1) Violence undermines citizenship by fracturing peoples' sense of identity and access to basic services, weakening the state's authority. 2) Citizens can build democracy by contributing to more effective states through increasing legitimacy, responsiveness, capability, and accountability of institutions. 3) Participatory communication in contexts of violence can both constructively increase interaction and understanding, but also destructively exacerbate divisions and power imbalances if not approached carefully.

1. Building citizenship in a context of violence Presentation by Joanna Wheeler January 16 2009