1. Argument Styles: Notes on Chapter 7, Everything’s an Argument

2. What are these things? Classical Oration Rogerian Argumentation Toulmin Argumentation Warrants

3. The classical oration: Exordium: intro Narratio: facts and context Partitio: Division into claim and key issues Confirmatio: Support for the claim (logos) Refutatio: Counterarguments Peroratio: Summary

4. A modern version: Intro: Hook, Ethos, Claim Background: Necessary context and facts Argument: Logos/pathos to support the claim Alternatives: Counterarguments stated and/or refuted Conclusion: Summary, elaborate implications, closing

5. The Rogerian Model: Introduction: describe an issue and demonstrate understanding of multiple sides Contexts: acknowledge situations in which alternative positions may be valid Writer’s position: State claim and explain its validity—i.e., logos Benefits to opponent: Reasons to adopt the the writer’s position, conclusion

6. The Toulmin Model: Claims: controversial and debatable: answers the question, “So what’s your point?” Evidence/Reasons: Logos. Warrants: Logical bridge between the claim and the evidence. Backing: Further support for the arguments of the warrant itself. Qualifiers: Limit the scope of the claim Conditions of rebuttal: Counterarguments

8. Restriction

9. Backing

10. Claim

11. Qualifier

13. From Jim Dwyer, in the New York Times from Jan 5: “It is winter. A third of the city is poor. And unworn clothing is being destroyed nightly.”