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Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275

RESEARCH ARTICLE

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OPEN ACCESS

Punching Shear High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Slabs
Vasant. B. Jatale1 and L. G. Kalurkar2
1

(PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad/
Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431003, MS, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College,
Aurangabad/ Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431003, MS, India)
ABSTRACT
The punching shear behavior of High Strength steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs was investigated in the
present study. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along four edges and loaded to failure under a
concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test parameters were the effective span to depth ratio,
volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers pf, slab thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate
r. Test results indicate that the load-deflection curve of slabs exhibits four distinct regions that may be
characterized by first cracking, steel yielding, and ultimate load. Within the scope of the test program, an
increase in the values of pf, h, or r was found to lead to an increase in both the punching shear strength and the
ductility of the slab. The ultimate punching shear strength of the slabs was compared with the predictions of
equations available in the literature and code equations for reinforced concrete. The British Standard CP110's
equation was found to estimate the punching shear strength of the test specimens reasonably well.

I.

INTRODUCTION

High Strength Fibres Reinforced concrete
(HSFRC) is being increasingly used in civil
engineering construction due to its improved
resistance to cracking, fatigue, abrasion, and impact
and its greater durability, than conventional reinforced
concrete (Vondran 1991). Some examples are its
applications in shotcrete, precast concrete products,
pavements, concrete floors, seismic structures, and
structural repair.
HSFRC-slab applications are suited for
bridge deck slabs, industrial floors or in flat-slab
construction where, besides resistance to fatigue or
damaging dynamic forces, additional reinforcement is
required to avoid punching shear failure due to
concentrated loads. Although much research has been
carried out on HSFRC ("State" 1982), little attention
has been focused on the punching shear behavior of
HSFRC slabs. As a result, the full economical benefits
of steel fibers in such applications may not be
realized.
In this study, an investigation has been
carried out on the punching shear behavior of HSFRC
slabs. Each of 24 square slabs was prepared and tested
under a concentrated load. The load-deflection

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characteristics and cracking pattern of the slabs were
observed and compared. The ultimate punching shear
strength of the slabs was compared to predictions
made using the equations available in the literature as
well as those given in building codes ("Building"
1989; "Code" 1972; "Model" 1978; "Structural" 1985;
"Standard" 1986) for the punching shear strength of
reinforced concrete slabs.

II.

TEST PROGRAM

Twenty four HSFRC slabs were tested as per
IS-516. The parameters investigated included the
effective span to depth ratio, aid volume fraction of
three types of steel fiber at the volume fraction of
0.5% to 4%. The Volume fraction of different types
fibres were taken at an interval of 0.5%. The specimen
placed on the steel stand by simply supported on
Universal testing machine. One steel plate kept on the
centre of slab whose dimension of 100x100x20 mm.
The loads are increased gradually on the plate up to
failure. The load deflection curves plotted directly on
computer which is directly attach with universal
testing machine. The graphs are plotted upto failure of
specimen. The test results are described in table No.
1.

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Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275
TABLE 1. Details of Test Specimens
Series
Slab number
a/d
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5

HSFRC 1-1
27.2
HSFRC 1-2
40.9
HSFRC 1-3
54.5
HSFRC 2-1
40.9
HSFRC 2-2
40,9
HSFRC 2-3
40.9
HSFRC 2-4
40.9
HSFRC 3-1
65.2
HSFRC 3-2
25.1
HSFRC 3-3
20.5
HSFRC 4-1
40.9
HSFRC 4-2
40.9
HSFRC 5-1
40.9
HSFRC 5-2
40.9
Note: dlh = 0.625; ps = 0.87 for all slabs.
fcu= design cube compressive strength.

TABLE 2. Mix Design
Material
Cementatious Material
Fine Aggregate
Course Aggregate (12.5 mm)
Water

Series
(1)
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3

Slab
number
(2)
HSFRC 1-1
HSFRC 1-2
HSFRC 1-3
HSFRC 2-1
HSFRC 2-2
HSFRC 2-3
HSFRC 2-4
HSFRC 3-1
HSFRC 3-2

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f 1c
(MPa)
(3)
46.2
45.8
47.2
40.3
40.7
39.7
47.8
46.9
46.1

Pf
(%)
(4)

h
(mm)
(5)

fcu
(MPa)
(6)

r
(mm)
(7)

0.31
0.31
0.31
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31

35
35
35
35
35
35
35
22
57
70
35
35
35
35

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
35
65
50
50

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
150

Weight in Kg/m3
556
701
1040
150

Proportion by weight
1
1.26
1.87
0.27

The Thickness of slab h, concrete strength fck
and width of the loading platen r. The slabs were
accordingly grouped into five series as shown in Table
1.
For all the slabs, welded skeletal steel fabric
with an average yield strength (corresponding to a
total strain of 0.0035) of 70MPa and a grid size of 150
mm and bar diameters of 8 mm was used as the main
reinforcement. The total volume fraction of main
reinforcement was 0.3 for each slab, and the
reinforcement was placed with the aid of plastic
spacers such that the ratio of the effective depth to
overall slab thickness dlh was 0,623 in each case.
Hooked-end steel fibers, Flat steel fibres and
crimped steel fibre were used at different aspect ratio
as fiber reinforcement. The specific yield strength of

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these fibers was 1,275 MPa each. The volume fraction
of three types steel fibers was kept constant at 0.5%.
Ordinary Portland cement, Fly ash, Silica
fume, natural sand, and crushed granite of 12.5 mm

TABLE 3. Test Results
Pcr
Py
Pu
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(4)
(5)
(6)
6.7
19.4
21.4
5.5
20.0
22.6
5.3
14.1
18.9
6.6
18.7
20.9
5.1
21.3
23.7
4.5
20.0
24.6
9.1
23.3
27.4
3.1
7.3
9.4
15.5
36.7
54.9

8y
(mm)
(7)
14.1
19.4
32.4
19.5
23.0
21.0
21.3
17.6
6.8

8y
(mm) (8)

8u/8y
(9)

23.2
30.7
53.3
29.3
31.4
35.0
35.0
32.7
21.3

1.65
1.58
1.65
1.50
1.37
1.67
1.64
1.86
3.13
270 | P a g e
Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275
3
4
4
5
5

HSFRC 3-3
HSFRC 4-1
HSFRC 4-2
HSFRC 5-1
HSFRC 5-2

48.4
37.6
60.6
41.4
39.8

23.9
5.5
7.0
6.2
5.3

43.3
14.3
15.3
22.2
15.6

70.5
19.0
20.0
26.1
18.7

3.0
18.2
17.8
23.1
20.0

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20.0
32.5
36.0
37.5
32.5

6.67
1.79
2.02
1.62
1.63

Note: fc is assumed equal to 0.8fcu.
Maximum size was used in the proportions
shown in Table 2 to achieve the desired concrete
strength. Admixtures were added in prescribed
dosages in order to accelerate strength development
and, in the case of slab HSFRC, to improve
workability. The concrete compressive strength was
determined using 100x100x100mm cubes, and the
cylindrical compressive strength fcu assumed as 0.8
times the cube compressive strength fcu at the time of
testing of the slabs, is shown in Table 3.
Each slab was simply supported along four
edges, with the corners free to lift as shown in Fig. 1.
Load was applied centrally on the slab through a
spherically seated plate by means of an MTS
hydraulic jack. Which is used for obtain the actual
deflection of the center of slab, five linear variable
displacement transducers (LVDT) were attached, one
at the midpoint of each line support and at the fifth
transducer at the bottom of the slab at its center. The
strains in the longitudinal reinforcement in two
orthogonal directions were monitored by strain gages
mounted at locations just outside the loading platten
(see Fig. 1) prior to casting of slabs. The slab was
loaded until the load punched through.

III.

TEST RESULTS

General Behavior of Slabs
Fig. 2 shows the load versus deflection
curves for all the slabs tested. The variations of steel
stress with the applied load are shown in Fig. 3 for
typical slabs. For each slab, the load-deflection curve
is characterized by four distinct regions [see Fig. 2(f)].
Region I corresponds to the initial elastic un-cracked
stage during which the applied load increased linearly
with deflection. During this stage, the steel strains due
to the applied load were small (see Fig. 3).

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Upon the occurrence of cracks (region II),
which first appeared at the bottom of the slab directly
below the concentrated load, the slab stiffness is
drastically reduced. The stress in the concrete was
rapidly transferred to the steel reinforcement as the
applied load increased gradually. In some
Test Setup and Instrumentation
Slabs, a short plateau was observed as the
formation of cracks stabilized before the load picked
up again. As the load further increased, more cracks
appeared on the bottom of the slabs and were observed
to propagate in a zigzag manner toward the edges of
the slabs. Correspondingly, the steel strains increased
rapidly, and eventually the yield strains were reached.
Further reduction in stiffness was observed as
the applied load was increased (region III), and the
yielding of steel reinforcement was deemed to have
spread outwards to the edges of the slab. During this
stage, the slab was observed to deflect excessively,
and the increase in load was mainly due to membrane
action of the slab. Near the ultimate load, the stiffness
of the slab decreased rapidly and cracks started to
appear on both the top and bottom surfaces of the slab
in a circumferential direction around the loading plate.
The loading plate began to punch through and finally,
when the circumferential cracks became excessively
wide, the load-carrying capacity of the slab dropped
sharply.
The post peak region (region IV) indicated a
further reduction in the load-carrying capacity of
slabs. This reduction occurred in several steps, with
spalling of the concrete from the bottom of the slab.
Fig. 4 shows the crack patterns for some typical slabs
after the tests.

271 | P a g e
Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275

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δu(mm)

80
70
60
50
40
30

δu(mm)

20
10
0
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

δu(mm)
70
60
50
40
30

δu(mm)

20
10
0
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

δy(mm)

80
70
60
50
40
30

δy(mm)

20
10
0
0

1

2

3

4

5

FIG.1. Load-Deflection Characteristics of HSFRC Slabs under
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6

7

Punching Shear Load
272 | P a g e
Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275

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For all slabs, the critical punching-shear
perimeter was found to occur at some distance away
from the loading plate. Measurements on both the top
and bottom surfaces of the slabs indicated that the
critical perimeter formed, on average, at a distance of
about 4.5 times the effective depth from the

FIG 2.Typical Crack Pattern of HSFRC Slabs after
Punching Shear Failure:
(a) Slab HSFRC -1; (b) Slab HSFRC 2;(c) Slab
HSFRC 3
Effects of Varying Test Parameters
Table 2 shows the observed cracking load
Pcr, yield load Py with corresponding deflection δy and
ultimate load Pu with corresponding deflection 8u for
all slabs tested. The cracking load was determined
from the load-deflection curve and confirmed by steelstrain readings; the yield load was obtained from the
intersection of the linear portions of regions II and III
[see Fig. 2(f)] of the load-deflection curve. Even
though the value of Py indicates a load level at which
yielding of steel reinforcement in the slab has become
sufficiently widespread, it does not necessarily agree
with the load at which yielding of steel occurs just
outside the loaded area (see Fig. 3). Table 3 also gives
the values of δu / δy , which represent the ability of the
slabs to sustain further deflection after first yield of
steel reinforcement without any reduction in loadcarrying capacity. These values can therefore be
considered a measure of the ductility of the slabs.
The value of a/d does not affect the cracking
load, yield load, or ultimate load significantly. This is
because the curvature of the slab is proportional to the
applied load and independent of the effective span of
the slab. The smaller values of Pcr, Py, and Pu for slab
HSFRC 1-3 are probably due to a smaller loading area
compared to slab dimension (i.e., smaller rla). The
ductility of the slab is not influenced by the value of
a/das reflected by the values of δu/δy, which are about
1.6 for all slabs.
Series 2 slabs together with slab HSFRC C12, show that increasing the volume fraction of fibers
generally leads to an increase in the values of Pcr, Py,
and Pu as well as δu/δy. The discrepancies observed in
slabs HSFRC 1-2 and HSFRC 2-3 are due to higher
and
lower
concrete
compressive
strengths,
respectively.
Similarly, results for Series 3 slabs and slab
HSFRC 1-2 indicate that increasing slab thickness
leads to a higher cracking load, yield load, and
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273 | P a g e
Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275
ultimate load. The ductility of the slabs, as defined by
the value of δu/δy, increases with increasing slab
thickness, although the observed values of δu, decrease
with increasing slab thickness. These slabs had
different aid ratios, but, as pointed out earlier, the
value of a/d does not affect the results significantly, if
at all, and the preceding deductions remain valid.
Series 4 slabs, when compared to slab
HSFRC 1-2, indicate that the cracking load, yield
load, ultimate load, and ductility are increased by
increasing the compressive strength of fibrous
concrete, although the results are not conclusive.
Increasing the loaded area (i.e., increasing r)
resulted in higher values of Pcn Py, and Pu, but did not
affect the ductility of the slabs, as shown by the results
of slabs HSFRC 5-1, HSFRC 5-2, and HSFRC 1-2.
IV.

COMPARISON WITH AVAILABLE
FORMULA AND CODE
EQUATIONS

Although several studies (Ito et al. 1981;
Narayanan and Darwish 1987; Swamy and AH 1982;
Walraven et al. 1987) were carried out on the
punching shear behavior of HSFRC slabs, only
Narayanan and Darwish provided an equation for the
prediction of the ultimate strength of HSFRC slabs in
punching shear.
(1a)
where, respectively, ub and ξs = the critical perimeter
and the size effect factor, given as

and
ξs = 1.6 – 0.002h(1c)
in which df=0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 for round fibers,
crimped fibers, and duoform fibers, respectively;fsp =
splitting tensile strength of concrete [fcu/20 + 0.7 +
(ρf df L/D)1/2(MPa)]; ρ = tensile steel ratio; ρf =
volume fraction of steel fibers; Tu= average fiber
matrix interfacial bond stress; L= length of fibers; and
D=diameter of fibers. Narayanan and Darwish
recommend that Tube taken as 4.15 MPa in using (1a).
In (1c), ξs is taken as not less than 1 and his in
millimeters. In applying (1) for the test specimens in
the present study, df was taken as equal to 1.0, since
hook-ended steel fibers were used.
On the other hand, code equations do not in
general account for the contribution of steel fibers
toward the ultimate punching shear strength directly.
Instead, the contribution of fibers can be viewed by its
effect on the tensile strength of concrete, which could
be related to the compressive strengthf'c or fcu. In using
the code equations, all the factors of safety and
strength capacity reduction factors were assumed to be
equal to unity. The following code equations were
used in the present study.

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The American Concrete Institute (ACI)
equation ("Building" 1989), which is
0.332f'c1/2 (Mpa)
(2)
The British Standards Institution CP110 equation
("Code" 1972) is
0.27 (100 fcu)1/3 (Mpa)
(3)
whereξs is as given in (1c).
The British Standards Institution BS8110
equation ("Structural" 1985) is
ρ

(Mpa)

(4)
whereρ,fcu, and (400/d) are limited to 0.03, 40 MPa,
and 1.0, respectively. In the present study, however,
the value of fcuis not limited, so the effect of steel
fibers can be considered.
The CEB-FIP model code equation ("Model"
1978) is
0.084 (1+50ρ) f'c2/3 (Mpa)
(5)
whereξs = 1.6 - 0.001d, with ξs taken as not less than
1.0 and dis in millimeters. In (5), ρ, which is
calculated for a slab width of (r + 5d)is taken to be not
more than 0.02.
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)
equation ("Standard" 1986) is
(Mpa)
(6)
whereβd = (l,000/d)1/4βp, = (100ρ)1/3; and βr = 1 + 1/(1
+ r/d), with the values of βdand βpeach limited to 1.5.
Table 4 shows a comparison of the punching
shear strength of the test specimens with the
predictions of Narayanan and Darwish's equation
(1987) and the code equations. The average and
standard deviation of the ratio of test values to
predicted values by the various equations is shown in
graphical form in Fig. 5. Narayanan's equation
generally overestimates the punching shear strength of
the specimens tested. Of the code equations, the JSCE
equation is the most conservative and the CP110
equation predicts behavior with the best accuracy and
the least standard variation. The BS8110, and the AC1
and CEB-FIP equations predict, on average, 10%
lower strength than the test values, with a standard
deviation of above 20%.

V.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the scope of the study, the following
conclusions may be drawn. The load-deflection curve
of SFRC slabs under a concentrated load exhibits four
distinct regions:
(1) The initial elastic uncracked region;
(2) The crack development region;
(3) The post yielding region; and
(4) The post-peak region.

274 | P a g e
Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275
The critical perimeter for punching shear
failure in SFHSRC slabs forms at a distance of about
4.5 times the effective depth from the perimeter of the
loading platen, with the shear plane inclined at 200-600
to the plane of the slab.
Punching shear failure in HSFRC slabs is
preceded by yielding of steel reinforcement and is
accompanied by cracks mainly in the radial direction
and partly in the circumferential direction.
An increase in the volume fraction of steel
fibers, slab thickness, compressive strength of fiber
concrete, or the loaded area generally leads to an
increase in the cracking load, yield load, ultimate load,
and ductility of HSFRC slabs.
The punching shear strength of HSFRC slabs
in the present study were predicted with reasonable
accuracy using the BS-CP110 equation for reinforced
concrete,

VI.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work upon which the present paper is
based was supported by the National University of
Singapore Research Grant RP880646,
APPENDIX I.

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]
[9]

"Building code requirements for reinforced
concrete and commentary."(1989). ACI 31889/ACI318R-89.American Concrete Institute,
ACI, Detroit, Mich.
"Code of practice for the structural use of
concrete."(1972). CP110, Part 1, British
Standards Institution, London, England.
Ito, K., Hirasawa, I., and Aichi, I.
(1981)."Punching shear strength of steel fiber
reinforced concrete slab."Trans., Japan
Concrete Inst., Tokyo, Japan, 3, 267-272.
"Model code for concrete structures."(1978).
International System of Unified Standard
Codes of Practice for Structures, Vol. II,
Bull, d'Information No. 124/125-E, 3rd Ed.,
Comite Euro-International du Beton—
Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte
(CEB-FIP), London, England/Paris, France.
Narayanan, R., and Darwish, I. Y. S. (1987).
"Punching shear tests on steel fibre
reinforced micro concrete slabs." Magazine
of Concr. Res., 39(138), 42-50.
"Standard specifications for design and
construction of concrete structures, part 1
(design)." (1986). Japan Society of Civil
Engineers, Tokyo, Japan.
"State-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced
concrete." (1982). ACI544.IR-82, American
Concrete Institute, ACI, Detroit, Mich.
"Structural use of concrete; part 1, code of
practice for design and construction."(1985).
BS8110, British Standards Institution,
London, England.

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[10]

[11]

[12]

www.ijera.com

Swamy, R. N., and Ali, S. A. R. (1982).
"Punching shear behavior of reinforced slabcolumn connection made with steel fiber
concrete." J, ACI, 79(5), 392-406.
Vondran, G. L. (1991). "Applications of steel
fiber reinforced concrete." Concr. Int.:
Design & Constr., 13(11), 44-49.
Walraven, J., Pat, T., and Markov, I. (1986).
"The punching shear resistance of fibre
reinforced concrete slabs." 3rd Int. Symp.
Developments in fibre reinforced cement and
concrete, Vol. 2, Paper 8.9, RILEM
Technical Committee TFR49, England, U.K.

APPENDIX II.

NOTATIONS
The following symbols are used in this paper:
a
= effective span of test specimen;
d
= average effective depth to tension
reinforcement;
f'c
= cylinder compressive strength of (fiber)
concrete;
fcu
= cube compressive strength of (fiber)
concrete;
h
= slab thickness;
Pcr
= cracking load ;
Py
= yield load;
Pu
= ultimate load;
r
= width of loading platen;
ub
= critical punching shear perimeter;
vu
= ultimate punching shear stress;
δy
= deflection at yield load;
δu
= deflection at ultimate load;
ξs
= size effect factor;
ρ
= tension reinforcement ratio;
pf
= volume fraction of steel fibers; and
ps
= volume fraction of tension reinforcement.

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  • 1. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ijera.com OPEN ACCESS Punching Shear High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Slabs Vasant. B. Jatale1 and L. G. Kalurkar2 1 (PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad/ Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431003, MS, India) 2 (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad/ Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431003, MS, India) ABSTRACT The punching shear behavior of High Strength steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs was investigated in the present study. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test parameters were the effective span to depth ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers pf, slab thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load-deflection curve of slabs exhibits four distinct regions that may be characterized by first cracking, steel yielding, and ultimate load. Within the scope of the test program, an increase in the values of pf, h, or r was found to lead to an increase in both the punching shear strength and the ductility of the slab. The ultimate punching shear strength of the slabs was compared with the predictions of equations available in the literature and code equations for reinforced concrete. The British Standard CP110's equation was found to estimate the punching shear strength of the test specimens reasonably well. I. INTRODUCTION High Strength Fibres Reinforced concrete (HSFRC) is being increasingly used in civil engineering construction due to its improved resistance to cracking, fatigue, abrasion, and impact and its greater durability, than conventional reinforced concrete (Vondran 1991). Some examples are its applications in shotcrete, precast concrete products, pavements, concrete floors, seismic structures, and structural repair. HSFRC-slab applications are suited for bridge deck slabs, industrial floors or in flat-slab construction where, besides resistance to fatigue or damaging dynamic forces, additional reinforcement is required to avoid punching shear failure due to concentrated loads. Although much research has been carried out on HSFRC ("State" 1982), little attention has been focused on the punching shear behavior of HSFRC slabs. As a result, the full economical benefits of steel fibers in such applications may not be realized. In this study, an investigation has been carried out on the punching shear behavior of HSFRC slabs. Each of 24 square slabs was prepared and tested under a concentrated load. The load-deflection www.ijera.com characteristics and cracking pattern of the slabs were observed and compared. The ultimate punching shear strength of the slabs was compared to predictions made using the equations available in the literature as well as those given in building codes ("Building" 1989; "Code" 1972; "Model" 1978; "Structural" 1985; "Standard" 1986) for the punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs. II. TEST PROGRAM Twenty four HSFRC slabs were tested as per IS-516. The parameters investigated included the effective span to depth ratio, aid volume fraction of three types of steel fiber at the volume fraction of 0.5% to 4%. The Volume fraction of different types fibres were taken at an interval of 0.5%. The specimen placed on the steel stand by simply supported on Universal testing machine. One steel plate kept on the centre of slab whose dimension of 100x100x20 mm. The loads are increased gradually on the plate up to failure. The load deflection curves plotted directly on computer which is directly attach with universal testing machine. The graphs are plotted upto failure of specimen. The test results are described in table No. 1. 269 | P a g e
  • 2. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 TABLE 1. Details of Test Specimens Series Slab number a/d (1) (2) (3) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 HSFRC 1-1 27.2 HSFRC 1-2 40.9 HSFRC 1-3 54.5 HSFRC 2-1 40.9 HSFRC 2-2 40,9 HSFRC 2-3 40.9 HSFRC 2-4 40.9 HSFRC 3-1 65.2 HSFRC 3-2 25.1 HSFRC 3-3 20.5 HSFRC 4-1 40.9 HSFRC 4-2 40.9 HSFRC 5-1 40.9 HSFRC 5-2 40.9 Note: dlh = 0.625; ps = 0.87 for all slabs. fcu= design cube compressive strength. TABLE 2. Mix Design Material Cementatious Material Fine Aggregate Course Aggregate (12.5 mm) Water Series (1) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 Slab number (2) HSFRC 1-1 HSFRC 1-2 HSFRC 1-3 HSFRC 2-1 HSFRC 2-2 HSFRC 2-3 HSFRC 2-4 HSFRC 3-1 HSFRC 3-2 www.ijera.com f 1c (MPa) (3) 46.2 45.8 47.2 40.3 40.7 39.7 47.8 46.9 46.1 Pf (%) (4) h (mm) (5) fcu (MPa) (6) r (mm) (7) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 22 57 70 35 35 35 35 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 35 65 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 150 Weight in Kg/m3 556 701 1040 150 Proportion by weight 1 1.26 1.87 0.27 The Thickness of slab h, concrete strength fck and width of the loading platen r. The slabs were accordingly grouped into five series as shown in Table 1. For all the slabs, welded skeletal steel fabric with an average yield strength (corresponding to a total strain of 0.0035) of 70MPa and a grid size of 150 mm and bar diameters of 8 mm was used as the main reinforcement. The total volume fraction of main reinforcement was 0.3 for each slab, and the reinforcement was placed with the aid of plastic spacers such that the ratio of the effective depth to overall slab thickness dlh was 0,623 in each case. Hooked-end steel fibers, Flat steel fibres and crimped steel fibre were used at different aspect ratio as fiber reinforcement. The specific yield strength of www.ijera.com these fibers was 1,275 MPa each. The volume fraction of three types steel fibers was kept constant at 0.5%. Ordinary Portland cement, Fly ash, Silica fume, natural sand, and crushed granite of 12.5 mm TABLE 3. Test Results Pcr Py Pu (kN) (kN) (kN) (4) (5) (6) 6.7 19.4 21.4 5.5 20.0 22.6 5.3 14.1 18.9 6.6 18.7 20.9 5.1 21.3 23.7 4.5 20.0 24.6 9.1 23.3 27.4 3.1 7.3 9.4 15.5 36.7 54.9 8y (mm) (7) 14.1 19.4 32.4 19.5 23.0 21.0 21.3 17.6 6.8 8y (mm) (8) 8u/8y (9) 23.2 30.7 53.3 29.3 31.4 35.0 35.0 32.7 21.3 1.65 1.58 1.65 1.50 1.37 1.67 1.64 1.86 3.13 270 | P a g e
  • 3. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 3 4 4 5 5 HSFRC 3-3 HSFRC 4-1 HSFRC 4-2 HSFRC 5-1 HSFRC 5-2 48.4 37.6 60.6 41.4 39.8 23.9 5.5 7.0 6.2 5.3 43.3 14.3 15.3 22.2 15.6 70.5 19.0 20.0 26.1 18.7 3.0 18.2 17.8 23.1 20.0 www.ijera.com 20.0 32.5 36.0 37.5 32.5 6.67 1.79 2.02 1.62 1.63 Note: fc is assumed equal to 0.8fcu. Maximum size was used in the proportions shown in Table 2 to achieve the desired concrete strength. Admixtures were added in prescribed dosages in order to accelerate strength development and, in the case of slab HSFRC, to improve workability. The concrete compressive strength was determined using 100x100x100mm cubes, and the cylindrical compressive strength fcu assumed as 0.8 times the cube compressive strength fcu at the time of testing of the slabs, is shown in Table 3. Each slab was simply supported along four edges, with the corners free to lift as shown in Fig. 1. Load was applied centrally on the slab through a spherically seated plate by means of an MTS hydraulic jack. Which is used for obtain the actual deflection of the center of slab, five linear variable displacement transducers (LVDT) were attached, one at the midpoint of each line support and at the fifth transducer at the bottom of the slab at its center. The strains in the longitudinal reinforcement in two orthogonal directions were monitored by strain gages mounted at locations just outside the loading platten (see Fig. 1) prior to casting of slabs. The slab was loaded until the load punched through. III. TEST RESULTS General Behavior of Slabs Fig. 2 shows the load versus deflection curves for all the slabs tested. The variations of steel stress with the applied load are shown in Fig. 3 for typical slabs. For each slab, the load-deflection curve is characterized by four distinct regions [see Fig. 2(f)]. Region I corresponds to the initial elastic un-cracked stage during which the applied load increased linearly with deflection. During this stage, the steel strains due to the applied load were small (see Fig. 3). www.ijera.com Upon the occurrence of cracks (region II), which first appeared at the bottom of the slab directly below the concentrated load, the slab stiffness is drastically reduced. The stress in the concrete was rapidly transferred to the steel reinforcement as the applied load increased gradually. In some Test Setup and Instrumentation Slabs, a short plateau was observed as the formation of cracks stabilized before the load picked up again. As the load further increased, more cracks appeared on the bottom of the slabs and were observed to propagate in a zigzag manner toward the edges of the slabs. Correspondingly, the steel strains increased rapidly, and eventually the yield strains were reached. Further reduction in stiffness was observed as the applied load was increased (region III), and the yielding of steel reinforcement was deemed to have spread outwards to the edges of the slab. During this stage, the slab was observed to deflect excessively, and the increase in load was mainly due to membrane action of the slab. Near the ultimate load, the stiffness of the slab decreased rapidly and cracks started to appear on both the top and bottom surfaces of the slab in a circumferential direction around the loading plate. The loading plate began to punch through and finally, when the circumferential cracks became excessively wide, the load-carrying capacity of the slab dropped sharply. The post peak region (region IV) indicated a further reduction in the load-carrying capacity of slabs. This reduction occurred in several steps, with spalling of the concrete from the bottom of the slab. Fig. 4 shows the crack patterns for some typical slabs after the tests. 271 | P a g e
  • 4. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 www.ijera.com δu(mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 δu(mm) 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 δu(mm) 70 60 50 40 30 δu(mm) 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 δy(mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 δy(mm) 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 FIG.1. Load-Deflection Characteristics of HSFRC Slabs under www.ijera.com 6 7 Punching Shear Load 272 | P a g e
  • 5. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 www.ijera.com For all slabs, the critical punching-shear perimeter was found to occur at some distance away from the loading plate. Measurements on both the top and bottom surfaces of the slabs indicated that the critical perimeter formed, on average, at a distance of about 4.5 times the effective depth from the FIG 2.Typical Crack Pattern of HSFRC Slabs after Punching Shear Failure: (a) Slab HSFRC -1; (b) Slab HSFRC 2;(c) Slab HSFRC 3 Effects of Varying Test Parameters Table 2 shows the observed cracking load Pcr, yield load Py with corresponding deflection δy and ultimate load Pu with corresponding deflection 8u for all slabs tested. The cracking load was determined from the load-deflection curve and confirmed by steelstrain readings; the yield load was obtained from the intersection of the linear portions of regions II and III [see Fig. 2(f)] of the load-deflection curve. Even though the value of Py indicates a load level at which yielding of steel reinforcement in the slab has become sufficiently widespread, it does not necessarily agree with the load at which yielding of steel occurs just outside the loaded area (see Fig. 3). Table 3 also gives the values of δu / δy , which represent the ability of the slabs to sustain further deflection after first yield of steel reinforcement without any reduction in loadcarrying capacity. These values can therefore be considered a measure of the ductility of the slabs. The value of a/d does not affect the cracking load, yield load, or ultimate load significantly. This is because the curvature of the slab is proportional to the applied load and independent of the effective span of the slab. The smaller values of Pcr, Py, and Pu for slab HSFRC 1-3 are probably due to a smaller loading area compared to slab dimension (i.e., smaller rla). The ductility of the slab is not influenced by the value of a/das reflected by the values of δu/δy, which are about 1.6 for all slabs. Series 2 slabs together with slab HSFRC C12, show that increasing the volume fraction of fibers generally leads to an increase in the values of Pcr, Py, and Pu as well as δu/δy. The discrepancies observed in slabs HSFRC 1-2 and HSFRC 2-3 are due to higher and lower concrete compressive strengths, respectively. Similarly, results for Series 3 slabs and slab HSFRC 1-2 indicate that increasing slab thickness leads to a higher cracking load, yield load, and www.ijera.com 273 | P a g e
  • 6. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 ultimate load. The ductility of the slabs, as defined by the value of δu/δy, increases with increasing slab thickness, although the observed values of δu, decrease with increasing slab thickness. These slabs had different aid ratios, but, as pointed out earlier, the value of a/d does not affect the results significantly, if at all, and the preceding deductions remain valid. Series 4 slabs, when compared to slab HSFRC 1-2, indicate that the cracking load, yield load, ultimate load, and ductility are increased by increasing the compressive strength of fibrous concrete, although the results are not conclusive. Increasing the loaded area (i.e., increasing r) resulted in higher values of Pcn Py, and Pu, but did not affect the ductility of the slabs, as shown by the results of slabs HSFRC 5-1, HSFRC 5-2, and HSFRC 1-2. IV. COMPARISON WITH AVAILABLE FORMULA AND CODE EQUATIONS Although several studies (Ito et al. 1981; Narayanan and Darwish 1987; Swamy and AH 1982; Walraven et al. 1987) were carried out on the punching shear behavior of HSFRC slabs, only Narayanan and Darwish provided an equation for the prediction of the ultimate strength of HSFRC slabs in punching shear. (1a) where, respectively, ub and ξs = the critical perimeter and the size effect factor, given as and ξs = 1.6 – 0.002h(1c) in which df=0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 for round fibers, crimped fibers, and duoform fibers, respectively;fsp = splitting tensile strength of concrete [fcu/20 + 0.7 + (ρf df L/D)1/2(MPa)]; ρ = tensile steel ratio; ρf = volume fraction of steel fibers; Tu= average fiber matrix interfacial bond stress; L= length of fibers; and D=diameter of fibers. Narayanan and Darwish recommend that Tube taken as 4.15 MPa in using (1a). In (1c), ξs is taken as not less than 1 and his in millimeters. In applying (1) for the test specimens in the present study, df was taken as equal to 1.0, since hook-ended steel fibers were used. On the other hand, code equations do not in general account for the contribution of steel fibers toward the ultimate punching shear strength directly. Instead, the contribution of fibers can be viewed by its effect on the tensile strength of concrete, which could be related to the compressive strengthf'c or fcu. In using the code equations, all the factors of safety and strength capacity reduction factors were assumed to be equal to unity. The following code equations were used in the present study. www.ijera.com www.ijera.com The American Concrete Institute (ACI) equation ("Building" 1989), which is 0.332f'c1/2 (Mpa) (2) The British Standards Institution CP110 equation ("Code" 1972) is 0.27 (100 fcu)1/3 (Mpa) (3) whereξs is as given in (1c). The British Standards Institution BS8110 equation ("Structural" 1985) is ρ (Mpa) (4) whereρ,fcu, and (400/d) are limited to 0.03, 40 MPa, and 1.0, respectively. In the present study, however, the value of fcuis not limited, so the effect of steel fibers can be considered. The CEB-FIP model code equation ("Model" 1978) is 0.084 (1+50ρ) f'c2/3 (Mpa) (5) whereξs = 1.6 - 0.001d, with ξs taken as not less than 1.0 and dis in millimeters. In (5), ρ, which is calculated for a slab width of (r + 5d)is taken to be not more than 0.02. The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) equation ("Standard" 1986) is (Mpa) (6) whereβd = (l,000/d)1/4βp, = (100ρ)1/3; and βr = 1 + 1/(1 + r/d), with the values of βdand βpeach limited to 1.5. Table 4 shows a comparison of the punching shear strength of the test specimens with the predictions of Narayanan and Darwish's equation (1987) and the code equations. The average and standard deviation of the ratio of test values to predicted values by the various equations is shown in graphical form in Fig. 5. Narayanan's equation generally overestimates the punching shear strength of the specimens tested. Of the code equations, the JSCE equation is the most conservative and the CP110 equation predicts behavior with the best accuracy and the least standard variation. The BS8110, and the AC1 and CEB-FIP equations predict, on average, 10% lower strength than the test values, with a standard deviation of above 20%. V. CONCLUSIONS Within the scope of the study, the following conclusions may be drawn. The load-deflection curve of SFRC slabs under a concentrated load exhibits four distinct regions: (1) The initial elastic uncracked region; (2) The crack development region; (3) The post yielding region; and (4) The post-peak region. 274 | P a g e
  • 7. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275 The critical perimeter for punching shear failure in SFHSRC slabs forms at a distance of about 4.5 times the effective depth from the perimeter of the loading platen, with the shear plane inclined at 200-600 to the plane of the slab. Punching shear failure in HSFRC slabs is preceded by yielding of steel reinforcement and is accompanied by cracks mainly in the radial direction and partly in the circumferential direction. An increase in the volume fraction of steel fibers, slab thickness, compressive strength of fiber concrete, or the loaded area generally leads to an increase in the cracking load, yield load, ultimate load, and ductility of HSFRC slabs. The punching shear strength of HSFRC slabs in the present study were predicted with reasonable accuracy using the BS-CP110 equation for reinforced concrete, VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The work upon which the present paper is based was supported by the National University of Singapore Research Grant RP880646, APPENDIX I. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] "Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and commentary."(1989). ACI 31889/ACI318R-89.American Concrete Institute, ACI, Detroit, Mich. "Code of practice for the structural use of concrete."(1972). CP110, Part 1, British Standards Institution, London, England. Ito, K., Hirasawa, I., and Aichi, I. (1981)."Punching shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete slab."Trans., Japan Concrete Inst., Tokyo, Japan, 3, 267-272. "Model code for concrete structures."(1978). International System of Unified Standard Codes of Practice for Structures, Vol. II, Bull, d'Information No. 124/125-E, 3rd Ed., Comite Euro-International du Beton— Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte (CEB-FIP), London, England/Paris, France. Narayanan, R., and Darwish, I. Y. S. (1987). "Punching shear tests on steel fibre reinforced micro concrete slabs." Magazine of Concr. Res., 39(138), 42-50. "Standard specifications for design and construction of concrete structures, part 1 (design)." (1986). Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo, Japan. "State-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced concrete." (1982). ACI544.IR-82, American Concrete Institute, ACI, Detroit, Mich. "Structural use of concrete; part 1, code of practice for design and construction."(1985). BS8110, British Standards Institution, London, England. www.ijera.com [10] [11] [12] www.ijera.com Swamy, R. N., and Ali, S. A. R. (1982). "Punching shear behavior of reinforced slabcolumn connection made with steel fiber concrete." J, ACI, 79(5), 392-406. Vondran, G. L. (1991). "Applications of steel fiber reinforced concrete." Concr. Int.: Design & Constr., 13(11), 44-49. Walraven, J., Pat, T., and Markov, I. (1986). "The punching shear resistance of fibre reinforced concrete slabs." 3rd Int. Symp. Developments in fibre reinforced cement and concrete, Vol. 2, Paper 8.9, RILEM Technical Committee TFR49, England, U.K. APPENDIX II. NOTATIONS The following symbols are used in this paper: a = effective span of test specimen; d = average effective depth to tension reinforcement; f'c = cylinder compressive strength of (fiber) concrete; fcu = cube compressive strength of (fiber) concrete; h = slab thickness; Pcr = cracking load ; Py = yield load; Pu = ultimate load; r = width of loading platen; ub = critical punching shear perimeter; vu = ultimate punching shear stress; δy = deflection at yield load; δu = deflection at ultimate load; ξs = size effect factor; ρ = tension reinforcement ratio; pf = volume fraction of steel fibers; and ps = volume fraction of tension reinforcement. 275 | P a g e