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International Journal of Computer and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
International Journal of Computer Engineering
                                              Engineering
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME
and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1                                       IJCET
Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), pp. 26-37                               ©IAEME
© IAEME, http://www.iaeme.com/ijcet.html


    SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES AND ITS CHALLENGES
                                    Ms. A. Suganthy
                                   Assistant Professor
                   Department of Computer Science and Engineering
                   Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech
                          Karaikal, E-mail:asugan@gmail.com

                                    G.S.Sumithra
                   Department of Computer Science and Engineering
                   Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech
                        Karaikal, E-mail: teju_tiny@yahoo.co.in

                                      J.Hindusha
                   Department of Computer Science and Engineering
                   Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech
                      Karaikal, E-mail:hindu.hindusha@gmail.com

                                      A.Gayathri
                   Department of Computer Science and Engineering
                   Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech
                      Karaikal, E-mail: ggayathri.pkiet@gmail.com

                                        S.Girija
                   Department of Computer Science and Engineering
                   Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech
                       Karaikal, E-mail:girija.siva89@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
       Semantic web technology has drawn a considerable attention of the researchers in
the field of distributed information systems, artificial intelligence and so on. Researchers
are taking interest to make use of semantic web technology as a central component of
their software constructions.
       This paper gives an overview of Semantic web and web services, semantic web
technologies, semantic web architecture, semantic web approaches and key challenges.
Keywords – Ontology; Semantic Web services; Web services



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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


I.INTRODUCTION
        It is obvious in modern computing. Semantic web services shares the documents
across the heterogeneous and global networks. It is a cooperative convergence of the
semantic web and web services. Semantic web deals about ontologies, logic, inference
and software agents. Web services are an infrastructure for developing the distributed
applications.      Semantic Web Services are web services which have been marked and
annotated with machine-interpretable semantic markup in the form of ontologies. One
definition is the augmentation of descriptions through semantic web annotations, to
facilitate the higher automation of service discovery, composition, invocation and
monitoring in an open, unregulated, and often chaotic environment. [10].
        Section2 discusses about the web services and the semantic webs. Section3
describes the technologies used in semantic web services. Section4 and section 5 discuss
about semantic web architecture and approaches. Section 6 describe about semantic web
challenges.
II.WEB SERVICES AND SEMANTIC WEB
This section discusses about Web Services and architecture of Web Services.
1. Web Services
        The term Web services describes a standardized way of integrating Web-based
applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet
protocol. XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used
for describing the services available and UDDI is used for listing what services are
available. Web services are used primarily as a means for businesses to communicate
with each other and with clients, Web services allows organizations to communicate data
without intimate knowledge of each other's IT systems behind the firewall [1].
        Web services allow different applications from different sources to communicate
with each other without time-consuming custom coding, and because all communication
is in XML, Web services are not tied to any one operating system or programming
language. For example, Java can talk with Perl; Windows applications can talk with
UNIX applications. [1]




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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


        The figure1 shows the basic architecture of Web Services. As illustrated in figure
1, the major components in the Web service architecture are service provider, service
requester and service broker.
        This Figure1 shows that service providers publish their service(s) with the registry
repository of a service broker. Then, a service requestor initiates a search for a service by
contacting the service broker and searching the registry repository for services that meet
specific search criteria.




                            Figure 1 Web service architecture
        The broker returns a list of services along with details of the associated provider
for each service. Subsequently, the service requestor binds with a selected service
provider(s) based on the provided details of registry repository and consumes them. In the
mentioned scenario, there are series of standards and protocols which enable
communication, description, publication and discovery of Web services.[1]
2. Semantic Web
        Semantic Web is a group of methods and technologies to allow machines to
understand the meaning or "semantics" of information on the World Wide Web. The
term was coined by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) director Tim Berners-Lee.
According to the original vision, the availability of machine-readable metadata would
enable automated agents and other software to access the Web more intelligently. The
agents would be able to perform tasks automatically and locate related information on
behalf of the user.
        Semantic web researchers have proposed to augment web services with a
semantic description of their functionality in order to facilitate their discovery and
integration. The combination of web services with semantic web technology is referred as
Semantic Web Services. [11]

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


        While the term "Semantic Web" is not formally defined it is mainly used to
describe the model and technologies proposed by the W3C. These technologies include
the Resource Description Framework (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g.
RDF/XML-eXtensible Markup Language , N3, Turtle, N-Triples), and notations such as
RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), all of which are intended
to provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given
knowledge domain.
        Many of the technologies proposed by the W3C already exist and are used in
various projects. The Semantic Web as a global vision, however, has remained largely
unrealized and its critics have questioned the feasibility of the approach.
        The semantic web provides the ability to add semantics to web services. First we
have OWL and its predecessor DAML+OIL (Ontology Inference Layer), both of which
are XML languages for representing ontology’s in the web. These technologies are used
to build upon the existing web services technologies to create semantic web services. [2].

III. SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES
        Various technologies are used in Semantic Web Services. The major Semantic
Web Technologies that are described in this section are WSDL, OIL, SOAP, UDDI.
1. WSDL (Web Services Definition Language)
It is an XML based References language for describing web services.
    •   Interfaces to all publicly available functions
    •   Data types for all message requests and message responses Binding to the
        transport protocol to be used
    •   Addresses for locating the specified services
2. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
        It is a XML protocol web service communication and invocation.
        The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a lightweight, XML-based
protocol for exchanging information in a decentralized, distributed environment. SOAP
supports different styles of information exchange, including: Remote Procedure Call style
(RPC) and Message-oriented exchange. RPC style information exchange allows for
request-response processing, where an endpoint receives a procedure-oriented message


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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


and replies with a correlated response message. Message-oriented information exchange
supports organizations and applications that need to exchange business or other types of
documents where a message is sent but the sender may not expect or wait for an
immediate response.
3. UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration)
        Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) registry is a collection
of information on all the registered Web services. It enables dynamically discovering
Web Services providers. UDDI is a free public registry - vendors publish their Web
services and consumers search for appropriate Web services. It has three components:
        UDDI is relatively lightweight, and contains enough information to direct users to
Resources hosted outside of it. It uses XML to represent its contents.
4. OIL (Ontology Inference Layer)
        OIL can be regarded as an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic web. It is
based on concepts developed in Description Logic (DL) and frame-based systems and is
compatible with RDFS.
IV.SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE
    The architecture of semantic web is illustrated in the figure below:




                              Figure 2 Semantic web architecture



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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


        The first layer, URI and Unicode, follows the important features of the existing
WWW. Unicode is a standard of encoding international character sets and it allows that
all human languages can be used (written and read) on the web using one standardized
form. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of a standardized form that allows to
uniquely identify resources (e.g., documents).
        A subset of URI is Uniform Resource Locator (URL), which contains access
mechanism and a (network) location of a document - such as http://www.example.org/.
Another subset of URI is URN that allows to identify a resource without implying its
location and means of dereferencing it - an example is urn:isbn:0-123-45678-9. The
usage of URI is important for a distributed internet system as it provides understandable
identification of all resources. An international variant to URI is Internationalized
Resource Identifier (IRI) that allows usage of Unicode characters in identifier and for
which a mapping to URI is defined. In the rest of this text, whenever URI is used, IRI can
be used as well as a more general concept.
        Extensible Markup Language (XML) layer with XML namespace and XML
schema definitions makes sure that there is a common syntax used in the semantic web.
XML is a general purpose markup language for documents containing structured
information. An XML document contains elements that can be nested and that may have
attributes and content. XML namespaces allows to specify different markup vocabularies
in one XML document. XML schema serves for expressing schema of a particular set of
XML documents.
        A core data representation format for semantic web is Resource Description
Framework (RDF). RDF is a framework for representing information about resources in a
graph form. It was primarily intended for representing metadata about WWW resources,
such as the title, author, and modification date of a Web page, but it can be used for
storing any other data. It is based on triples subject-predicate-object that form graph of
data. All data in the semantic web use RDF as the primary representation language. The
normative syntax for serializing RDF is XML in the RDF/XML form. Formal semantics
of RDF is defined as well.
        RDF itself serves as a description of a graph formed by triples. Anyone can define
vocabulary of terms used for more detailed description. To allow standardized description


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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


of taxonomies and other ontological constructs, a RDF Schema (RDFS) was created
together with its formal semantics within RDF. RDFS can be used to describe taxonomies
of classes and properties and use them to create lightweight ontologies.
        The OWL is a language derived from description logics, and offers more
constructs over RDFS. It is syntactically embedded into RDF, so like RDFS, it provides
additional standardized vocabulary. OWL comes in three species - OWL Lite for
taxonomies and simple constrains, OWL DL for full description logic support, and OWL
Full for maximum expressiveness and syntactic freedom of RDF. Since OWL is based on
description logic, it is not surprising that a formal semantics is defined for this language.
        RDFS and OWL have semantics defined and this semantics can be used for
reasoning within ontologies and knowledge bases described using these languages. To
provide rules beyond the constructs available from these languages, rule languages are
being standardized for the semantic web as well. Two standards are emerging - RIF and
SWRL.
V.SEMANTIC WEB APPROACHES
   Here we discuss about the Semantic Web approaches namely Annotation,
Composition, Privacy and Security.
1. Annotation
        Annotation of web services is the fundamental concepts underlying semantic web
services. DAML-S and OWL-S has been the most popular representations of web service
ontology but they are not without flaws, competitors and possible improvements. [2]
2. Composition
        The OWL-S proposal [7] describes composite services thus: “complex or
composite services are composed of multiple mode primitive services, and may require
an extended interaction or conversation between the requester and the set of services that
are being utilized.” The need for composing services comes from web services.
The BPEL4WS is one language which attempts to enable composition of web services
into executable processes.
        In Semantic Web Services composition is performed automatically by the system
based only on declarative descriptions of the task and services.




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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


3. Privacy and Security
        Privacy and Security work has mostly taken the form of policy languages with
which to annotate services. Security information includes encryption and digital signature
information about how inputs /outputs will be passed and stored. It also includes
information about to where information may be sent and for what purpose.
        Kagal et al. [5] describes policies for authorization and privacy for SWS which
“aims to provide security and policy annotations for OWL-S service descriptions”.
        Denker et al. [3] proposes security ontologies to annotate web services with
security information and describes a prototype.
          Tontietal. [15] compares three languages for policy representation: KaoS,Rei and
Ponder.
V. KEY CHALLENGES
        The most probable achievements that the SWS research community is expected to
make by 2012, the potential of SWSs with respect to integration architectures and the
availability of real-world studies in which SWS- based integration architectures are used.
[ 3]
        Since 2001, the number of publications devoted to SWSs is constantly growing.
Mcllraith et al. (2001) published one of the first scientific articles on SWSs. A Google
Scholar query for SWS-related articles in Six matches for the year 2001. For the years
2004 and 2005, Google Scholar lists 189 and 344 articles, respectively. In 2006 the query
results in 426 matches and in 2007 the query results in 458 publications.[10]
        Figure 3 described the evolution of the web which consists largely of documents
for humans to read to a Semantic Web that includes data and information for computers
to manipulate.
        The existing applications have been developed in academic contexts or research
projects funded by public institutions. Work on Semantic Web languages and standards
provide a set of metadata to be used, nor do they say anything about how metadata can be
obtained [ 3].
        Semantic Web provides some languages that express information in a machine
processable format. This implies that we do still have more expectations from our



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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


computers today; we would like to take more benefit from their processing power. This
idea is also one goal of the “Grand Challenges in the Evolution of Information Society”
[17].




                        Figure 3 Berners-Lee Semantic Web
        The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) who has been working intensively on
Semantic standards, has approved the Resource Definition Framework (RDF) and the
OWL Web Ontology Language (OWL) and hence provides a solid base to establish
enterprise semantic applications and has implied a significant leverage of the Semantic
Web from a research level to an industry standard for building next generation
applications.
        Like other technologies, the interest in creating and developing the Semantic Web
is motivated by the opportunities it might bring: either it can solve old problems, or it can
solve old problem in a better way. Here, instead of enumerating all the opportunities
enabled by the Semantic Web, we focus our discussion on the following closely related
aspects: web-services, agent-based distributed computing, semantics-based web search
engines, and semantics-based digital libraries [13]. Only limited semantics can be derived
from the lexical or syntactic content of the web pages.

        Several systems have been built to overcome these problems based on their idea
of annotating Web pages with special HTML tags to represent semantics, including
SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extensions) system.[8].




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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


        New opportunities impose new challenges. In the following, we focus our
discussion on the following challenges that we are facing now: the development of
ontologies, and the development of the formal semantics of Semantic Web languages,
and the development of trust and proof models.[13]. The goal of the SWS Challenge is to
develop a common understanding of various technologies intended to facilitate the
automation of mediation, choreography and discovery for Web Services using semantic
annotations. The intent of this challenge is to explore the trade-offs among existing
approaches. Typically, we only run one surprise problem at a workshop due to resource
restrictions, but there may be exceptions to this practice. The process is summarized in
the table 1.

   Date/Time                 Phase                 Description
                                                   Committed participants will receive
                          "Code freeze"
(1) Deadline Day 0                                 instructions and credentials for the
                          credentials distribution
                                                   Phase 2.
                          "Code freeze"            The deadline for existing solution
(2) Day 1
                          submission               submissions.
                                                   Committed participants will gain
                          Surprise problem
(3) Day 2                                          access to the surprise problem
                          announcement
                                                   description.
    Day 2 + n - depending                          The deadline for surprise problem
(4)                       Solution submission
    upon the problem                               solution submissions.
                                                   The surprise problem solutions
(5) Next Day              Solution verification
                                                   verification report.
                           Table 1: Surprise problem solution
        A solution submission should be accompanied with a document clearly stating all
changes that were introduced to the frozen version in order to respond to the surprise
problem requirements. Further, we may ask at the workshop that participants dynamically
demonstrate the ability to make minor changes to the surprise problem and get the new
correct answer [15].
        The overall objective of the challenge is to apply Semantic Web techniques in
building online end-user applications that integrate, combine and deduce information
needed to assist users in performing tasks. Intentionally, the challenge does not define
specific task, data set, application domain or technology to be used because the potential




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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


applicability of the Semantic Web is very broad. Instead, a number of minimal criteria
have been defined which allow people to submit a broad range of applications.
VI. CONCLUSION
        Semantic Web Service is an emerging technology for supporting distributed
computing in the environments like Internet. Research is going on to formulate a
standardized architecture for Semantic Web. And the Framework for describing the
Ontology is also not well defined. There are still many issues to be resolved. The
Semantic Web Technologies are all new and demands its own requirements.
VII. REFERENCES
  1. Berners-Lee, T, Hendler, James and Miller, E (2002). Integrating Applications on the
    Semantic Web," Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, October,
    2002.
  2. Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler and Ora Lassila (May 17, 2001). "The Semantic
    Web". Scientific American Magazine. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  3. Daniel Bachlechner,Kerstin Fink,”Semantic Web Service Research: Current
    Challenges and Proximate          Achievements”
  4. David Brokenshire,Surrey BC V3T 5X3, “A Review of                   Semantic Web services”.
  5. Denker. G., Kagal, L., Finin, T., Paolucci, M., and           Sycara,K. security for DAML
    Web services: Annotation and Matchmaking, Vol. 2870.Jan 2003.
  6. Jagadeesh Nandigam, Venkat Ngidivada, Mrunalini Kalavala “Semantic Web
    Services”
  7. Kagal, L, Finin, T., Paolucci, M., Srinivasan,N.Sycara, K., and Denker,G.
    authorization and Privacy for Semantic Web Services. Intelligent Systems, IEEE (see
    also IEEE Intelligent Systems and their Applications) 19, 4 (2004).
  8. Luke, S., Spector, L., Rager, D. & Hendler, J. (1997). "Ontology-based web agents".
    In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Marina
    del Rey, California, pp. 59-68 New York, NY: ACM press.
  9. Martin, D.,Paolucci, M.,Mcllraith, S.A.,Burstein, M,; McGuinness, D., Parsia, B.;
      Payne, T., Sabou,M.;Solanki,M.,Srinivasan, N.,Sycara,K. (2004):                      Bringing




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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME


      Semantics to Web Services: the OWL-S approach, Proceedings of the First
      International Workshop on Semantic Web services and Web Process Composition.
  10. Mcllraith, S.A., Son, T. C., Zeng,H. (2001):Semantic Web Services,IEEE
      Intelligent Systems, 16(2),pp. 46-52.
  11. Payne, T., and Lassila, O. Guest Editors Introduction: Semantic Web Services.
      Intelligent Systems, IEEE (see also IEEE Intelligent Syatems and their
      Applications) 17, 1 (2002),15 –17.
  12. Sabou, Marta. Building Web Service Ontologies. The Dutch Graduate School For
      information                     and                   Knowledge                       Systems
      http://Kmi.open.ac.uk/people/marta/papers/thesis.pdf.
  13. Shiyong Lu, Ming Dong and Farshad Fotouhi “The Semantic Web: opportunities
      and challenges for next-generation Web applications”.
  14. “Semantic Web Service Challenge: Evaluating Semantic Web Services Mediation,
      Choreography and Discovery” , sponsored by STI International.
  15. STAAB, S.,Van Der Aalst, W,Benjamins,V., Sheth,A., Miller,J., Bussler,C.,
      Maedche,A Fensel,D., abd Gannon,D.Web services,been there, done that,
      Intelligent Systems, IEEE (see also IEEE Intelligent Syatems and their
      Applications) 17, 1 (2002),15 –17.
  16.Tonti.G.,Bradshaw,J.M.,Jeffers,R.,Montanari,R.,Suri,N., and Uszok, A. Semantic
      Web Languages for Policy Representation and Reasoning: A Comparison of KaoS,
      Rei,and Ponder, vol. 2870. Jan. 2003.
  17. Wolfgang Wahlster, “Grand Challenges in the Evolution of the Information
      Society”, November 2004.
  18. WWW.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/…/ervices/Architecture.gif.
  19. WWW.Wikipedia.com




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Semantic web services and its challenges

  • 1. International Journal of Computer and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), International Journal of Computer Engineering Engineering ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1 IJCET Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), pp. 26-37 ©IAEME © IAEME, http://www.iaeme.com/ijcet.html SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES AND ITS CHALLENGES Ms. A. Suganthy Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech Karaikal, E-mail:asugan@gmail.com G.S.Sumithra Department of Computer Science and Engineering Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech Karaikal, E-mail: teju_tiny@yahoo.co.in J.Hindusha Department of Computer Science and Engineering Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech Karaikal, E-mail:hindu.hindusha@gmail.com A.Gayathri Department of Computer Science and Engineering Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech Karaikal, E-mail: ggayathri.pkiet@gmail.com S.Girija Department of Computer Science and Engineering Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engg. & Tech Karaikal, E-mail:girija.siva89@gmail.com ABSTRACT Semantic web technology has drawn a considerable attention of the researchers in the field of distributed information systems, artificial intelligence and so on. Researchers are taking interest to make use of semantic web technology as a central component of their software constructions. This paper gives an overview of Semantic web and web services, semantic web technologies, semantic web architecture, semantic web approaches and key challenges. Keywords – Ontology; Semantic Web services; Web services 26
  • 2. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME I.INTRODUCTION It is obvious in modern computing. Semantic web services shares the documents across the heterogeneous and global networks. It is a cooperative convergence of the semantic web and web services. Semantic web deals about ontologies, logic, inference and software agents. Web services are an infrastructure for developing the distributed applications. Semantic Web Services are web services which have been marked and annotated with machine-interpretable semantic markup in the form of ontologies. One definition is the augmentation of descriptions through semantic web annotations, to facilitate the higher automation of service discovery, composition, invocation and monitoring in an open, unregulated, and often chaotic environment. [10]. Section2 discusses about the web services and the semantic webs. Section3 describes the technologies used in semantic web services. Section4 and section 5 discuss about semantic web architecture and approaches. Section 6 describe about semantic web challenges. II.WEB SERVICES AND SEMANTIC WEB This section discusses about Web Services and architecture of Web Services. 1. Web Services The term Web services describes a standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol. XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI is used for listing what services are available. Web services are used primarily as a means for businesses to communicate with each other and with clients, Web services allows organizations to communicate data without intimate knowledge of each other's IT systems behind the firewall [1]. Web services allow different applications from different sources to communicate with each other without time-consuming custom coding, and because all communication is in XML, Web services are not tied to any one operating system or programming language. For example, Java can talk with Perl; Windows applications can talk with UNIX applications. [1] 27
  • 3. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME The figure1 shows the basic architecture of Web Services. As illustrated in figure 1, the major components in the Web service architecture are service provider, service requester and service broker. This Figure1 shows that service providers publish their service(s) with the registry repository of a service broker. Then, a service requestor initiates a search for a service by contacting the service broker and searching the registry repository for services that meet specific search criteria. Figure 1 Web service architecture The broker returns a list of services along with details of the associated provider for each service. Subsequently, the service requestor binds with a selected service provider(s) based on the provided details of registry repository and consumes them. In the mentioned scenario, there are series of standards and protocols which enable communication, description, publication and discovery of Web services.[1] 2. Semantic Web Semantic Web is a group of methods and technologies to allow machines to understand the meaning or "semantics" of information on the World Wide Web. The term was coined by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) director Tim Berners-Lee. According to the original vision, the availability of machine-readable metadata would enable automated agents and other software to access the Web more intelligently. The agents would be able to perform tasks automatically and locate related information on behalf of the user. Semantic web researchers have proposed to augment web services with a semantic description of their functionality in order to facilitate their discovery and integration. The combination of web services with semantic web technology is referred as Semantic Web Services. [11] 28
  • 4. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME While the term "Semantic Web" is not formally defined it is mainly used to describe the model and technologies proposed by the W3C. These technologies include the Resource Description Framework (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g. RDF/XML-eXtensible Markup Language , N3, Turtle, N-Triples), and notations such as RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), all of which are intended to provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given knowledge domain. Many of the technologies proposed by the W3C already exist and are used in various projects. The Semantic Web as a global vision, however, has remained largely unrealized and its critics have questioned the feasibility of the approach. The semantic web provides the ability to add semantics to web services. First we have OWL and its predecessor DAML+OIL (Ontology Inference Layer), both of which are XML languages for representing ontology’s in the web. These technologies are used to build upon the existing web services technologies to create semantic web services. [2]. III. SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES Various technologies are used in Semantic Web Services. The major Semantic Web Technologies that are described in this section are WSDL, OIL, SOAP, UDDI. 1. WSDL (Web Services Definition Language) It is an XML based References language for describing web services. • Interfaces to all publicly available functions • Data types for all message requests and message responses Binding to the transport protocol to be used • Addresses for locating the specified services 2. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) It is a XML protocol web service communication and invocation. The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a lightweight, XML-based protocol for exchanging information in a decentralized, distributed environment. SOAP supports different styles of information exchange, including: Remote Procedure Call style (RPC) and Message-oriented exchange. RPC style information exchange allows for request-response processing, where an endpoint receives a procedure-oriented message 29
  • 5. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME and replies with a correlated response message. Message-oriented information exchange supports organizations and applications that need to exchange business or other types of documents where a message is sent but the sender may not expect or wait for an immediate response. 3. UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) registry is a collection of information on all the registered Web services. It enables dynamically discovering Web Services providers. UDDI is a free public registry - vendors publish their Web services and consumers search for appropriate Web services. It has three components: UDDI is relatively lightweight, and contains enough information to direct users to Resources hosted outside of it. It uses XML to represent its contents. 4. OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) OIL can be regarded as an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic web. It is based on concepts developed in Description Logic (DL) and frame-based systems and is compatible with RDFS. IV.SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE The architecture of semantic web is illustrated in the figure below: Figure 2 Semantic web architecture 30
  • 6. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME The first layer, URI and Unicode, follows the important features of the existing WWW. Unicode is a standard of encoding international character sets and it allows that all human languages can be used (written and read) on the web using one standardized form. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of a standardized form that allows to uniquely identify resources (e.g., documents). A subset of URI is Uniform Resource Locator (URL), which contains access mechanism and a (network) location of a document - such as http://www.example.org/. Another subset of URI is URN that allows to identify a resource without implying its location and means of dereferencing it - an example is urn:isbn:0-123-45678-9. The usage of URI is important for a distributed internet system as it provides understandable identification of all resources. An international variant to URI is Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) that allows usage of Unicode characters in identifier and for which a mapping to URI is defined. In the rest of this text, whenever URI is used, IRI can be used as well as a more general concept. Extensible Markup Language (XML) layer with XML namespace and XML schema definitions makes sure that there is a common syntax used in the semantic web. XML is a general purpose markup language for documents containing structured information. An XML document contains elements that can be nested and that may have attributes and content. XML namespaces allows to specify different markup vocabularies in one XML document. XML schema serves for expressing schema of a particular set of XML documents. A core data representation format for semantic web is Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF is a framework for representing information about resources in a graph form. It was primarily intended for representing metadata about WWW resources, such as the title, author, and modification date of a Web page, but it can be used for storing any other data. It is based on triples subject-predicate-object that form graph of data. All data in the semantic web use RDF as the primary representation language. The normative syntax for serializing RDF is XML in the RDF/XML form. Formal semantics of RDF is defined as well. RDF itself serves as a description of a graph formed by triples. Anyone can define vocabulary of terms used for more detailed description. To allow standardized description 31
  • 7. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME of taxonomies and other ontological constructs, a RDF Schema (RDFS) was created together with its formal semantics within RDF. RDFS can be used to describe taxonomies of classes and properties and use them to create lightweight ontologies. The OWL is a language derived from description logics, and offers more constructs over RDFS. It is syntactically embedded into RDF, so like RDFS, it provides additional standardized vocabulary. OWL comes in three species - OWL Lite for taxonomies and simple constrains, OWL DL for full description logic support, and OWL Full for maximum expressiveness and syntactic freedom of RDF. Since OWL is based on description logic, it is not surprising that a formal semantics is defined for this language. RDFS and OWL have semantics defined and this semantics can be used for reasoning within ontologies and knowledge bases described using these languages. To provide rules beyond the constructs available from these languages, rule languages are being standardized for the semantic web as well. Two standards are emerging - RIF and SWRL. V.SEMANTIC WEB APPROACHES Here we discuss about the Semantic Web approaches namely Annotation, Composition, Privacy and Security. 1. Annotation Annotation of web services is the fundamental concepts underlying semantic web services. DAML-S and OWL-S has been the most popular representations of web service ontology but they are not without flaws, competitors and possible improvements. [2] 2. Composition The OWL-S proposal [7] describes composite services thus: “complex or composite services are composed of multiple mode primitive services, and may require an extended interaction or conversation between the requester and the set of services that are being utilized.” The need for composing services comes from web services. The BPEL4WS is one language which attempts to enable composition of web services into executable processes. In Semantic Web Services composition is performed automatically by the system based only on declarative descriptions of the task and services. 32
  • 8. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME 3. Privacy and Security Privacy and Security work has mostly taken the form of policy languages with which to annotate services. Security information includes encryption and digital signature information about how inputs /outputs will be passed and stored. It also includes information about to where information may be sent and for what purpose. Kagal et al. [5] describes policies for authorization and privacy for SWS which “aims to provide security and policy annotations for OWL-S service descriptions”. Denker et al. [3] proposes security ontologies to annotate web services with security information and describes a prototype. Tontietal. [15] compares three languages for policy representation: KaoS,Rei and Ponder. V. KEY CHALLENGES The most probable achievements that the SWS research community is expected to make by 2012, the potential of SWSs with respect to integration architectures and the availability of real-world studies in which SWS- based integration architectures are used. [ 3] Since 2001, the number of publications devoted to SWSs is constantly growing. Mcllraith et al. (2001) published one of the first scientific articles on SWSs. A Google Scholar query for SWS-related articles in Six matches for the year 2001. For the years 2004 and 2005, Google Scholar lists 189 and 344 articles, respectively. In 2006 the query results in 426 matches and in 2007 the query results in 458 publications.[10] Figure 3 described the evolution of the web which consists largely of documents for humans to read to a Semantic Web that includes data and information for computers to manipulate. The existing applications have been developed in academic contexts or research projects funded by public institutions. Work on Semantic Web languages and standards provide a set of metadata to be used, nor do they say anything about how metadata can be obtained [ 3]. Semantic Web provides some languages that express information in a machine processable format. This implies that we do still have more expectations from our 33
  • 9. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME computers today; we would like to take more benefit from their processing power. This idea is also one goal of the “Grand Challenges in the Evolution of Information Society” [17]. Figure 3 Berners-Lee Semantic Web The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) who has been working intensively on Semantic standards, has approved the Resource Definition Framework (RDF) and the OWL Web Ontology Language (OWL) and hence provides a solid base to establish enterprise semantic applications and has implied a significant leverage of the Semantic Web from a research level to an industry standard for building next generation applications. Like other technologies, the interest in creating and developing the Semantic Web is motivated by the opportunities it might bring: either it can solve old problems, or it can solve old problem in a better way. Here, instead of enumerating all the opportunities enabled by the Semantic Web, we focus our discussion on the following closely related aspects: web-services, agent-based distributed computing, semantics-based web search engines, and semantics-based digital libraries [13]. Only limited semantics can be derived from the lexical or syntactic content of the web pages. Several systems have been built to overcome these problems based on their idea of annotating Web pages with special HTML tags to represent semantics, including SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extensions) system.[8]. 34
  • 10. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME New opportunities impose new challenges. In the following, we focus our discussion on the following challenges that we are facing now: the development of ontologies, and the development of the formal semantics of Semantic Web languages, and the development of trust and proof models.[13]. The goal of the SWS Challenge is to develop a common understanding of various technologies intended to facilitate the automation of mediation, choreography and discovery for Web Services using semantic annotations. The intent of this challenge is to explore the trade-offs among existing approaches. Typically, we only run one surprise problem at a workshop due to resource restrictions, but there may be exceptions to this practice. The process is summarized in the table 1. Date/Time Phase Description Committed participants will receive "Code freeze" (1) Deadline Day 0 instructions and credentials for the credentials distribution Phase 2. "Code freeze" The deadline for existing solution (2) Day 1 submission submissions. Committed participants will gain Surprise problem (3) Day 2 access to the surprise problem announcement description. Day 2 + n - depending The deadline for surprise problem (4) Solution submission upon the problem solution submissions. The surprise problem solutions (5) Next Day Solution verification verification report. Table 1: Surprise problem solution A solution submission should be accompanied with a document clearly stating all changes that were introduced to the frozen version in order to respond to the surprise problem requirements. Further, we may ask at the workshop that participants dynamically demonstrate the ability to make minor changes to the surprise problem and get the new correct answer [15]. The overall objective of the challenge is to apply Semantic Web techniques in building online end-user applications that integrate, combine and deduce information needed to assist users in performing tasks. Intentionally, the challenge does not define specific task, data set, application domain or technology to be used because the potential 35
  • 11. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME applicability of the Semantic Web is very broad. Instead, a number of minimal criteria have been defined which allow people to submit a broad range of applications. VI. CONCLUSION Semantic Web Service is an emerging technology for supporting distributed computing in the environments like Internet. Research is going on to formulate a standardized architecture for Semantic Web. And the Framework for describing the Ontology is also not well defined. There are still many issues to be resolved. The Semantic Web Technologies are all new and demands its own requirements. VII. REFERENCES 1. Berners-Lee, T, Hendler, James and Miller, E (2002). Integrating Applications on the Semantic Web," Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, October, 2002. 2. Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler and Ora Lassila (May 17, 2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American Magazine. Retrieved March 26, 2008. 3. Daniel Bachlechner,Kerstin Fink,”Semantic Web Service Research: Current Challenges and Proximate Achievements” 4. David Brokenshire,Surrey BC V3T 5X3, “A Review of Semantic Web services”. 5. Denker. G., Kagal, L., Finin, T., Paolucci, M., and Sycara,K. security for DAML Web services: Annotation and Matchmaking, Vol. 2870.Jan 2003. 6. Jagadeesh Nandigam, Venkat Ngidivada, Mrunalini Kalavala “Semantic Web Services” 7. Kagal, L, Finin, T., Paolucci, M., Srinivasan,N.Sycara, K., and Denker,G. authorization and Privacy for Semantic Web Services. Intelligent Systems, IEEE (see also IEEE Intelligent Systems and their Applications) 19, 4 (2004). 8. Luke, S., Spector, L., Rager, D. & Hendler, J. (1997). "Ontology-based web agents". In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Marina del Rey, California, pp. 59-68 New York, NY: ACM press. 9. Martin, D.,Paolucci, M.,Mcllraith, S.A.,Burstein, M,; McGuinness, D., Parsia, B.; Payne, T., Sabou,M.;Solanki,M.,Srinivasan, N.,Sycara,K. (2004): Bringing 36
  • 12. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 – 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6375(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, Sep - Oct (2010), © IAEME Semantics to Web Services: the OWL-S approach, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Semantic Web services and Web Process Composition. 10. Mcllraith, S.A., Son, T. C., Zeng,H. (2001):Semantic Web Services,IEEE Intelligent Systems, 16(2),pp. 46-52. 11. Payne, T., and Lassila, O. Guest Editors Introduction: Semantic Web Services. Intelligent Systems, IEEE (see also IEEE Intelligent Syatems and their Applications) 17, 1 (2002),15 –17. 12. Sabou, Marta. Building Web Service Ontologies. The Dutch Graduate School For information and Knowledge Systems http://Kmi.open.ac.uk/people/marta/papers/thesis.pdf. 13. Shiyong Lu, Ming Dong and Farshad Fotouhi “The Semantic Web: opportunities and challenges for next-generation Web applications”. 14. “Semantic Web Service Challenge: Evaluating Semantic Web Services Mediation, Choreography and Discovery” , sponsored by STI International. 15. STAAB, S.,Van Der Aalst, W,Benjamins,V., Sheth,A., Miller,J., Bussler,C., Maedche,A Fensel,D., abd Gannon,D.Web services,been there, done that, Intelligent Systems, IEEE (see also IEEE Intelligent Syatems and their Applications) 17, 1 (2002),15 –17. 16.Tonti.G.,Bradshaw,J.M.,Jeffers,R.,Montanari,R.,Suri,N., and Uszok, A. Semantic Web Languages for Policy Representation and Reasoning: A Comparison of KaoS, Rei,and Ponder, vol. 2870. Jan. 2003. 17. Wolfgang Wahlster, “Grand Challenges in the Evolution of the Information Society”, November 2004. 18. WWW.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/…/ervices/Architecture.gif. 19. WWW.Wikipedia.com 37