1. Android and Android
Phones.
Oblepias, Ian Lorenz
SY1219
http://www.slideshare.net/ianoblepias

2. What is Android ?
Android, This word means a lot in present High-Tech
World. Today Smartphone are known for its operating
system which is Android. Earlier there is no option for
operating systems like Android in mobile, as usual there
are Symbian, java featured operating systems but today
things had changed a lot, everyone wants a Smartphone
which is functioned on Android only. Even if someone asks
me that what smartphone would i should buy? I suggest
them to buy a one which consist of android in it with latest
version no matter what’s the cost. In a very short span of
time android created a reputed place in the market.

3. What is this Android actually?
Android is a software cluster for mobile devices that
includes an operating system OS, key applications and
middleware. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs
required to begin developing applications on the Android
platform using the Java programming language. About the
design, Kernal of Android is based on Linux kernal and further
furnished by Google. Android doesn’t have a essential X Window
System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries,
which makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or
libraries to Android.

4. After that on 12, November 2007 Android beta SDK was
released. Many of you thinking what is SDK? its a Software
Development Kit which gives you platform to make new applications,
games and other Software. With proper knowledge you can make any
application according to your will.
On 23 September, 2008 the first Android device is launched,
that is HTC Dream G1 which operates Android 1.0,and after that
android shows 1.1 update which was released for T-Mobile G1 only.
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a bunch of
several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC,
Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm,
Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Texas Instruments
expose themselves in front of media itself. The aim of the Open
Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices. On
the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first
product, Android, a mobile device platform which is built on the Linux
kernel (version 2.6).
On 9 December, 2008 14 new members accompany, including
ARM Holdings, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Huawei
Technologies, PacketVideo, Atheros Communications, Vodafone, Sony
Ericsson, Toshiba Corp.

5. History
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in
October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),[Rich Miner
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),Nick Sears(once
VP at T-Mobile),and Chris White (headed design and interface
development at WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words "smarter
mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and
preferences". Despite the past accomplishments of the founders
and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing
only that it was working on software for mobile phones. That
same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close
friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and
refused a stake in the company.[

6. On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a
consortium of technology companies including Google, device
manufacturers such as HTC and Samsung, wireless carriers such as
Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm
and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open
standards for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its
first product, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel
version 2.6.The first commercially available phone to run Android was
the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.
Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have
incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features
and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in
alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat; for example, version
1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The latest release is 4.2 Jelly
Bean. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices—a line of
smartphones and tablets running the Android operating system, and
built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with Google to
release the first Nexus smartphone, the Nexus One. The series has
since been updated with newer devices, such as the Nexus 4 phone
and Nexus 10 tablet, made by LG and Samsung, respectively. Google
releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as their flagship Android
devices, demonstrating Android's latest software and hardware
features.

7. Interface
Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation using
touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like
swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate
on-screen objects. The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the
vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to
the user. Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes
and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond
to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented,
or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by
rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel.

8. Android devices boot to the home screen, the primary
navigation and information point on the device, which is similar
to the desktop found on PCs. Android home screen are typically
made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the
associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating
content such as the weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or
a news ticker directly on the home screen. A home screen may
be made up of several pages that the user can swipe back and
forth between, though Android's home screen interface is
heavily customizable, allowing the user to adjust the look and
feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on
Google Play and other app stores can extensively re-theme the
home screen, and even mimic the look of other operating
systems, such as Windows Phone. Most manufacturers, and
some wireless carriers, customize the look and feel of their
Android devices to differentiate themselves from the
competition.

9. Present along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing
information about the device and its connectivity. This status bar
can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly
received email or SMS text, in a way that doesn't immediately
interrupt or inconvenience the user. In early versions of Android
these notifications could be tapped to open the relevant
app, but recent updates have provided enhanced
functionality, such as the ability to call a number back directly
from the missed call notification without having to open the
dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until read or
dismissed by the user.

10. Open Source Community
Android has an active community of developers and enthusiasts
who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These
community-developed releases often bring new features and
updates to devices faster than through the official
manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive
testing or quality assurance; provide continued support for older
devices that no longer receive official updates; or bring Android
to devices that were officially released running other operating
systems, such as the HP Touchpad. Community releases often
come pre-rooted and contain modifications unsuitable for non-
technical users, such as the ability to overclock or over the
device's processor. Cyanogen Mod is the most widely used
community firmware, and acts as a foundation for numerous
others.

11. Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically
been unsupportive of third-party firmware development.
Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices
running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmware such as Cyanogen Mod sometimes offer
features, such as tethering, for which carriers would otherwise charge
a premium. As a result, technical obstacles including locked boot
loaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many
devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the
United States that permits the "jail breaking" of mobile
devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including
HTC, Motorola, Samsung and Sony providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent
hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an
increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked boot
loaders, similar to the Nexus series of phones, although usually
requiring that users waive their devices' warranties to do so.
However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in the US
still require that phones are locked down.

12. Foundation:
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in
October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),Rich Miner (co-
founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),Nick Sears (once VP at T-
Mobile),and Chris White (headed design and interface development at
WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that
are more aware of its owner's location and preferences". Despite the
obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees,
Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on
software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran out of money.
Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in
an envelope and refused a stake in the company.

13. Google acquisition:
• Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly
owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy
Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.
Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time of the acquisition, but
many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with
this move.
• At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered
by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and
carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had
lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to
carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.
• Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications
market continued to build through December 2006. Reports from the BBC and
The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on
mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media
outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded
handset. Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it
was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators.
• In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting
that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.

14. Open Handset Alliance:
• On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a
consortium of several companies which include Broadcom
Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology
Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics,
Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself.
The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open
standards for mobile devices. On the same day, the Open
Handset Alliance also unveiled its first product, Android, a
mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.
• On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including
ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer
Inc, Garmin Ltd, Huawei Technologies, PacketVideo, Softbank,
Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.

15. Linux:
• Android's kernel is based on the Linux kernel and has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel
development cycle. Android does not have a native X Window
System by default nor does it support the full set of standard GNU
libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications
or libraries to Android.
• Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel,
notably a power management feature called wake locks, were
rejected by mainline kernel developers, partly because kernel
maintainers felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain
their own code. Even though Google announced in April 2010 that
they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel
community, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel
maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he
was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code
changes included in mainstream Linux. Some Google Android
developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with
the process", because they were a small team and had more urgent
work to do on Android.

16. FEATURES:
• Handset layouts
• The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library
based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
• Storage
• SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.
• Connectivity
• Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA,
EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
• Messaging
• SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text
messaging and Android Cloud To Device Messaging (C2DM) and now enhanced
version of C2DM, Android Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is also a part of Android
Push Messaging service.
• Multiple language support
• Android supports multiple languages.
• Web browser
• The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout
engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores 100/100
on the Acid3 test on Android 4.0.

17. • Java support
While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine
in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into
Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed
specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with
limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party applications.
•Media support
Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263,
H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container),
AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, WAV, JPEG,
PNG, GIF, BMP, WebP.
•Streaming media support
RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 <video>
tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by
the Flash plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported by RealPlayer for Android,
and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb).
•Additional hardware support
Android can use video/still cameras, touch screens, GPS, accelerometers,
gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and
pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware
orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.

18. •Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel
level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the
time).[54] Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola
Droid which enables multi-touch natively.
Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice
dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID)
support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through manufacturer
customizations and third-party applications.
•Video calling
Android does not support native video calling, but some handsets have a customized
version of the operating system that supports it, either via the UMTS network (like
the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is available in
Android 2.3.4 and later. Gingerbread allows Nexus S to place Internet calls with a SIP
account. This allows for enhanced VoIP dialing to other SIP accounts and even phone
numbers. Skype 2.1 offers video calling in Android 2.3, including front camera
support.
•Multitasking
Multitasking of applications, with unique handling of memory allocation, is available.
•Voice based features
Google search through voice has been available since initial release. Voice actions
for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are supported on Android 2.2 onwards.

19. •Tethering
Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a
wireless/wired Wi-Fi hotspot. Before Android 2.2 this was supported by
third-party applications or manufacturer customizations.
•Screen capture
Android supports capturing a screenshot by pressing the power and
volume-down buttons at the same time. Prior to Android 4.0, the only
methods of capturing a screenshot were through manufacturer and third-
party customizations or otherwise by using a PC connection (DDMS
developer's tool). These alternative methods are still available with the
latest Android.
•External storage
Most Android devices include micro SD slot and can read micro SD cards
formatted with FAT32, Ext3 or Ext4 file system. To allow use of high-
capacity storage media such as USB flash drives and USB HDDs, many
Android tablets also include USB 'A' receptacle. Storage formatted with
FAT32 is handled by Linux Kernel VFAT driver, while 3rd party solutions are
required to handle other popular file systems such as NTFS, HFS Plus and
exFAT.

20. Uses:
While Android is designed primarily for smartphones and
tablets, the open and customizable nature of the operating system
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and
netbooks, smart books, e-book readers, and smart TVs (Google TV).
Further, the OS has seen niche applications on wristwatches,
headphones, car CD and DVD players, smart glasses (Project Glass),
refrigerators, vehicle satnav systems, home automation systems,
games consoles, mirrors, cameras, portable media players, landlines,
and treadmills.
The first commercially available phone to run Android was the
HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008. In early 2010 Google
collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship Android device, the Nexus
One. This was followed later in 2010 with the Samsung-made Nexus S
and in 2011 with the Galaxy Nexus.
iOS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot
on a jail broken iPhone or iPod Touch with the help of OpeniBoot and
iDroid.
In December 2011 it was announced the Pentagon has
officially approved Android for use by its personnel.

21. Respectfully Submitted To:
Prof. Erwin Globio
MSIT