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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
141
STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF ANFIS CONTROLLER FOR
FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR
1
Mallikarjunaiah S 2
Narayana Reddy S
1
Professor & Head of the Department, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Chadalawada Ramanamma engineering college, Chadalawada Nagar, Renigunta Road,
Tirupati - 517506, Chittoor (Dist)Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
2
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati – 517 502,
Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on the end-point control of a single flexible link which rotates in
the horizontal plane. The dynamic model is derived using a Lagrangian assumed modes
method based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Initially the system is modeled as a voltage-
input model, and different controllers were applied to control the system. A fuzzy control
strategy is described which is utilized to control the angular displacement and the tip
deflection at end point in a single flexible-link robotic arm. The proposed adaptive network
based fuzzy logic control (ANFIS) strategy is described for the control of a single flexible
link manipulator. The developed controller has two subsystems. The fast-subsystem reduces
the vibration of the flexible link manipulator end point, and the other slow-subsystem
controller controls the desired position. In the voltage-input model of a single flexible-link
manipulator, amplitude of vibrations has been reduced and desired position was achieved. In
the torque-input model, control of the vibration and position of a single flexible link
manipulator end point are realized successfully, while the end- effect or traces desired
position signal. This controller gives the better performance compared to the normal
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controllers
and analysed.
Keywords: Flexible Link Manipulator, ANFIS controller, High Frequency modes
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 141-155
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJEET
© I A E M E
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
142
INTRODUCTION
An important advanced robotic system is the flexible-link robot arm. The desire to
improve robot performance has led to the design of lighter flexible links. A light-flexible link
robot arm has many advantages compared to conventional rigid link robots such as lower
power consumption, higher payload-to-robot weight ratio, lower manufacturing cost, and
easier transportation to name a few. Because of the elasticity of the flexible robot arm, the
controller algorithms are different from that of the traditional rigid robot arm.
A flexible link robot arm is a distributed parameter system of infinite order, Due to
elastic properties of flexible manipulators, the development of a mathematical description and
subsequent model-based control of the system is a complicated task. This is made difficult by
the presence of a large (infinite) number of modes of vibration in the system. The modes
become significant in two ways: firstly, because the oscillations themselves prolong the
settling time and secondly, because attempts to actively control some modes result in
instability of the other modes. This non-linear behavior of the structure at high speeds, firstly,
degrades end-point accuracy and secondly complicates controller development. Furthermore,
the performance of such a control system depends mainly on the parameters during operation.
These limitations of conventional model-based control for flexible manipulator systems have
stimulated the development of intelligent control mechanisms incorporating adaptive control,
neural networks (NNs) and fuzzy logic controllers.
It is known that the flexible system is a highly nonlinear and heavily coupled system,
and an accurate mathematical model [1] is difficult to obtain, thus making it difficult to
control using conventional techniques. The improved control of a manipulator without a-prior
knowledge of its dynamics, such as fuzzy logic or neural network control has attracted much
attention in recent years.
A neural network controller [2] invariably includes a neural network that has been
trained to model in some way the inverse dynamics of the plant. Hub position and velocity
measurements were used to stabilize the system and a neural controller was proposed to drive
the flexible arm to track a desired trajectory. This work, however, is restricted only to linear
models of the flexible-link manipulator. Another drawback is that the error between the
desired and actual outputs is not involved in the network training, or during control. In the
specialized learning scheme, errors between the desired and actual outputs of the plant have
to be back propagated through the plant to adjust the weights of the network, which is not a
simple procedure to implement. The training therefore, may be slow, or may disrupt the
operation of the plant.
In order to overcome the above difficulty, Donne & Ozguner [3] proposed a neural
controller assuming partial knowledge of the dynamics of the flexible-link. The unknown part
of the dynamics is identified by a supervised learning algorithm. The controller is constructed
in two stages, an optimal controller and an unsupervised neural network controller using
model-based predictive control. The scheme is based on an identification stage that also
requires feedback from the states of the system.
Significant efforts have been made to develop neural networks to deal with the
problems of identification and control of complex nonlinear systems by exploiting the
nonlinear approaching abilities of the neural network .In parallel with these investigations
many researchers have similarly been involved in the design of robust controllers for robot
manipulators. In [4] a modified version of the fuzzy neural network, is used to identify and
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
143
control a nonlinear dynamic system. The RFNN is a recurrent multilayered connectionist
network for realizing fuzzy inference and can be constructed from a set of fuzzy rules.
In [5], two different schemes are proposed—one with an adaptive state feedback
controller and one with an adaptive feed forward controller .In the adaptive feedback
formulation, the actual state is used to compute basis functions of a function approximator for
parameter update and cancellation of nonlinearities. On the other hand, in the adaptive feed
forward formulation, the desired state is used instead of the actual state.
In [6], a neural network approach to on-line learning control and real time
implementation is developed. The neural network learns control by updating feed forward
dynamic based on feedback control input. The manipulator tracking error is reduced by 85%
compared to conventional PID control. This approach possesses a high degree of generality
and adaptability in various applications and will be a valuable method in learning control for
robots working in unconstrained environments.
In, [7] simulation and experimental results on the performance of neural network-
based controllers for tip position tracking of flexible-link manipulators are presented. The
controllers are designed by utilizing the modified output re-definition approach. The modified
output re-definition approach requires only a priori knowledge about the linear model of the
system and no a priori knowledge about the payload mass.
In [8], a neural network controller is employed as a feedback controller to compute
the torque needed by the manipulator system. The neural network is made up of two parts. A
dynamic recurrent identification network is used to identify the output of the manipulator
system, and a dynamic recurrent learning network is employed to automatically learn the
weighting factor of the fuzzy logic controller and to compute a suitable value for correct
operation of the fuzzy logic controller.
In [9], it is shown that the velocity controlled actuator regulation and tracking
performance is superior than torque controlled actuator of a flexible one-link robot.
In this paper ANFIS control of flexible manipulator is taken up. The ANFIS controller
is a combination of PID controller and fuzzy neural network controller that is adapted based
on the output of PID controller [10].
2. FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR
The conventional approach to the design of an automatic control system often
involves the construction of a mathematical model which best describes the dynamics
behavior of the plant to be controlled, and the application of analytical techniques to this
plant model to derive an appropriate control law. Usually, such a mathematical model consist
of a set linear or non-linear differential equations, most of them are derived using some form
of approximation and simplification. The traditional model-based control techniques break
down, when a representative model is difficult to obtain due to uncertainty or sheer
complexity. It is known that robot system is highly non-linear and heavily coupled system,
and accurate mathematical model is difficult to obtain, thus it making difficult to control
using conventional techniques. This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a single
link flexible manipulator. The system is modeled by the Lagrange formulation and model
expansion method.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
144
3. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR
The manipulator is illustrated in fig. 1, and is modeled as a pinned-free flexible beam
with payload at one end. The beam can bend freely in the horizontal plane but is considered
stiff with respect to vertical bending and torsion. The model is developed using the Lagrange
formulation and model expansion method. The length of the manipulator is assumed to be
constant, and deformation due to shear, rotary inertia and the effects of axial forces are
neglected. The moment of inertia about the hub O is denoted by ࢐௙ and ρ is the linear mass
density. The arm has length l , and the payload mass is given by ‫ܯ‬௘. The control torque T is
applied at the hub of the manipulator by way of the rotary actuator. The angular displacement
of the manipulator, moving in the xOy plane, is denoted by θ . The width of the arm is
assumed to be much greater than it’s the thickness, thus allowing it to vibrate dominantly in
the horizontal direction. The shear deformation and rotary inertia effects are ignored.
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the flexible manipulator system
For an angular displacement θ and an elastic deflection y(x,t) the total displacement
u(x,t) of a point, measured at a distance x from the hub can be described as a function of the
above, measured from the direction of Ox.
(x, t) = u(x, t) +θ (t) x ............................. (1)
The kinetic energy of the system can be written as
ܶ ൌ 0.5 ݆୤ߠሶ ൅ 0.5 ‫׬‬ ቀ
డ௬
డ௧
൅ ‫ߠݔ‬ቁ
ଶ
ߩ‫ܣ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
଴
൅ 0.5‫ܯ‬ ቀ
డ௬మ
డ௫మቁ
ଶ
...(2)
In eqn. (2), the first term on the right hand side is due to the hub inertia, the second
term is due to the rotation of the manipulator with respect to the origin, and the third term is
due to the payload mass.
The potential energy is related to the bending of manipulator. Since the width of the
manipulator under consideration is assumed to be significantly larger than its thickness, the
effects of the shear displacement can be neglected. In this way, the potential energy of the
manipulator can be written as
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
145
ܸ ൌ 0.5 ‫ܫܧ‬ ‫׬‬ ቀ
డ௬మ
డ௫మ
ቁ
ଶ
௧
଴
................. (3)
where E is the modulus of the elasticity for the beam material, and I denote the second
moment of area of the beam cross-section.
The non-conservative work for the input torque T can be written as
Wൌ ܶߠ ........................... (4)
The Lagrangian for the system is formulated as
L=T-V ......................... (5)
To obtain the equation of the motion of the manipulator, Hamilton extended principle is used
as described in eqn. (6)
‫׬‬ ሺ߲‫ܮ‬ ൅ ߲ܹሻ݀‫ݐ‬
௧ଶ
௧ଵ
ൌ 0 ................. (6)
where t1 and t2 are two arbitrary times and w∂ represents virtual work. Manipulating Eqn.
(1) - (6) yields the equation of motion of the manipulator as
‫ܫܧ‬
డర௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ
డ௫ర ൅ ߩ‫ܣ‬ ቀ‫ߠݔ‬ሷ ൅
డమ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ
డ௧మ ቁ ൌ 0 ............ (7)
The dynamic equation of the manipulator is described as
‫ܬ‬௦ߠሷ ൅ ‫ܯ‬௘‫ܮ‬
డమ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ
డ௧మ ൅ ߩ‫ܣ‬ ‫׬‬
డమ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ
డ௧మ ݀‫ݔ‬
௟
଴
ൌ ܶ ....... (8)
Where ‫ܬ‬௦ ൌ ‫ܬ‬௙‫ܯ‬௦‫ܮ‬ଶ
൅
ଵ
ଷ
ρA‫ܮ‬ଷ
The corresponding boundary and initial conditions are given by
‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ௔௧ ௫ୀ଴ ൌ 0;
݀‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ
݀‫ݐ‬ ௔௧ ௫ୀ଴
ൌ 0
‫ܫܧ‬
߲ଶ
‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ
߲‫ݔ‬ଶ
௔௧ ௫ୀ଴
ൌ 0
‫ܫܧ‬
డయ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ
డ௫య
ൌ ‫ܯ‬௘
డయ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ
డ௫య
௔௧ ௫ୀଵ
; ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ 0ሻ ൌ 0;
ௗ௬ሺ௫,଴ሻ
ௗ௫
ൌ 0 ..(9)
Using the assumed mode method, the solution of the dynamic equation of motion of the
manipulator can be obtained as linear combination of the product of the admissible function
iφ (x) and the time-dependent generalized coordinates iq (t), as follows, where
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
146
‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ∑ ߶௜ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ‫ݍ‬௜ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ௡
௜ୀ଴ ............. (10)
The admissible function iφ (x) also called the mode shape, is purely a function of the
displacement along the length of the manipulator and iq (t) is purely a function of the time
and includes an arbitrary, multiplicative constant. The parameter values for flexible
manipulator are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Parametric values for the flexible manipulator
Physical parameter Symbol Value
Length L 0.61 m
Section area A 3×10-5
m2
Density Ρ 7.8×103
kg/m3
Young modulus E 200×109
N/m2
Second moment of area I 2.5×10-12
m4
Payload M 31.7×10-3
kg
Moment of inertia of hub J 4.3×10-3
kg-m2
Substitution of eqn. (10) into eqn. (7) by apply boundary and initial conditions of eqn. (9), the
following ordinary differential equations can be derived
‫ܬ‬௦ߠሷ ൅ ∑ ܽ௜
ௗమ௤
ௗ௧మ
௡
௜ୀ଴ ൌ ܶ ....................... (11)
ௗమ௤೔
ௗ௧మ ൅ ‫ݓ‬௜‫ݍ‬௜ ൅ ܾ௜ߠሷ ൌ 0 ................. (12)
Where
‫ݓ‬௜
ଶ
ൌ
ఉ೔
ర
ாூ
ఘ஺
, ܽ௜ ൌ
ଶఘ஺
ఉ೔
మ
ܾ௜ ൌ ܽ௜
ሺ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻሾሺ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻ െ ߚ௜‫ܮ‬ሺ1 ൅ ܿ‫ߚݏ݋‬௜‫.ܮ‬ ܿ‫ߚ݄ݏ݋‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻሿ
ߩ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻଶ െ 3‫ܯ‬௘ሺܿ‫ߚݏ݋‬௜‫.ܮ‬ ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ െ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫.ܮ‬ ܿ‫ߚ݄ݏ݋‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻଶ
ߚ௜ denotes the frequency of vibration, which can be determined from the above using the
boundary conditions. The frequencies for the first and second modes of vibration and the
corresponding terms ߚ௜, ܽ௜, ܾ௜ are shown in table 2.
Table 2 Mode dependent parameters
Mode ߚ௜ ߱௜
ଶ
ia ib
1 2.6178 1.0035×102
6.8292×10-2
4.4961×10-1
2 6.9626 5.0215×103
9.6539×10-3
2.2248×10-1
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
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If X is assumed as state space variables, ்ܺ
ൌ ൣθ, θ,ሶ qଵ, qଵሶ , … … . . q୬, q୬ሶ ൧
and Y is assumed as the output, ்ܻ
ൌ ሾθ, qଵ, … … . . q୬ሿ, eqn. (11) and eqn .(12) can be
written as
‫ۏ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ۍ‬
ܺଵ
ሶ
ܺଶ
ܺଷ
ሶ
ܺସ
ሶ
ሶ
‫ے‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ې‬
ൌ
‫ۏ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ۍ‬
0 1 0 0
0 0
௔ೢ೔
మ
௝ೞି௔೔௕೔
0
0 0 0 0
0 0
ି௝ೞ௪೔
మ
௝ೞି௔೔௕೔
0 ‫ے‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ې‬
൦
‫ݔ‬ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫ݔ‬ସ
൪ ൅
‫ۏ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬
‫ۍ‬
0
ଵ
௝ೞି௔೔௕೔
0
ି௕೔
௝ೞି௔೔௕೔‫ے‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ۑ‬
‫ې‬
ܶ........ (13)
and
ܻ ൌ ሾ1 0 1 0ሿ ൦
‫ݔ‬ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫ݔ‬ସ
൪ ............. (14)
thus a fourth order model is considered as a system.
4. ANFIS CONTROLLER
The fuzzy logic is closer in spirit to human thinking and natural language than
conventional logical systems. This provides a means of converting a linguistic control
strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. The ability of fuzzy
logic to handle imprecise and inconsistent real-world data made it suitable for a wide variety
of applications. In particular, the methodology of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) appears
very useful when the processes are too complex for analysis by conventional quantitative
techniques or when the available sources of information are interpreted qualitatively,
inexactly, or with uncertainty. Thus fuzzy logic control may be viewed as a step toward a
rapprochement between conventional precise mathematical control and human – like decision
making.
One of the major problems in the not so widespread use of the fuzzy logic control is
the difficulty of choice and design of membership functions to suit a given problem. A
systematic procedure for choosing the type of membership function and the ranges of
variables in the universe of discourse is still not available. Tuning of the fuzzy controller by
trial and error is often necessary to get a satisfactory performance. However, the neural
networks have the capability of identification of a system by which the characteristic features
of a system can be extracted from the input output data. This learning capability of the neural
network can be combined with the control capabilities of a fuzzy logic system resulting in a
neuro- fuzzy inference system. Recently an adaptive neuro- fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
has been proposed [7] which has been shown to have very good data prediction capabilities.
Adaptive network based fuzzy inference system serves as a basis for constructing a
set of fuzzy if-then rules with appropriate membership functions to generate the stipulated
input-output pairs. In this chapter, a Hybrid controller which is a combination of ANFIS and
PID controller of the system is discussed. The architecture is referred to as ANFIS, which
stands for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. The next section describes the
architecture of ANFIS and how to decompose the parameter set to facilitate the hybrid
learning rule for ANFIS architectures representing the Sugeno and Tsukamoto fuzzy models.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
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4.1. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
System modeling based on conventional mathematical tools is not well suited for
dealing with ill defined and uncertain systems. By contrast, a fuzzy inference system
employing fuzzy if-then 'rules can model the qualitative aspects of the human knowledge and
reasoning process without employing precise quantitative analyses. However, even today, no
standard methods exist for transforming the human knowledge into the rule base and data
base of fuzzy inference system. There is need for effective methods for tuning the
membership functions so as to minimize the output error or maximize the performance index.
ANFIS can serve as a basis for constructing set fuzzy ‘if-then’ rules with appropriate
membership functions to generate the stipulated input-output pairs. Fundamentally, ANFIS is
about taking an initial fuzzy inference system (FIS) and tuning it with back propagation
algorithm based on collection of the input-output data.
An adaptive network is a network structure consisting of a number of nodes
connected through directional links. Each node represents a process unit, and the links
between nodes specify the causal relationship between the connected nodes. All or parts of
the nodes are adaptive, which means the outputs of these nodes depend on modifiable
parameters pertaining to these nodes. The learning rule specifies how these parameters should
be updated to minimize a prescribed error measure, which is a mathematical expression that
measures the discrepancy between the network's actual output and a desired output.
4.2. ANFIS Architecture
The ANFIS from topology point of view, an implementation of a representative fuzzy
inference system using a BP neural network-like structure shown in fig. 2. It consists of five
layers. Let ܱ௜
ଵ
denotes the output of the node i in layer l, and xi is the i th input of the
ANFIS ,i=1,2,3,...p. in layer1,there is a node function M associated with every node
ܱ௜
ଵ
ൌ ‫ܯ‬௜ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ሻ ......................... (15)
The role of the node function M1, M2....Mq here is equal to that of the membership
function µ(x) used in the regular fuzzy systems and q is the number of nodes for each input.
Gaussian shape functions are the typical choices. The adjustable parameters that determine
the positions and shapes of these node functions are referred to as his premise parameters.
The output of very node in layer2 is the product of all the incoming signals.
ܱ௜
ଶ
ൌ ‫ܯ‬௜ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ሻ‫ܯܦܰܣ‬௝൫‫ݔ‬௝൯ ............... (16)
Each node output represents the firing strength of the reasoning rules. In layer 3, each
of these firing strengths of the rules is compared with the sum of all the firing strengths.
Therefore, the normalized firing strengths are computed in this layer as
ܱ௜
ଷ
ൌ
ை೔
మ
∑ ை೔
మ ................... (17)
Layer 4 implements the sugeno-type inference system, i.e a linear combination of the
input variables of the ANFIS,x1,x2,...xp plus a constant term c1,c2,c3...cp from the output of
the each IF-THEN rule. The output of the node is a weighted sum of these intermediate
outputs
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
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ܱ௜
ସ
ൌ ܱ௜
ଷ
∑ ܲ௝‫ݔ‬௝ ൅ ܿ௝
௣
௝ୀଵ .................. (18)
Where parameters P1, P2,...., Pp and c1 , c2 ......cp in this layer are referred to as the
consequent parameters. The node in layer 5 produces the sum of its inputs i.e defuzzification
process of the fuzzy system using weighted average method.
ܱ௜
ହ
ൌ ∑ ܱ௜
ସ
௝ ............... (19)
Fig. 2 ANFIS Architecture
4.3. ANFIS Learning Algorithm
The adaption process of the parameters of the ANFIS is divided in to two steps. For
the first step of the consequent parameters training, the Least Square method is used, because
the output of the ANFIS is a linear combination of the consequent parameters. The premise
parameters are fixed at this step. After the consequent parameters have been adjusted, the
approximation error is back-propagated through every layer to update the premise parameters
as the second step. This part of the adaptation procedure is based on the gradient descent
principle, which is same as the training of the BP neural network.
The consequence parameters identified by the LS method are optimal in the sense of
the squares under the condition that the premise parameters are fixed. Therefore this hybrid
learning algorithm is more effective than the pure gradient decent approach, because it
reduces the search space dimensions of the original back propagation method. The pure BP
learning process could easily be trapped into local minima.
When compared with employing either one of the above two methods individually,
the ANFIS converges with a smaller number of iteration steps with its hybrid learning
algorithm. In this paper an ANFIS structure with first order Sugeno model containing 49
rules are considered.
Identification of consequent parameters are optimal under the condition that the
premise parameters are fixed. Accordingly, the hybrid approach converges much faster since
it reduces the search space dimensions of the original pure back-propagation method. Thus
we should always look for the possibility of decomposing the parameter set in the first place.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
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4.4. Membership functions and fuzzy rules
Two of the difficulties with the design of any fuzzy control systems are the shape of
the membership functions and choice of the fuzzy rules. In fact, the decision-making logic is
the way in which the controller output is generated. It uses the input fuzzy sets, and the
decision is taken according to the values of the inputs. Moreover, the knowledge base
comprises knowledge of application domain and the attendant control goals. It consists of a
database and a fuzzy control rule base.
A control system is said to be an adaptive fuzzy control system if either a set of fuzzy
rules are used to modify membership functions and/or rules. The fuzzification uses
membership functions to determine the degree of inputs. The aim of control action is to
minimize the rotation error. The higher the error, the higher the control input. However, the
rate of change of error also affects the value of the control input.
The fuzzification uses membership functions to determine the degree of inputs. The
aim of control action is to minimize the rotation error. The higher the error, the higher the
control input. However, the rate of change of error also affects the value of the control input.
In the fuzzy logic controller, error is used in control rules as linguistic variables
This is defined as:
....(20)
In adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), number and type of
membership functions are created by user. Then fuzzy inference system rule base is obtained
automatically by ANFIS. Gauss type membership functions are used for fuzzy inputs in
fuzzification process of the system. Sugeno type fuzzy inference system is adopted so these
outputs by given training and checking data sets.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this paper simulation is done for two modes of operation of single flexible-link
manipulator The reason for choosing two these modes is to show the controller conformance
with different state of the plant. To eliminate the link vibrations at end point a controller
which is combination of PID, LQR and ANFIS controller has been applied. The training of
the ANFIS has been carried out by using adaptive learning algorithm.
5.1. Simulation Results of ANFIS Controller
Fig. 3 Simulation diagram for ANFIS Controller
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
151
Fig. 4 Step response (alpha) of the system with ANFIS Controller for mode 1
Fig. 5 Step response (theta) of the system with ANFIS controller for mode 1
Fig. 6 Step response (alpha) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 1
Fig. 7 Step response (theta) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 1
Fig. 8 Step response (alpha) of the system with ANFIS Controller for mode 2
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
152
Fig. 9 Step response (theta) of the system with ANFIS Controller for mode 2
Fig. 3 is shown the simulation diagram for the ANFIS controller. The step response for
alpha and theta of SFLM with ANFIS controller for mode1 method of frequency is shown in
fig. 4 and fig. 5 respectively. The step response for alpha and theta of SFLM with disturbance
ANFIS controller for mode1 method of frequency is shown in fig. 6 and fig. 7 respectively.
The step response for alpha and theta of SFLM with ANFIS controller for mode2
method of frequency is shown in fig. 8 and fig. 9 respectively. The step response for alpha
and theta of SFLM with disturbance ANFIS controller for mode2 method of frequency is
shown in fig. 10 and fig. 11 respectively.
Fig. 10 Step response (alpha) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 2
Fig. 11 Step response (theta) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 2
It is obvious that the response has no overshoot and at 2.1 sec system goes in to stable
state and error is less than 1%. The amplitude level of vibrations has gone down to zero for
mode 1 and about .0001 for mode 2.It is observed that the Hybrid controller has good
adaption with the dynamics of the system.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
153
5.2. Comparison of the step response of different controllers
Fig. 12 Step response of the system with different Controllers for mode 1
The step response for alpha of SFLM with different (PID, LQR and ANFIS) controllers
for mode1 and mode2 method of frequency is shown in fig. 12 and fig. 13 respectively. Table
3 has shown the effectiveness of th ANFIS controller with respect to steady state error,
maximum over shoot and settling time. It is clear that the PID controller doesn’t create a
suitable step response for the system. Intense transient oscillation and high over shoot are the
shortcoming of such controller. Moreover the parameters of this controller are constant, no
adaption with system dynamical changes. It is clear that the vibrations of SLFM has been
reduced using ANFIS controller.
Fig. 13 Step response of the system with different Controllers for mode 2
Table 3 Comparison of performance of the system for different controllers
Mode of
Frequency
Controller
Steady
State
Error
Maximum
Over Shoot
(Amps)
Settling
time (sec)
Mode 1
PID Yes 1.4 15.2
LQR No 0 5.3
ANFIS No 0 1.5
Mode 2
PID Yes 1.58 19.5
LQR No 0 5.6
ANFIS No 0 2.7
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
154
6. CONCLUSIONS
ANFIS Control of a single flexible link manipulator (SFLM) has been investigated in
this paper. It has been observed that the PID controller doesn’t create a suitable step response
for the system. Intense transient oscillation and high over shoot are the shortcoming of such
controller. Moreover the parameters of this controller are constant, no adaption with system
dynamical changes. In LQR controller, even though there is no over shoot settling time is
somewhat higher. With ANFIS control, the amplitude of oscillation around zero for mode 1 is
about .001 and damp out after sometime, the amplitude of oscillation around zero for mode 2
is about 0.0025. Since the amplitude of oscillation persists and in order improves the transient
response of the system, an ANFIS controller has been designed and simulated along with the
system. It is clear that with ANFIS control the vibration of the single link flexible
manipulator has been reduced.
REFERENCES
[1] M. H. Korayem and A. Basu, “Formulation and numerical solution of elastic robot
dynamics motion with maximum load carrying capacity,” Robotica, Vol. 12, 1994, pp. 253-
261.
[2] W. Cheng and J. T. Wen, “A neural controller for the tracking control of flexible arms,”
IEEE International Conference on Neural Network, Vol. 2, 1993, pp. 749-754.
[3] J. D. Donne and U. Ozguner, “Neural control of a flexible-link manipulator,” IEEE
International Conference on Neural Network, Vol. 4, 1994, pp. 2327-2332.
[4] C. H. Lee and C. C. Teng, “Identification and Control of dynamic systems using recurrent
fuzzy neural networks,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2000, pp. 349-
366.
[5] J. Nakanishi and S. Schaal, “Feedback error learning and nonlinear adaptive control,” Neural
Network, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1453-1465.
[6] R. Todd Newton and Yangsheng Xu, “Real-time implementation of Neural Network
learning control in a flexible space manipulator,” IEEE International Conference Robotics
Automation, 1993, pp. 135- 141.
[7] Tain, L and C.collins, “Adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of a flexible manipulator,”
Mechatronics, Vol. 15, No. 10, 2005, pp. 1305-1320.
[8] D. E. Torfs, R. Vuerinckx, J. Sewevers and J. Schoukens, “Comparison of two feed
forward design methods aiming at accurate trajectory racking of the end point of a flexible
robot arm,” IEEE Transactions Control Systems, Vol. 6, No.1, 1998, pp. 2-14.
[9] H. A. Talebi, K. Khorasani and R. V. Patel, “Neural network based control schemes for
flexible-link manipulator: Simulations and experiments,” Neural networks, Vol. 11, No. 7-
8, 1998, pp. 1357-1377.
[10] F. Farivar, M. Aliyari Shoorehdeli, M. Teshnehlab and M.A. Nekoui, “Hybrid control of
flexible manipulator,” Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2009, pp. 639-650.
[11] M.S.Sujatha and Dr M. Vijay Kumar, “Under Frequency Load Shedding for Energy
Management using ANFIS/Case Study”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering &
Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 93 - 104, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN
Online: 0976-6553.
[12] Shimi S.L, Dr. Thilak Thakur, Dr. Jagdish Kumar, Dr. S Chatterji and Dnyaneshwar
Karanjkar, “ANFIS Controller for Solar Powered Cascade Multilevel Inverter”, International
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 234 -
240, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 –
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
155
AUTHORS
Mallikarjunaiah S., Professor & Head of the Department, Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chadalawada Ramanamma
engineering college, Chadalawada Nagar, Renigunta Road,
Tirupati-517506, Chittoor(Dist), Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
Narayana Reddy S, Professor Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, SV University College of Engineering,
Tirupati – 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Study the performance of anfis controller for flexible link manipulator

  • 1. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 141 STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF ANFIS CONTROLLER FOR FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR 1 Mallikarjunaiah S 2 Narayana Reddy S 1 Professor & Head of the Department, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chadalawada Ramanamma engineering college, Chadalawada Nagar, Renigunta Road, Tirupati - 517506, Chittoor (Dist)Andhra Pradesh, INDIA 2 Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati – 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the end-point control of a single flexible link which rotates in the horizontal plane. The dynamic model is derived using a Lagrangian assumed modes method based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Initially the system is modeled as a voltage- input model, and different controllers were applied to control the system. A fuzzy control strategy is described which is utilized to control the angular displacement and the tip deflection at end point in a single flexible-link robotic arm. The proposed adaptive network based fuzzy logic control (ANFIS) strategy is described for the control of a single flexible link manipulator. The developed controller has two subsystems. The fast-subsystem reduces the vibration of the flexible link manipulator end point, and the other slow-subsystem controller controls the desired position. In the voltage-input model of a single flexible-link manipulator, amplitude of vibrations has been reduced and desired position was achieved. In the torque-input model, control of the vibration and position of a single flexible link manipulator end point are realized successfully, while the end- effect or traces desired position signal. This controller gives the better performance compared to the normal Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controllers and analysed. Keywords: Flexible Link Manipulator, ANFIS controller, High Frequency modes INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 141-155 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJEET © I A E M E
  • 2. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 142 INTRODUCTION An important advanced robotic system is the flexible-link robot arm. The desire to improve robot performance has led to the design of lighter flexible links. A light-flexible link robot arm has many advantages compared to conventional rigid link robots such as lower power consumption, higher payload-to-robot weight ratio, lower manufacturing cost, and easier transportation to name a few. Because of the elasticity of the flexible robot arm, the controller algorithms are different from that of the traditional rigid robot arm. A flexible link robot arm is a distributed parameter system of infinite order, Due to elastic properties of flexible manipulators, the development of a mathematical description and subsequent model-based control of the system is a complicated task. This is made difficult by the presence of a large (infinite) number of modes of vibration in the system. The modes become significant in two ways: firstly, because the oscillations themselves prolong the settling time and secondly, because attempts to actively control some modes result in instability of the other modes. This non-linear behavior of the structure at high speeds, firstly, degrades end-point accuracy and secondly complicates controller development. Furthermore, the performance of such a control system depends mainly on the parameters during operation. These limitations of conventional model-based control for flexible manipulator systems have stimulated the development of intelligent control mechanisms incorporating adaptive control, neural networks (NNs) and fuzzy logic controllers. It is known that the flexible system is a highly nonlinear and heavily coupled system, and an accurate mathematical model [1] is difficult to obtain, thus making it difficult to control using conventional techniques. The improved control of a manipulator without a-prior knowledge of its dynamics, such as fuzzy logic or neural network control has attracted much attention in recent years. A neural network controller [2] invariably includes a neural network that has been trained to model in some way the inverse dynamics of the plant. Hub position and velocity measurements were used to stabilize the system and a neural controller was proposed to drive the flexible arm to track a desired trajectory. This work, however, is restricted only to linear models of the flexible-link manipulator. Another drawback is that the error between the desired and actual outputs is not involved in the network training, or during control. In the specialized learning scheme, errors between the desired and actual outputs of the plant have to be back propagated through the plant to adjust the weights of the network, which is not a simple procedure to implement. The training therefore, may be slow, or may disrupt the operation of the plant. In order to overcome the above difficulty, Donne & Ozguner [3] proposed a neural controller assuming partial knowledge of the dynamics of the flexible-link. The unknown part of the dynamics is identified by a supervised learning algorithm. The controller is constructed in two stages, an optimal controller and an unsupervised neural network controller using model-based predictive control. The scheme is based on an identification stage that also requires feedback from the states of the system. Significant efforts have been made to develop neural networks to deal with the problems of identification and control of complex nonlinear systems by exploiting the nonlinear approaching abilities of the neural network .In parallel with these investigations many researchers have similarly been involved in the design of robust controllers for robot manipulators. In [4] a modified version of the fuzzy neural network, is used to identify and
  • 3. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 143 control a nonlinear dynamic system. The RFNN is a recurrent multilayered connectionist network for realizing fuzzy inference and can be constructed from a set of fuzzy rules. In [5], two different schemes are proposed—one with an adaptive state feedback controller and one with an adaptive feed forward controller .In the adaptive feedback formulation, the actual state is used to compute basis functions of a function approximator for parameter update and cancellation of nonlinearities. On the other hand, in the adaptive feed forward formulation, the desired state is used instead of the actual state. In [6], a neural network approach to on-line learning control and real time implementation is developed. The neural network learns control by updating feed forward dynamic based on feedback control input. The manipulator tracking error is reduced by 85% compared to conventional PID control. This approach possesses a high degree of generality and adaptability in various applications and will be a valuable method in learning control for robots working in unconstrained environments. In, [7] simulation and experimental results on the performance of neural network- based controllers for tip position tracking of flexible-link manipulators are presented. The controllers are designed by utilizing the modified output re-definition approach. The modified output re-definition approach requires only a priori knowledge about the linear model of the system and no a priori knowledge about the payload mass. In [8], a neural network controller is employed as a feedback controller to compute the torque needed by the manipulator system. The neural network is made up of two parts. A dynamic recurrent identification network is used to identify the output of the manipulator system, and a dynamic recurrent learning network is employed to automatically learn the weighting factor of the fuzzy logic controller and to compute a suitable value for correct operation of the fuzzy logic controller. In [9], it is shown that the velocity controlled actuator regulation and tracking performance is superior than torque controlled actuator of a flexible one-link robot. In this paper ANFIS control of flexible manipulator is taken up. The ANFIS controller is a combination of PID controller and fuzzy neural network controller that is adapted based on the output of PID controller [10]. 2. FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR The conventional approach to the design of an automatic control system often involves the construction of a mathematical model which best describes the dynamics behavior of the plant to be controlled, and the application of analytical techniques to this plant model to derive an appropriate control law. Usually, such a mathematical model consist of a set linear or non-linear differential equations, most of them are derived using some form of approximation and simplification. The traditional model-based control techniques break down, when a representative model is difficult to obtain due to uncertainty or sheer complexity. It is known that robot system is highly non-linear and heavily coupled system, and accurate mathematical model is difficult to obtain, thus it making difficult to control using conventional techniques. This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a single link flexible manipulator. The system is modeled by the Lagrange formulation and model expansion method.
  • 4. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 144 3. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR The manipulator is illustrated in fig. 1, and is modeled as a pinned-free flexible beam with payload at one end. The beam can bend freely in the horizontal plane but is considered stiff with respect to vertical bending and torsion. The model is developed using the Lagrange formulation and model expansion method. The length of the manipulator is assumed to be constant, and deformation due to shear, rotary inertia and the effects of axial forces are neglected. The moment of inertia about the hub O is denoted by ࢐௙ and ρ is the linear mass density. The arm has length l , and the payload mass is given by ‫ܯ‬௘. The control torque T is applied at the hub of the manipulator by way of the rotary actuator. The angular displacement of the manipulator, moving in the xOy plane, is denoted by θ . The width of the arm is assumed to be much greater than it’s the thickness, thus allowing it to vibrate dominantly in the horizontal direction. The shear deformation and rotary inertia effects are ignored. Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the flexible manipulator system For an angular displacement θ and an elastic deflection y(x,t) the total displacement u(x,t) of a point, measured at a distance x from the hub can be described as a function of the above, measured from the direction of Ox. (x, t) = u(x, t) +θ (t) x ............................. (1) The kinetic energy of the system can be written as ܶ ൌ 0.5 ݆୤ߠሶ ൅ 0.5 ‫׬‬ ቀ డ௬ డ௧ ൅ ‫ߠݔ‬ቁ ଶ ߩ‫ܣ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ ଵ ଴ ൅ 0.5‫ܯ‬ ቀ డ௬మ డ௫మቁ ଶ ...(2) In eqn. (2), the first term on the right hand side is due to the hub inertia, the second term is due to the rotation of the manipulator with respect to the origin, and the third term is due to the payload mass. The potential energy is related to the bending of manipulator. Since the width of the manipulator under consideration is assumed to be significantly larger than its thickness, the effects of the shear displacement can be neglected. In this way, the potential energy of the manipulator can be written as
  • 5. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 145 ܸ ൌ 0.5 ‫ܫܧ‬ ‫׬‬ ቀ డ௬మ డ௫మ ቁ ଶ ௧ ଴ ................. (3) where E is the modulus of the elasticity for the beam material, and I denote the second moment of area of the beam cross-section. The non-conservative work for the input torque T can be written as Wൌ ܶߠ ........................... (4) The Lagrangian for the system is formulated as L=T-V ......................... (5) To obtain the equation of the motion of the manipulator, Hamilton extended principle is used as described in eqn. (6) ‫׬‬ ሺ߲‫ܮ‬ ൅ ߲ܹሻ݀‫ݐ‬ ௧ଶ ௧ଵ ൌ 0 ................. (6) where t1 and t2 are two arbitrary times and w∂ represents virtual work. Manipulating Eqn. (1) - (6) yields the equation of motion of the manipulator as ‫ܫܧ‬ డర௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ డ௫ర ൅ ߩ‫ܣ‬ ቀ‫ߠݔ‬ሷ ൅ డమ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ డ௧మ ቁ ൌ 0 ............ (7) The dynamic equation of the manipulator is described as ‫ܬ‬௦ߠሷ ൅ ‫ܯ‬௘‫ܮ‬ డమ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ డ௧మ ൅ ߩ‫ܣ‬ ‫׬‬ డమ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ డ௧మ ݀‫ݔ‬ ௟ ଴ ൌ ܶ ....... (8) Where ‫ܬ‬௦ ൌ ‫ܬ‬௙‫ܯ‬௦‫ܮ‬ଶ ൅ ଵ ଷ ρA‫ܮ‬ଷ The corresponding boundary and initial conditions are given by ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ௔௧ ௫ୀ଴ ൌ 0; ݀‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ݀‫ݐ‬ ௔௧ ௫ୀ଴ ൌ 0 ‫ܫܧ‬ ߲ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ߲‫ݔ‬ଶ ௔௧ ௫ୀ଴ ൌ 0 ‫ܫܧ‬ డయ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ డ௫య ൌ ‫ܯ‬௘ డయ௬ሺ௫,௧ሻ డ௫య ௔௧ ௫ୀଵ ; ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ 0ሻ ൌ 0; ௗ௬ሺ௫,଴ሻ ௗ௫ ൌ 0 ..(9) Using the assumed mode method, the solution of the dynamic equation of motion of the manipulator can be obtained as linear combination of the product of the admissible function iφ (x) and the time-dependent generalized coordinates iq (t), as follows, where
  • 6. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 146 ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫,ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ∑ ߶௜ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ‫ݍ‬௜ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ௡ ௜ୀ଴ ............. (10) The admissible function iφ (x) also called the mode shape, is purely a function of the displacement along the length of the manipulator and iq (t) is purely a function of the time and includes an arbitrary, multiplicative constant. The parameter values for flexible manipulator are given in Table 1. Table 1 Parametric values for the flexible manipulator Physical parameter Symbol Value Length L 0.61 m Section area A 3×10-5 m2 Density Ρ 7.8×103 kg/m3 Young modulus E 200×109 N/m2 Second moment of area I 2.5×10-12 m4 Payload M 31.7×10-3 kg Moment of inertia of hub J 4.3×10-3 kg-m2 Substitution of eqn. (10) into eqn. (7) by apply boundary and initial conditions of eqn. (9), the following ordinary differential equations can be derived ‫ܬ‬௦ߠሷ ൅ ∑ ܽ௜ ௗమ௤ ௗ௧మ ௡ ௜ୀ଴ ൌ ܶ ....................... (11) ௗమ௤೔ ௗ௧మ ൅ ‫ݓ‬௜‫ݍ‬௜ ൅ ܾ௜ߠሷ ൌ 0 ................. (12) Where ‫ݓ‬௜ ଶ ൌ ఉ೔ ర ாூ ఘ஺ , ܽ௜ ൌ ଶఘ஺ ఉ೔ మ ܾ௜ ൌ ܽ௜ ሺ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻሾሺ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻ െ ߚ௜‫ܮ‬ሺ1 ൅ ܿ‫ߚݏ݋‬௜‫.ܮ‬ ܿ‫ߚ݄ݏ݋‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻሿ ߩ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ ൅ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻଶ െ 3‫ܯ‬௘ሺܿ‫ߚݏ݋‬௜‫.ܮ‬ ‫ߚ݊݅ݏ‬௜‫ܮ‬ െ ‫ߚ݄݊݅ݏ‬௜‫.ܮ‬ ܿ‫ߚ݄ݏ݋‬௜‫ܮ‬ሻଶ ߚ௜ denotes the frequency of vibration, which can be determined from the above using the boundary conditions. The frequencies for the first and second modes of vibration and the corresponding terms ߚ௜, ܽ௜, ܾ௜ are shown in table 2. Table 2 Mode dependent parameters Mode ߚ௜ ߱௜ ଶ ia ib 1 2.6178 1.0035×102 6.8292×10-2 4.4961×10-1 2 6.9626 5.0215×103 9.6539×10-3 2.2248×10-1
  • 7. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 147 If X is assumed as state space variables, ்ܺ ൌ ൣθ, θ,ሶ qଵ, qଵሶ , … … . . q୬, q୬ሶ ൧ and Y is assumed as the output, ்ܻ ൌ ሾθ, qଵ, … … . . q୬ሿ, eqn. (11) and eqn .(12) can be written as ‫ۏ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ۍ‬ ܺଵ ሶ ܺଶ ܺଷ ሶ ܺସ ሶ ሶ ‫ے‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ې‬ ൌ ‫ۏ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ۍ‬ 0 1 0 0 0 0 ௔ೢ೔ మ ௝ೞି௔೔௕೔ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ି௝ೞ௪೔ మ ௝ೞି௔೔௕೔ 0 ‫ے‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ې‬ ൦ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൪ ൅ ‫ۏ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ۍ‬ 0 ଵ ௝ೞି௔೔௕೔ 0 ି௕೔ ௝ೞି௔೔௕೔‫ے‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ې‬ ܶ........ (13) and ܻ ൌ ሾ1 0 1 0ሿ ൦ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൪ ............. (14) thus a fourth order model is considered as a system. 4. ANFIS CONTROLLER The fuzzy logic is closer in spirit to human thinking and natural language than conventional logical systems. This provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. The ability of fuzzy logic to handle imprecise and inconsistent real-world data made it suitable for a wide variety of applications. In particular, the methodology of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) appears very useful when the processes are too complex for analysis by conventional quantitative techniques or when the available sources of information are interpreted qualitatively, inexactly, or with uncertainty. Thus fuzzy logic control may be viewed as a step toward a rapprochement between conventional precise mathematical control and human – like decision making. One of the major problems in the not so widespread use of the fuzzy logic control is the difficulty of choice and design of membership functions to suit a given problem. A systematic procedure for choosing the type of membership function and the ranges of variables in the universe of discourse is still not available. Tuning of the fuzzy controller by trial and error is often necessary to get a satisfactory performance. However, the neural networks have the capability of identification of a system by which the characteristic features of a system can be extracted from the input output data. This learning capability of the neural network can be combined with the control capabilities of a fuzzy logic system resulting in a neuro- fuzzy inference system. Recently an adaptive neuro- fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been proposed [7] which has been shown to have very good data prediction capabilities. Adaptive network based fuzzy inference system serves as a basis for constructing a set of fuzzy if-then rules with appropriate membership functions to generate the stipulated input-output pairs. In this chapter, a Hybrid controller which is a combination of ANFIS and PID controller of the system is discussed. The architecture is referred to as ANFIS, which stands for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. The next section describes the architecture of ANFIS and how to decompose the parameter set to facilitate the hybrid learning rule for ANFIS architectures representing the Sugeno and Tsukamoto fuzzy models.
  • 8. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 148 4.1. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System System modeling based on conventional mathematical tools is not well suited for dealing with ill defined and uncertain systems. By contrast, a fuzzy inference system employing fuzzy if-then 'rules can model the qualitative aspects of the human knowledge and reasoning process without employing precise quantitative analyses. However, even today, no standard methods exist for transforming the human knowledge into the rule base and data base of fuzzy inference system. There is need for effective methods for tuning the membership functions so as to minimize the output error or maximize the performance index. ANFIS can serve as a basis for constructing set fuzzy ‘if-then’ rules with appropriate membership functions to generate the stipulated input-output pairs. Fundamentally, ANFIS is about taking an initial fuzzy inference system (FIS) and tuning it with back propagation algorithm based on collection of the input-output data. An adaptive network is a network structure consisting of a number of nodes connected through directional links. Each node represents a process unit, and the links between nodes specify the causal relationship between the connected nodes. All or parts of the nodes are adaptive, which means the outputs of these nodes depend on modifiable parameters pertaining to these nodes. The learning rule specifies how these parameters should be updated to minimize a prescribed error measure, which is a mathematical expression that measures the discrepancy between the network's actual output and a desired output. 4.2. ANFIS Architecture The ANFIS from topology point of view, an implementation of a representative fuzzy inference system using a BP neural network-like structure shown in fig. 2. It consists of five layers. Let ܱ௜ ଵ denotes the output of the node i in layer l, and xi is the i th input of the ANFIS ,i=1,2,3,...p. in layer1,there is a node function M associated with every node ܱ௜ ଵ ൌ ‫ܯ‬௜ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ሻ ......................... (15) The role of the node function M1, M2....Mq here is equal to that of the membership function µ(x) used in the regular fuzzy systems and q is the number of nodes for each input. Gaussian shape functions are the typical choices. The adjustable parameters that determine the positions and shapes of these node functions are referred to as his premise parameters. The output of very node in layer2 is the product of all the incoming signals. ܱ௜ ଶ ൌ ‫ܯ‬௜ሺ‫ݔ‬௜ሻ‫ܯܦܰܣ‬௝൫‫ݔ‬௝൯ ............... (16) Each node output represents the firing strength of the reasoning rules. In layer 3, each of these firing strengths of the rules is compared with the sum of all the firing strengths. Therefore, the normalized firing strengths are computed in this layer as ܱ௜ ଷ ൌ ை೔ మ ∑ ை೔ మ ................... (17) Layer 4 implements the sugeno-type inference system, i.e a linear combination of the input variables of the ANFIS,x1,x2,...xp plus a constant term c1,c2,c3...cp from the output of the each IF-THEN rule. The output of the node is a weighted sum of these intermediate outputs
  • 9. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 149 ܱ௜ ସ ൌ ܱ௜ ଷ ∑ ܲ௝‫ݔ‬௝ ൅ ܿ௝ ௣ ௝ୀଵ .................. (18) Where parameters P1, P2,...., Pp and c1 , c2 ......cp in this layer are referred to as the consequent parameters. The node in layer 5 produces the sum of its inputs i.e defuzzification process of the fuzzy system using weighted average method. ܱ௜ ହ ൌ ∑ ܱ௜ ସ ௝ ............... (19) Fig. 2 ANFIS Architecture 4.3. ANFIS Learning Algorithm The adaption process of the parameters of the ANFIS is divided in to two steps. For the first step of the consequent parameters training, the Least Square method is used, because the output of the ANFIS is a linear combination of the consequent parameters. The premise parameters are fixed at this step. After the consequent parameters have been adjusted, the approximation error is back-propagated through every layer to update the premise parameters as the second step. This part of the adaptation procedure is based on the gradient descent principle, which is same as the training of the BP neural network. The consequence parameters identified by the LS method are optimal in the sense of the squares under the condition that the premise parameters are fixed. Therefore this hybrid learning algorithm is more effective than the pure gradient decent approach, because it reduces the search space dimensions of the original back propagation method. The pure BP learning process could easily be trapped into local minima. When compared with employing either one of the above two methods individually, the ANFIS converges with a smaller number of iteration steps with its hybrid learning algorithm. In this paper an ANFIS structure with first order Sugeno model containing 49 rules are considered. Identification of consequent parameters are optimal under the condition that the premise parameters are fixed. Accordingly, the hybrid approach converges much faster since it reduces the search space dimensions of the original pure back-propagation method. Thus we should always look for the possibility of decomposing the parameter set in the first place.
  • 10. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 150 4.4. Membership functions and fuzzy rules Two of the difficulties with the design of any fuzzy control systems are the shape of the membership functions and choice of the fuzzy rules. In fact, the decision-making logic is the way in which the controller output is generated. It uses the input fuzzy sets, and the decision is taken according to the values of the inputs. Moreover, the knowledge base comprises knowledge of application domain and the attendant control goals. It consists of a database and a fuzzy control rule base. A control system is said to be an adaptive fuzzy control system if either a set of fuzzy rules are used to modify membership functions and/or rules. The fuzzification uses membership functions to determine the degree of inputs. The aim of control action is to minimize the rotation error. The higher the error, the higher the control input. However, the rate of change of error also affects the value of the control input. The fuzzification uses membership functions to determine the degree of inputs. The aim of control action is to minimize the rotation error. The higher the error, the higher the control input. However, the rate of change of error also affects the value of the control input. In the fuzzy logic controller, error is used in control rules as linguistic variables This is defined as: ....(20) In adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), number and type of membership functions are created by user. Then fuzzy inference system rule base is obtained automatically by ANFIS. Gauss type membership functions are used for fuzzy inputs in fuzzification process of the system. Sugeno type fuzzy inference system is adopted so these outputs by given training and checking data sets. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS In this paper simulation is done for two modes of operation of single flexible-link manipulator The reason for choosing two these modes is to show the controller conformance with different state of the plant. To eliminate the link vibrations at end point a controller which is combination of PID, LQR and ANFIS controller has been applied. The training of the ANFIS has been carried out by using adaptive learning algorithm. 5.1. Simulation Results of ANFIS Controller Fig. 3 Simulation diagram for ANFIS Controller
  • 11. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 151 Fig. 4 Step response (alpha) of the system with ANFIS Controller for mode 1 Fig. 5 Step response (theta) of the system with ANFIS controller for mode 1 Fig. 6 Step response (alpha) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 1 Fig. 7 Step response (theta) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 1 Fig. 8 Step response (alpha) of the system with ANFIS Controller for mode 2
  • 12. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 152 Fig. 9 Step response (theta) of the system with ANFIS Controller for mode 2 Fig. 3 is shown the simulation diagram for the ANFIS controller. The step response for alpha and theta of SFLM with ANFIS controller for mode1 method of frequency is shown in fig. 4 and fig. 5 respectively. The step response for alpha and theta of SFLM with disturbance ANFIS controller for mode1 method of frequency is shown in fig. 6 and fig. 7 respectively. The step response for alpha and theta of SFLM with ANFIS controller for mode2 method of frequency is shown in fig. 8 and fig. 9 respectively. The step response for alpha and theta of SFLM with disturbance ANFIS controller for mode2 method of frequency is shown in fig. 10 and fig. 11 respectively. Fig. 10 Step response (alpha) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 2 Fig. 11 Step response (theta) ANFIS controller with disturbance for mode 2 It is obvious that the response has no overshoot and at 2.1 sec system goes in to stable state and error is less than 1%. The amplitude level of vibrations has gone down to zero for mode 1 and about .0001 for mode 2.It is observed that the Hybrid controller has good adaption with the dynamics of the system.
  • 13. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 153 5.2. Comparison of the step response of different controllers Fig. 12 Step response of the system with different Controllers for mode 1 The step response for alpha of SFLM with different (PID, LQR and ANFIS) controllers for mode1 and mode2 method of frequency is shown in fig. 12 and fig. 13 respectively. Table 3 has shown the effectiveness of th ANFIS controller with respect to steady state error, maximum over shoot and settling time. It is clear that the PID controller doesn’t create a suitable step response for the system. Intense transient oscillation and high over shoot are the shortcoming of such controller. Moreover the parameters of this controller are constant, no adaption with system dynamical changes. It is clear that the vibrations of SLFM has been reduced using ANFIS controller. Fig. 13 Step response of the system with different Controllers for mode 2 Table 3 Comparison of performance of the system for different controllers Mode of Frequency Controller Steady State Error Maximum Over Shoot (Amps) Settling time (sec) Mode 1 PID Yes 1.4 15.2 LQR No 0 5.3 ANFIS No 0 1.5 Mode 2 PID Yes 1.58 19.5 LQR No 0 5.6 ANFIS No 0 2.7
  • 14. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 154 6. CONCLUSIONS ANFIS Control of a single flexible link manipulator (SFLM) has been investigated in this paper. It has been observed that the PID controller doesn’t create a suitable step response for the system. Intense transient oscillation and high over shoot are the shortcoming of such controller. Moreover the parameters of this controller are constant, no adaption with system dynamical changes. In LQR controller, even though there is no over shoot settling time is somewhat higher. With ANFIS control, the amplitude of oscillation around zero for mode 1 is about .001 and damp out after sometime, the amplitude of oscillation around zero for mode 2 is about 0.0025. Since the amplitude of oscillation persists and in order improves the transient response of the system, an ANFIS controller has been designed and simulated along with the system. It is clear that with ANFIS control the vibration of the single link flexible manipulator has been reduced. REFERENCES [1] M. H. Korayem and A. Basu, “Formulation and numerical solution of elastic robot dynamics motion with maximum load carrying capacity,” Robotica, Vol. 12, 1994, pp. 253- 261. [2] W. Cheng and J. T. Wen, “A neural controller for the tracking control of flexible arms,” IEEE International Conference on Neural Network, Vol. 2, 1993, pp. 749-754. [3] J. D. Donne and U. Ozguner, “Neural control of a flexible-link manipulator,” IEEE International Conference on Neural Network, Vol. 4, 1994, pp. 2327-2332. [4] C. H. Lee and C. C. Teng, “Identification and Control of dynamic systems using recurrent fuzzy neural networks,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2000, pp. 349- 366. [5] J. Nakanishi and S. Schaal, “Feedback error learning and nonlinear adaptive control,” Neural Network, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1453-1465. [6] R. Todd Newton and Yangsheng Xu, “Real-time implementation of Neural Network learning control in a flexible space manipulator,” IEEE International Conference Robotics Automation, 1993, pp. 135- 141. [7] Tain, L and C.collins, “Adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of a flexible manipulator,” Mechatronics, Vol. 15, No. 10, 2005, pp. 1305-1320. [8] D. E. Torfs, R. Vuerinckx, J. Sewevers and J. Schoukens, “Comparison of two feed forward design methods aiming at accurate trajectory racking of the end point of a flexible robot arm,” IEEE Transactions Control Systems, Vol. 6, No.1, 1998, pp. 2-14. [9] H. A. Talebi, K. Khorasani and R. V. Patel, “Neural network based control schemes for flexible-link manipulator: Simulations and experiments,” Neural networks, Vol. 11, No. 7- 8, 1998, pp. 1357-1377. [10] F. Farivar, M. Aliyari Shoorehdeli, M. Teshnehlab and M.A. Nekoui, “Hybrid control of flexible manipulator,” Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2009, pp. 639-650. [11] M.S.Sujatha and Dr M. Vijay Kumar, “Under Frequency Load Shedding for Energy Management using ANFIS/Case Study”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 93 - 104, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [12] Shimi S.L, Dr. Thilak Thakur, Dr. Jagdish Kumar, Dr. S Chatterji and Dnyaneshwar Karanjkar, “ANFIS Controller for Solar Powered Cascade Multilevel Inverter”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 234 - 240, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
  • 15. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME 155 AUTHORS Mallikarjunaiah S., Professor & Head of the Department, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chadalawada Ramanamma engineering college, Chadalawada Nagar, Renigunta Road, Tirupati-517506, Chittoor(Dist), Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Narayana Reddy S, Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupati – 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India