 2007. [15] "TMS32OC24x DSP Controllers, Volume 2: Peripheral Library and Specific Devices", Literature Number: SPRU160C, September 1997