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Hofstede's Model of National Culture Dimensions
- 1. Chapter 4 Dimensions of Culture American University of Sharjah College of Arts and Sciences Department of Mass Communication Dr. Ibahrine Hofstede’s model
- 2. Chapter 4 Objectives Discuss how the sociocultural environment will affect the attractiveness of a potential market Define culture and name some of its elements Discuss whether the world’s cultures are converging or diverging Explain the ‘4+1’ dimensions in Hofstede’s model Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Hofstede’s model
- 3. Hofstede’s dimensions of culture Power Distance Masculinity-Femininity Long-Term vs Short-Term orientation Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism-Collectivism
- 6. Power Distance : Rightful place vs Equality P ower Distance large Respect authority & elders acceptance and expectance of authority ‘ rightful place’, dependence, consume for social status Inequality minimized, anti-authority arguments, “critical mind”, opinions respect for youth, independence consume for use P ower Distance small Hofstede, 2001
- 9. Individualism-Collectivism: “ I” versus “we” “ I” oriented , personality, identity, independence privacy, freedom, differentiation media main source of information universalist, sell, persuasion verbal orientation , product brands communication direct “ w e” oriented , interdependence harmony / face, sharing, conformance social network main source of information particularist, trust, invest in relations visual orientation , company brands communication indirect Source: Hofstede, 2001 Individualist Collectivist
- 10. Hall’s Communication Context 7- Low-context cultures High-context cultures
- 11. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (1) 7- Communication Explicit, direct Implicit, indirect Characteristic Low-context High-context Informal handshakes Formal hugs, bows, and handshakes Sense of self and space
- 12. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (2) 7- Dress and appearance Varies widely, dress for success Indication of position in society, religious rule Characteristic Low-context High-context Eating is a necessity, fast food Eating is social event Food and eating habits
- 13. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (3) 7- Time consciousness Linear, exact, promptness is valued, time = money Elastic, relative, time = relationships Characteristic Low-context High-context Nuclear family, self-oriented, value youth Extended family, other oriented, loyalty Family and friends
- 14. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (4) 7- Values and norms Independence, confrontation of conflict Group conformity, harmony Characteristic Low-context High-context Egalitarian, challenge authority, gender equity Hierarchical, respect for authority, gender roles Beliefs and attitudes
- 15. Comparing low- and high-context cultures (5) 7- Mental process and learning Linear, logical, sequential, problem solving Lateral, holistic, accepting life’s difficulties Characteristic Low-context High-context Deal oriented, rewards based on achievement Relationship oriented, rewards based on seniority Business/ work habits
- 17. High- and Low- Context Cultures Factor/Dimension High Context Low Context Lawyers Less important Very important A person’s word Is his/her bond Is not reliable — get it in writing Responsibility for organizational error Taken by highest level Pushed to the lowest level Space People breathe on one another Private space maintained Time Polychronic Monochronic Competitive bidding Infrequent Common
- 18. Figure 7.3 The contextual continuum of differing cultures 7-
- 22. Masculinity-Femininity: Gender of nations: hard vs soft Material success, what you do competition, money & things, consume for show live for working, role differentiation Modesty, who you are , equality (= leveling) people, quality of life, consume for use, work for living, overlapping roles Source: Hofstede, 1991 Masculine Feminine
- 24. Uncertainty Avoidance: Coping with ambiguity clarity , structure , precision, punctuality competence/expertise, scientific control stress, stability , need for purity slow adoption of innovations advertising is serious Comfortable with ambiguity, chaos fast adoption of innovations, tolerance humor in advertising Source: Hofstede, 2001 Strong UA Weak UA
- 25. Hofstede’s model of national cultures 7- Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism Masculinity Time perspective
- 28. Hofstede Scores Country/ region Power distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance USA 40 91 62 46 Canada 39 80 52 48 United Kingdom 35 89 66 35
- 29. Hofstede Scores Country/ region Power distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance France 68 71 43 86 Germany 35 67 66 65 Hungary 46 80 88 82 Romania 90 30 42 90
- 30. Hofstede Scores Country/ region Power distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance Arab countries 80 38 53 68 Israel 13 54 47 81 Mexico 70 46 53 68 Chile 63 23 28 86
- 31. Long Term Orientation - Short Term Orientation Thrift sparing with resources perseverance, work hard p ragmatism slow results Spending buy now, pay later instant gratification tradition, truth bottom-line now Short-Term Long Term
- 32. WATCH VIDEO 7-
- 43. 11/11/09 CONCEPTUAL IMPLIED ICONOCLASTIC OVERT CORPORATE NAMES
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Japan, Saudi Arabia, and other high-context cultures place a great deal of emphasis on a person's values and position or place in society. In such cultures, a business loan is more likely to be based on “who you are” than on formal analysis of pro forma financial documents. In a low-context culture such as the United States, Switzerland, or Germany, deals are made with much less information about the character, background, and values of the participants. Much more reliance is placed upon the words and numbers in the loan application. Similarly, Japanese companies such as Sony traditionally paid a great deal of attention to the university background of a new hire; preference would be given to graduates of Tokyo University. Specific elements on a resume were less important. Insisting on competitive bidding can cause complications in low-context cultures. In a high-context culture, the job is given to the person who will do the best work and who you can trust and control. In a low-context culture, one tries to make the specifications so precise that a builder is forced by the threat of legal sanction to do a good job.
- Tunisian–born Tawfik Mathlouthi launched the Mecca Cola brand as an alternative to Coca-Cola for Muslims living in the United Kingdom and France. The name is both an intentional reference to the holy city of Islam as well as an ironic swipe at Coca-Cola, which the founder calls “the Mecca of capitalism.” London’s Sunday Times calls the brand “the drink now seen as politically preferable to Pepsi or Coke.” Qibla Cola was launched in 2003; company executives hope to position Qibla as an alternative to mainstream American brands. As one executive noted, “We want to show that you can develop a brand that is global, ethical, quality, and commercially viable. We are not trying to do so by being anti-American but by being anti-injustice.” As of mid-2004, Qibla Cola was available in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway, Canada, and Pakistan.