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International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
67
MANAGERIAL SKILLS IN DIGITAL EPOCH: LIBRARIAN’S ROLE &
COMPETENCY
Leela Dhar Mangi
Assistant Librarian at Sher-e-Kashmir-University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
and Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Jammu,
(Jammu & Kashmir)-180001
ABSTRACT
This paper attempts to highlight the ever changing and ever increasing requirement of
managerial skills due to digitization and technological changes and role of librarians in
fulfilling clientele’s information requirements in an epoch where university libraries are
highly influenced by the constant and rapid advancements in digitization and Information and
Communication Technology (ICT). Paper highlights that while keeping pace with
technological changes, university librarians have to play various roles and must acquire
managerial skills to perform these roles in a better way to live up to the expectations of
clientele community. Paper describes that continuous professional Development by acquiring
and adapting managerial skills is the hallmark for effectiveness of library services for
gratifying diverse information requirements of patrons. The present paper is simply a
discourse which revolves around the administration and management of university Libraries.
The study also reflects library managers should imbibe in administering these institutions
more efficiently with effective managerial skills. Often, Library administration is kept at
howl when it comes to academics for the fact university libraries are passively involved with
teaching, extension and research thereby most of the time contribution of libraries
disregarded among university academia. In universities, administration and academia are
correlated and go side by side. Library professionals since being part of university academia
should in no case be sidelined or let aside.
Keywords: Librarianship; Library Management; Library Administration; Human Resource
Management; University Library.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIBRARY AND
INFORMATION SCIENCE (IJLIS)
ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print)
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online)
Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), pp. 67-81
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJLIS.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.1389 (Calculated by GISI),
www.jifactor.com
IJLIS
© I A E M E
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
68
INTRODUCTION
Technological change refers to technology-driven changes, with special reference to
Information and communication technology (ICT) and its tools such as computers, internet,
email, e-resources, RFID, OPAC, Consortium, archive, repository, OA etc. used in university
libraries and information centers to provide better and instant services to user community
with in the least possible time. The rapidly changing information environment and constant
advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has influenced the way
libraries operate these days. Due to these enormous changes clientele’s information needs are
changing constantly and their expectations from libraries and library professionals are also
increasing day by day. These changing needs and increasing expectations are forcing library
and its professionals to restructure their role in order to cater the information needs of
technologically aware user community who wants up to date information in their respective
fields in real time. It has become necessary for university library professionals to understand
and adopt these technological changes at the earliest for their survival in the technological
environment and adapt managerial skill to administer libraries effectively. The article has
been carried out with the vision to analyze the various managerial attributes and aspects of
library profession, which in fact had been very much there since the origin of profession but
the realization towards horning the skill was somewhat absent. One can easily see, how
efficiently like any efficient manager a university librarian organizes knowledge and puts it to
use as per the expectations of library clientele. In the present digital epoch, as we know
services are entirely either based on technology or by managerial skills, and to have both has
become unavoidable for university librarians. Profession of librarianship has become
extremely challenging and to survive under the prevailing conditions and to make ones
presence felt is exceedingly difficult. In this paper we have tried to work out and assess the
managerial attributes of a library professional with special reference to University Libraries.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Information Technology (IT) has ushered in a variety of media that can help Library
and Information Managers (LIMs) in efficient and effective acquisition, organization and
dissemination of information. Electronic devices and e-resources have found increasing
acceptance in Library and Information Centers (LICs); Multimedia has shown much
potentials for LICs; and Information Networks have broken time and space barriers. At the
same time, LIMs are deluged with advice as to how to use this media to acquire and organize
learning resources and satisfy the complex and ever increasing information needs of their
clientele. (Raina, 2006)1
.
Information is a resource of enormous importance for economic, social and scientific
development. The economies of most developing countries are agriculture - based and the
free – flow of information can play a decisive role in the improvement of this sector. Access
to timely and accurate information can help policy and decision makers to make correct
decisions. On the contrary, decisions based on inaccurate, irrelevant, inadequate and obsolete
information could be disastrous (Wasserman, 1991)2
Information is a critical resource in its
operation and management of institution. Timely availability of relevant information is vital
for effective performance of managerial functions such as planning, organizing, leading and
controlling (Babu, 1997)3
. A well established and well designed information system to
facilitate decision making in various development projects is critical to the success of any
institution. To be successful any project requires efficient management of human and
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
69
material resources. This cannot be done unless accurate, timely and relevant information is
available to decision makers (Waheed, 1990)4
.
Michael Gorman (2000)5
defines librarian is a person who, after receiving a master's-
level education at an accredited school and on-the-job training, carries out one or more of the
tasks as Select the tangible object and electronic resources, acquire the selected materials and
electronic resources by the purchase, subscription or by gift, organize and give access,
preserve and conserve, assist library users, instruct library users, administer and manage the
library and its personnel, services and programs”.
It is very evident from the above quotes that how a library manager actually manages
the library with the provision of quality and efficient library services.
Peter Hill (2007)6
on clinical Librarians defines from 'Report of a National Review of
NHS Library Services in England that "Clinical Librarians seek to provide quality assured
information to health professionals at the point of need, to support clinical decision making".
This definition clearly signifies the importance of librarian as an efficient library manager.
Maryam Sarrafzadeh (2010)7
quoted that "Knowledge Management (KM) has given
library a new lease of life. Library is not going to be closed but have come up with a new
vision and quite quickly become very much appreciated and it is a leading player in the KM
field".
Pioneers of the management science like Peter Drucker, Paul Strassman, Ikujiro
Nonaka and Peter Senge (2008)8
have been emphasizing over the management activities ever
going in libraries having direct significance in information and knowledge management.
Krackhardt and Hanson (1993)9
believe "effective library managers will develop
skills in using each kind of network to collect and transfer organizational knowledge."
Townley (2001)10
discussed on knowledge management for academic libraries and
said Librarians can use knowledge management as a way to expand the library's role to
areas such as administration or support services, where libraries have had little impact in the
past.
Librarians have been associated with the business of knowledge management as they
have been always operating as intermediaries between haves and have-nots of knowledge but
the concept is being perceived as re-branding of Librarianship. (Sarrafzadeh, 2010)11
.
Singh and Pandita (2012)12
in their study entitled “Managerial Practices and
Librarianship” discussed about various managerial attributes of library professionals and
the roles they gel in while performing or rendering different kind of services to diverse
users.
OBJECTIVES OF MANAGERIAL PRACTICE
To view and assess the use of Management Practices in Library and information
Science Profession with the following objectives:
i) To work with the managerial attributes and aspects of Library profession;
ii) To apply the managerial techniques by working librarians and library professionals
while carrying out routine activities and providing services to library clientele;
iii) To assess the scope of Management in Library and Information science as whether
tools and techniques of management science need to be taught to LIS students during
their course work or some specialized course be introduced to do the needful;
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
70
iv) To draw a comparison between traditional and contemporary library services;
v) To help overcome the difficulties faced by working university librarians in smooth
functioning of libraries and information centers especially as administrative heads being
university / statutory officers.
DIVERSE INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
Today’s clientele want relevant and up to date information in their respective field’s
right at their desktop/laptop/palmtop just by clicking button. This trend has made them more
dependent on machines than human beings. Internet, WWW, search engines and online
access take them straight towards the information they require for their academic purpose.
They thought that they do not even need to visit libraries and library personnel. This has
made libraries and their personnel to think what strategies they should adopt to exist in near
future. The emergence of various technologies such as Multimedia, Digital libraries, Virtual
libraries, E-resources, development of consortia, online journals, DOI, OA, ETD, archives,
repositories, gateways, portals etc. have changed their information seeking behavior.
Continuous advances in information technology have invaded the Libraries and
Information Centers all over the world. With dynamic changes which are affecting the
business scenario, the day is not far off when every individual would be well informed. The
clientele of libraries in the 21st century will be on the increasing side. They may not like the
conventional manual system of operations. (Johnson and Sivaraman, 1998)13
The technology related factors are mostly responsible for the constantly varying
information requirements of the clientele. These constant changes require library
professionals to be competent enough to handle technology effectively and efficiently and
adapt managerial skills to provide them better services.
ICT Explosion and revolution: Technological revolution has placed the libraries in a
permanent transition period. It has changed the traditional ways of operating library.
Technology has revolutionized the ways a library serves to its users. Even users are very
familiar to these technologies as they are growing with it. They know how effectively these
technologies can be utilized for their survival in their respective fields by getting timely
information within least possible time. Libraries are fully appreciated by its users if they are
getting better services using these technologies.
Digital information environment: Information environment is constantly changing.
Technological revolution has created an electronic information environment where easy
transfer and exchange of information is possible through these technologies such as online
subscription through e-mail, e-alerts, etc. Users can easily have their kind of information right
on their desktops, laptops, mobiles, etc. This trend has made them more dependent on
technology.
Growth of internet and WWW: The immense explosive growth of internet and WWW has
made users addicted to technology as they can easily browse any kind of information of their
interest in any part of the world from anywhere over the network just by clicking mouse. This
has completely changed the users’ information seeking behavior. Users want free
subscription of full text on-line journals and e-books from their respected libraries so that
they can easily access it with little efforts.
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
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Easy accessibility of information: Users know that they can easily access information with
great speed using technologies rather than manual ways of getting information from libraries.
This attitude has also changed their information needs a lot. It not only saves their time but
they also get relevant information in their field of interest with latest updates and easy
accessibility.
ROLE OF LIBRARIAN
Librarians are challenged to provide greater information access and improved quality
service to the user community while coping with the pace of technological change and ever-
increasing and ever-changing needs and expectations of library users with in the budget limit.
A library is a storehouse of knowledge in various forms such as books, journals, etc. in print
and electronic format. The role of librarian is to disseminate knowledge in required format to
its users at the earliest. A librarian should be friendly and he should lay down emphasis on
innovation and should have tight control over all the activities of library while coordinating
them in an efficient and effective manner. According to Cooke (2011)14
, the most productive
and effective way for libraries to keep up with these changes brought about by the adoption
of ICT and digitization in library services is to seek out professional development
opportunities. Continuing professional development, according to Pharmaceutical Society of
Ireland (2013)15
, involves an ongoing cyclical process of continuous quality improvement
which allows professionals to learn and develop to meet their own personal and professional
needs and needs of their patrons.
In recent years the role of librarian has increased from traditional gatekeepers of
knowledge/information to that of manger, researcher, webrarian, marketing expert and
technocrat due to following challenges:
Growing size and complexity of information, need for optimum utilization of library
resources, rapid advancements in technology, emergence of internet and WWW, changing
information seeking behaviors of users, constantly increasing expectations of users,
emergence of innovative managerial skills, management theories, etc.
Raina(2006)16
in his paper ‘Continuing Professional Development Programmes
(CPDPs) for Professionals in the Area of information Technology: an Approach at IIML’
stresses that to equip Library and Information Managers with adequate know-how, they
should undergo the three day program designed in the area of “IT Applications” at Indian
Institute of Management, Lucknow (IIML). The programme was largely designed around the
following themes:
State-of-the art IT applications in LIS; Strategic implementation of IT in LICs through
a case study; Understand Networking and Internet Environment; Digital Library
Developments Initiatives; Developing E-resources and Consortia initiative’s; Web and the
world of Librarianship; Copyright , Human Resource, Policy Consideration and Management
issues, in the context of IT Applications in LICs.
After going through this course, a librarian can improve his managerial skill and ICT
skill a lot. He must join this programme for his professional development.
A Librarian has to keep users on top priority while planning and making any changes
in the library. He has to perform various roles to foster the constantly changing and
increasing demands of the library users. These roles are:
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
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Figure 1: Competency of University Librarian
LIBRARIAN AS A MANAGER
Librarian, who is considered as the manager of the library has to manage all the
activities of the library by planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling
them in a proper and systematic way to provide user oriented services.
As a manager, he has to manage basically following M’s in a library to facilitate user
oriented services. These M’s are:
Figure 2: Five M's managed by university librarian
MEN, here refers to library personnel, MACHINE refers to technology deployed in
library such as fax machine, Xerox machine, computers, printers, RFID technology etc.,
MATERIAL refers to all book and non-book material, METHODS refers to various
management theories and principles such as scientific theory, classical theory, management
principles laid down by Henri Fayol etc. and MONEY refers to various funds library needs to
handle various operations in the library.
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
73
NEED AND PURPOSE OF MANAGERIAL PRACTICE
Time and again it is being seen that library professionals are not being give the place
among academia which they deserve. It is always important to let contemporaries of other
sciences to have a clear understanding about the Library and Information Science along with
those of working librarian, and to do the needful responsibility always lies with working
librarians and teachers of library and information science. We can see, Library science as a
science has not grown manifold or the way it should have. Despite tireless efforts put in by
working professionals from time to time we have not been able to carve out a distinct place
for ourselves neither in society in general and peers of other sciences in particular.
Definitely LIS as on date has still to go a long way in accomplishing new heights and goals
and technology to this effect has come to us handy. It's our turn to make technology a great
tool to scale new heights. We need to harness and groom the upcoming students so as to
prepare them as good substitute of technological and management people. To let profession
scale new heights, need is to make presence of library and information professionals felt in
society. It is not that librarians are not doing good job, in fact they are doing the job at such
level where society has not reached as yet and need is to keep it going at the same pace and to
let everybody know this fact that how this science is distinct and imperative for social setup.
Since the study is a general overview of the professional competencies among working
librarians which for different reasons never get recognized especially by the administrators
of institutions or organizations. This way we believe some where this may help a great deal
in overcoming the difficulties faced by library professionals to smoothen functioning of
libraries.
LIBRARIANSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
A good number of countries have already recognized this course as Library and
Information Management, perhaps for reasons, every activity involved with the library
profession is managerial in nature, so by no means it won't be inappropriate if we work on
changing the nomenclature of the subject to Library and Information Management. Librarian
as a collective administrative head is responsible for conducting and managing the affairs of
an institutional library.
Librarian remains always busy in seeking out new ways and means to attain short
and long term objectives of the organization in general and library in particular. Librarians
as able managers have already helped in letting libraries to reach a stage of self sustenance.
Till recent past we used to learn that libraries are non-profit making institutions, but of the
late we can say that libraries have reached to the stage of self-sustenance. A librarian as on
date is enough capable to run a library as a self sustaining unit and the day will not be far
when we can see libraries as profit making institutions and this all will be possible only with
the help of competent library management team.
Librarians are expected to do lot many things, most of the time they are assigned
responsibility with out authority, while as everybody knows that responsibility without
authority is meaningless. To fix responsibility with a person without giving one authority of
choosing the course of action to execute things is futile and pointless. Management is about
delegation of authority at each individual level of hierarchy so that results can be achieved in
desired manner.
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
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LIBRARIAN'S COMPETENCY
Specific duties of a librarian vary considerably depending on the collection size,
services and type of library. Olivia Crosby (2000)17
described librarians as "Information
experts in the information age".
Librarian as a Library Manager should spearhead and be responsible in the overall
implementation of the knowledge initiatives and its Preservation in Public, School,
Academic, Archives, Special Libraries. Raja Abdullah Yaacob, Adnan Jamaluddin,
Kamaruzaman Jusoff maintain that Role of a librarian in Identification of Knowledge
involves discovery of existing knowledge; acquisition of knowledge; creation of new
knowledge; storage and organization of knowledge and sharing of knowledge.
Librarian as a knowledge manager has to play role in championing, educating users,
educating management team, measuring impacts of KM, mapping existing knowledge,
defragmenting scattered knowledge and creating technology channels. In addition, a librarian
has to embark on the tasks of, supporting ICT and eliminating knowledge flow gaps, creating
knowledge sharing culture, identifying knowledge gaps, supporting group or team work, and
diffusing best practices, Yaacob (2010)18
. Davenport (1998)19
in the same vain categorized
KM into four broad types of perspectives, namely to create knowledge repositories, improve
knowledge access and transfer, enhance the knowledge environment and manage knowledge
as an asset and to recognize the value of knowledge to an organization.
MANAGERIAL SKILLS OF A LIBRARIAN
Activities which a University librarian should performs as an efficient library manger
are briefly outlined below:
A Thinker: Librarian as a thinker has to be prognostic in his outlook, with adequate
managerial attributes librarian has to always look beyond horizon so as to take very good care
of the aspirations and needs of library clientele. He has to be in position to understand and
extend his thinking ability beyond the present library situation for better services in future. As
a thinker he is required to give due consideration to what his clientele think of. He has to be
creative and problem solving.
A Strategist: Librarian as a strategist remains always busy in seeking out new ways and
means to provide improved quality services to its clientele, especially when taken the case of
present day service oriented world, where nobody can afford to overlook even a minutest
issue. As a strategist, librarian always looks for adding latest sources of information to its
collection, seeks partnerships, seeks sponsors, seeks funding agencies and many more only
with one motive to provide improvised services.
An Architect: One has got every reason to lavish praise over seeing a beautiful library
edifice but there is no need to get surprised if one comes to know that the same edifice has
been designed by a working librarian. It is always the architectural qualities of a librarian,
what drags a professional architect to him for his expert opinion/advice, without which It
is never possible to have a library building with all prerequisites. Every time an architect is
assigned of job to design a library, the first thing an architect does is, he pays a visit to
librarian, as knows without consulting a librarian it is not possible to build a library which
will suffice all library activities and services. It is librarian who always projects the growth
for next 50 to 60 years along with other requisites needed in smooth functioning of a library
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
75
over the period of time. As far as the outer structure of library is considered architect has a
good say, but when taken the case of internal adjustments, like creations of sections, spaces,
furniture and fixtures everything rests with the librarian as such he is the real architect of the
library building.
A Coordinator: A librarian is always aimed to develop coordination among different
sections of the library so that activities and services of library may receive a boost. The
hierarchal structure, both vertical and horizontal comprising of subordinates and super-
ordinates at each step, is through whom librarian gets job done. It is very important to see
to it as whether all the different constituents of a system are working in coordination with
each other and in case any of the links among different units of a system is missing the
system is deemed to collapse. It is always a librarian who like a good manager has to ensure
coordination of among all units of library system.
Growth and development of a profession directly depends on how far the people
engaged with profession are contributing towards it. Contribution of a professional in
profession goes a long way in carrying forward and meeting the aspirations of both seeker of
information and its provider. The more we contribute to growth of a profession the more we
are contributing to growth of society. A Library professional also acts as a contributor to his
profession by working out various ways and means to enhance the professional competence.
Whether we talk of introducing technology into profession, innovating new methods of
providing generalized and specialized services to its clientele. Towards professional
development a working librarian keeps always contributing one or the other way and does not
act as watchdog, the untrue notion which people often have, over the activities and services
provided by his colleagues.
A Builder: University Librarian as a builder can be seen at each stage of the growth and
development of each individual university library. Indeed library profession is rolling and
library professionals keep on shifting from organization to another every now and then, futile
to say for the want of better opportunities, service conditions which comes their way, still we
can find each new incumbent tries his level best to contribute to build the university library
the way they can. It won't be out of context to mention that each professional puts some
building blocks his way to structure, as such acts as a true builder.
A Sensor: Keeping in view the changing global order, where we can see that policies,
programmes, techniques and skills of one country can be used effectively in another country.
It becomes vital for a library professional to keep track of all the latest developments of
profession at global front, and to make a good use of such changes, a librarian must be good
at gathering and shifting information, interpreting the implications and predicting a range of
feasible outcomes.
A Scanner: When taken the case of special libraries we can say that a librarian acts as a
scanner, he every time keeps a constant eye on the developments of their specialized subject
or the project with which one is associated. A librarian as a specialist makes it sure to scan
for specialized information worldwide. A librarian can serve as a scanner with the perspective
to expertise and detect trends to move knowledge across boundaries. A librarian can
transform piecemeal information into strategic intelligence.
A Leader: Job of a librarian as leader is not that easy what it may seem by far. A library as
an individual institution like any other institutions do remains spread both vertically and
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
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horizontally and librarian as a leader has to ensure that each section and unit of library at each
level of hierarchy is working as per desired manner. A modern day library believes in
hierarchal structure of functioning and we can see most of the libraries are having and
working under Top, Middle, Lower and Operational levels of management. Qualities of a
good leader are not only that he will be able to make people work but also has to develop and
involve a sense of belongingness among workers, encourage them, taking care of their
professional and personal commitments, develop “we” feeling with team spirit. Job of a
librarian invites all these and many more things.
An Innovator: A Library professional needs to be innovative inherently keeping in view the
number of problems one can face during routine library services. Innovation always comes
handy in overcoming these difficulties. Apart from this innovation is also named as key to
success and to be a successful library professional one has to develop the trait of being more
and more innovative. It is the innovation of a person over which every other managerial
attribute depends. This is one of the most important component which helps in transforming a
simple professional into a successful master.
A Human Resource Manager: Preparing incumbents to replace outgoing professionals is
equally important. It is very difficult to have exact substitute of a person but still efforts
should be made to groom incumbent in such a way that with the passage of time s/he may fit
to the shoes of replaced one. In most of the organizations it has been observed that younger
professionals do not prepare their replacements, mostly because they fear this may decrease
their importance in organization. Apprehensions of this sort if drawn among some people in
some organizations may perhaps be right but fact also remains that it is not the solution of the
problem, sooner or later one has to do it and doing the same at an appropriate stage is more
important.
Librarians do have to ensure that their subordinates be groomed to become their good
replacements. Training and education among professionals should be made a routine affair
and opportunities and exposure to execute work of higher order be provided to subordinates
from time to time.
A Technocrat: A librarian as a technocrat is a technical expert, especially one in a
management or administrative position. He is a member of a highly skilled elite group. He
must possess special knowledge or ability to perform skillfully. (Srinath, 2005)20
. Librarian
as a technocrat can make plans for the betterment of the library and its users with the support
of library staff. A librarian with good leadership and administrative skills can get better
support from the staff.
A Webrarian: A librarian as a webrarian can be defined as “a person who is an expert at not
only finding information on the World Wide Web, but also at prioritizing, organizing, and
cataloguing that information”. (http://www.wordspy.com/words/Webrarian.asp). He can also
be termed as cybrarian. He should have sound knowledge of accessing web resources and
various web resources available in different fields as today’s users want maximum
information just by sitting at their desktop. He can subscribe consortia based e-resources for
the benefit of the users so that they can easily access full text articles in their respective
fields. As a webrarian, he must keep the library websites up to date. For this purpose he must
have the knowledge of creating and uploading the web pages which needs thorough
understanding of HTML, XTML, TIFF, etc.
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
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A Guide: A librarian can help library users in locating information with in the least possible
time by guiding them how to exploit resources of the library through the user education
programme at regular intervals. He can take them straight way to the information they
required using CAS/SDI services. Librarian should organize training programs related to
formulating the query, identifying the important concepts, keywords, Boolean searches, OA
portals, subject gateways, consortium, online-access, etc.
A Researcher: Librarian can act as a researcher by constantly involving himself in learning
process. It helps him to cop up with all the changes or developments taken place in the field
of library profession. It is essential not only for his professional development but also to keep
him abreast of latest information in his area.
A Marketing expert: A librarian should establish a right link between users and resources
available in the library. For this users are required to be fully aware of the library services and
products. To make users aware of the services and products librarian should possess the
quality of salesman who encourages maximum utilization of resources by marketing the wide
range of information available in various formats in the library. Marketing not only makes
users aware of what library has to offer them but also attracts non-users to the library. This
way he is capable of meeting the complex information requirement of the users to a great
extent as well as maximize utilization of library services and products.
SKILLS OF LIBRARIAN
To perform the above said major roles a librarian must possess following skills:
Professional skikll: Professional skill consists of professional degrees in the field of Library
and Information Science. Some universities or institutes deploy incharge librarian having
degrees in other fields instead of appointing fully paid librarian. This trend should be stopped
as only Library and Information Science professionals can run libraries better in real sense. A
librarian must acquire these professional degrees to have a thorough knowledge of routine
work of library. He must also have sound knowledge of management theories and principles
to perform managerial functions.
ICT skill: The librarian must be techno-savvy so that he can handle ICT tools in order to
provide information access to the users well in time. It requires librarian to have the ability in
using the equipment, techniques, and procedures to perform specific tasks such as online
access of information using WWW, OPAC, e-mail etc. He should also be competent enough
to create library databases according to users’ requirements and library management software
according to his library environment. This requires librarian to acquire specialized knowledge
regarding Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and technical know-how of
internet and WWW. It is essential to meet the daily demands of today’s user community
quickly using these techniques. Librarian must learn to access, analyze, evaluate and
disseminate information using technologies to meet the changing needs of the user
community.
Human Relation skill: It is essential for librarian to maintain good human relation with user
and other staff of the library to win their support, favors and co-operation to run library
effectively and efficiently. This not only helps him to understand the feelings of the library
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
78
users and staff but also the needs of the library users and problems faces by the staff while
performing their duties.
Managerial skill: This refers to the ability to visualize the library as a whole. It requires
imagination, broad knowledge and the mental capacity to conceive ideas to face any
challenge that come across. PODSCORB primarily managerial functions are essentially
prerequisite for a university librarian to be competent.
Personal skill: Beside all above skill a librarian must have some personal skill to lead other
library personnel successfully and win library users’ confidence. He must be a good leader,
self confident and intelligent to put examples for others. He must be of open mind and
adaptive to new ideas for the well being of library and its users. He should have a good
foresight to meet challenges. He should have the ability to handle difficult situations and
must be a constant vigilant to know what is happening around him.
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Role of Libraries and librarians have changed manifold, librarians are being looked as
library mangers, who are actively involved in Information and Knowledge management
activity. This in turn has doubled the responsibility of library professionals not only by way
of meeting the expectations of the information seekers but do have to learn nitty-gritty of
managerial activity and need to update, by undergoing management training courses.
Apart from carrying out routine activities, a modern day library professional needs to
get engaged actively into research activities related to growth and development of profession.
A working librarian is always in better position to assess the changed needs and requirements
of profession for its sustenance and survival. Working professionals are constant and
continuous researchers as they every time keep on trying new things and practices just to
facilitate and enhance services to clientele in better and broader way. The Conference Board
study find out (Lawler & Boudreau, 2012)21
that the priorities of the Human Relation
profession have not changed very much over decades (the definition and achievement of the
“strategic partner” role remains elusive). Human Relation has made progress in transactional
areas and in improving Human Relation efficiency, but both studies suggest that business unit
leaders outside the Human Relation profession (such as librarianship) view Human Relation
as relatively lagging in performance on more strategic roles (Boudreau & Lawler, 2014)22
.
Similarly, the 2013 study of critical human capital issues by i4cp found that six of the top 10
issues were the same over the past four years. They concluded that since 1986 “year to year
comparisons of the study show that the urgency of these issues is growing but the ability of
HR organizations to effectively deal with them has stalled or deteriorated” (DiRomualdo,
2013)23
.
It would be more appropriate to introduce a full-fledged management paper in the
syllabi of library and information students both at Bachelors and Masters level. Schools
offering two years integrated Masters Degree in LIS can have or introduce desired numbers
of choice based credit courses of management in Library and information science.
In this ever and fast changing service oriented world library and information
professionals are bound to follow the suit. We should remember that it is not the server who
changes the taste of users but it is always the users who not just expects better services but
also demands; such is the kind of yearning among the modern day library clientele. Need is,
library and information professionals should every time be ready to combat any type of
information calamity or eventuality.
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
79
CONCLUSION
The revolution in ICT and its tools has brought in a sea change the way information is
stored, the way users seeks information and access it and the way a librarian perform his role.
In the present scenario Librarians needs to restructure their role by playing the role of an
efficient manager, a perfect guide, researcher and teacher and a curious technocrat and a
marketing expert. He needs to possess various technical, conceptual and managerial skills in
order to meet the information needs of user in an efficient and effective way. He must remain
in constant touch with all the latest developments in technologies in the context of Library
and Information Science field. If he has to make users feel his presence in acquiring
information relevant to them, he must learn to access, analyze, evaluate and disseminate
information using technologies to the right user at the right time and right place with in the
least possible time. Librarian needs to transform its role from traditional custodians of
information to creator of information in a planned and systematic way and disseminate it
through proper channels among user community to meet their constantly changing
information needs. Library professionals are the managers in their own way, they had been
managing university libraries and providing efficient library services to clientele since ages
but never ever got rated as good managers. Till recent past library professional were unaware
of their managerial trait and skill which they inherently develop and attain through the period
of time in their profession. University Librarians till date had been covert and salient mangers
but of the late they have realized of this attribute in them as such have started making it their
main weapon of handling operations and services in their expected field. With regard to
scope of management science in the field of library and information science it becomes very
much evident from the above discussion that management as on date may not have gained
that much ground but definitely the pace with which tools of management especially the
human relations are being applied in carrying out activities and delivering services in libraries
is quite note worthy. Students of library and information science need to be trained with
managerial skills during their course of study as this will pave a better future to them with
high moral prospects. Need is to introduce management Science as a full-fledged subject in
library science with desired number of credits. Apart from this skill horning workshops be
organized from time to time by various library association in and outside India. All these and
many more innovative things can be done to enhance competence and performance of library
professionals as managers of library in present digital epoch. While drawing comparison
between traditional and contemporary library services we may not find that significant
difference except, handling of information with the help of technology what we call
Information Technology (IT) covering digital and electronic sources. Besides in modern day
library activities and services we are well aware of managerial practices applied in
library profession while as same was also in place in conventional libraries but people had
not assessed the presence of managerial tools and techniques in their routine activities.
With the application of tools like ICT and Management in routine library activities library
professionals have grown as able administrators, as such we can see university librarians
today are being assigned with all type of tasks and are actively involved in decision making
process of institutions and organizations. Days are gone when library professionals were
assigned responsibility without authority which used to be insignificant. Now-a-days we can
see librarians are given assignments with complete authority in executing things the way they
deem appropriate.
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print),
ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME
80
REFERENCES
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[18] Yaacob, R.A., Jamaluddinm, A. & Jusoff, K. (2010). Knowledge Management and
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  • 1. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 67 MANAGERIAL SKILLS IN DIGITAL EPOCH: LIBRARIAN’S ROLE & COMPETENCY Leela Dhar Mangi Assistant Librarian at Sher-e-Kashmir-University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology and Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Jammu, (Jammu & Kashmir)-180001 ABSTRACT This paper attempts to highlight the ever changing and ever increasing requirement of managerial skills due to digitization and technological changes and role of librarians in fulfilling clientele’s information requirements in an epoch where university libraries are highly influenced by the constant and rapid advancements in digitization and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Paper highlights that while keeping pace with technological changes, university librarians have to play various roles and must acquire managerial skills to perform these roles in a better way to live up to the expectations of clientele community. Paper describes that continuous professional Development by acquiring and adapting managerial skills is the hallmark for effectiveness of library services for gratifying diverse information requirements of patrons. The present paper is simply a discourse which revolves around the administration and management of university Libraries. The study also reflects library managers should imbibe in administering these institutions more efficiently with effective managerial skills. Often, Library administration is kept at howl when it comes to academics for the fact university libraries are passively involved with teaching, extension and research thereby most of the time contribution of libraries disregarded among university academia. In universities, administration and academia are correlated and go side by side. Library professionals since being part of university academia should in no case be sidelined or let aside. Keywords: Librarianship; Library Management; Library Administration; Human Resource Management; University Library. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE (IJLIS) ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print) ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), pp. 67-81 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJLIS.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.1389 (Calculated by GISI), www.jifactor.com IJLIS © I A E M E
  • 2. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 68 INTRODUCTION Technological change refers to technology-driven changes, with special reference to Information and communication technology (ICT) and its tools such as computers, internet, email, e-resources, RFID, OPAC, Consortium, archive, repository, OA etc. used in university libraries and information centers to provide better and instant services to user community with in the least possible time. The rapidly changing information environment and constant advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has influenced the way libraries operate these days. Due to these enormous changes clientele’s information needs are changing constantly and their expectations from libraries and library professionals are also increasing day by day. These changing needs and increasing expectations are forcing library and its professionals to restructure their role in order to cater the information needs of technologically aware user community who wants up to date information in their respective fields in real time. It has become necessary for university library professionals to understand and adopt these technological changes at the earliest for their survival in the technological environment and adapt managerial skill to administer libraries effectively. The article has been carried out with the vision to analyze the various managerial attributes and aspects of library profession, which in fact had been very much there since the origin of profession but the realization towards horning the skill was somewhat absent. One can easily see, how efficiently like any efficient manager a university librarian organizes knowledge and puts it to use as per the expectations of library clientele. In the present digital epoch, as we know services are entirely either based on technology or by managerial skills, and to have both has become unavoidable for university librarians. Profession of librarianship has become extremely challenging and to survive under the prevailing conditions and to make ones presence felt is exceedingly difficult. In this paper we have tried to work out and assess the managerial attributes of a library professional with special reference to University Libraries. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Information Technology (IT) has ushered in a variety of media that can help Library and Information Managers (LIMs) in efficient and effective acquisition, organization and dissemination of information. Electronic devices and e-resources have found increasing acceptance in Library and Information Centers (LICs); Multimedia has shown much potentials for LICs; and Information Networks have broken time and space barriers. At the same time, LIMs are deluged with advice as to how to use this media to acquire and organize learning resources and satisfy the complex and ever increasing information needs of their clientele. (Raina, 2006)1 . Information is a resource of enormous importance for economic, social and scientific development. The economies of most developing countries are agriculture - based and the free – flow of information can play a decisive role in the improvement of this sector. Access to timely and accurate information can help policy and decision makers to make correct decisions. On the contrary, decisions based on inaccurate, irrelevant, inadequate and obsolete information could be disastrous (Wasserman, 1991)2 Information is a critical resource in its operation and management of institution. Timely availability of relevant information is vital for effective performance of managerial functions such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling (Babu, 1997)3 . A well established and well designed information system to facilitate decision making in various development projects is critical to the success of any institution. To be successful any project requires efficient management of human and
  • 3. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 69 material resources. This cannot be done unless accurate, timely and relevant information is available to decision makers (Waheed, 1990)4 . Michael Gorman (2000)5 defines librarian is a person who, after receiving a master's- level education at an accredited school and on-the-job training, carries out one or more of the tasks as Select the tangible object and electronic resources, acquire the selected materials and electronic resources by the purchase, subscription or by gift, organize and give access, preserve and conserve, assist library users, instruct library users, administer and manage the library and its personnel, services and programs”. It is very evident from the above quotes that how a library manager actually manages the library with the provision of quality and efficient library services. Peter Hill (2007)6 on clinical Librarians defines from 'Report of a National Review of NHS Library Services in England that "Clinical Librarians seek to provide quality assured information to health professionals at the point of need, to support clinical decision making". This definition clearly signifies the importance of librarian as an efficient library manager. Maryam Sarrafzadeh (2010)7 quoted that "Knowledge Management (KM) has given library a new lease of life. Library is not going to be closed but have come up with a new vision and quite quickly become very much appreciated and it is a leading player in the KM field". Pioneers of the management science like Peter Drucker, Paul Strassman, Ikujiro Nonaka and Peter Senge (2008)8 have been emphasizing over the management activities ever going in libraries having direct significance in information and knowledge management. Krackhardt and Hanson (1993)9 believe "effective library managers will develop skills in using each kind of network to collect and transfer organizational knowledge." Townley (2001)10 discussed on knowledge management for academic libraries and said Librarians can use knowledge management as a way to expand the library's role to areas such as administration or support services, where libraries have had little impact in the past. Librarians have been associated with the business of knowledge management as they have been always operating as intermediaries between haves and have-nots of knowledge but the concept is being perceived as re-branding of Librarianship. (Sarrafzadeh, 2010)11 . Singh and Pandita (2012)12 in their study entitled “Managerial Practices and Librarianship” discussed about various managerial attributes of library professionals and the roles they gel in while performing or rendering different kind of services to diverse users. OBJECTIVES OF MANAGERIAL PRACTICE To view and assess the use of Management Practices in Library and information Science Profession with the following objectives: i) To work with the managerial attributes and aspects of Library profession; ii) To apply the managerial techniques by working librarians and library professionals while carrying out routine activities and providing services to library clientele; iii) To assess the scope of Management in Library and Information science as whether tools and techniques of management science need to be taught to LIS students during their course work or some specialized course be introduced to do the needful;
  • 4. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 70 iv) To draw a comparison between traditional and contemporary library services; v) To help overcome the difficulties faced by working university librarians in smooth functioning of libraries and information centers especially as administrative heads being university / statutory officers. DIVERSE INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS Today’s clientele want relevant and up to date information in their respective field’s right at their desktop/laptop/palmtop just by clicking button. This trend has made them more dependent on machines than human beings. Internet, WWW, search engines and online access take them straight towards the information they require for their academic purpose. They thought that they do not even need to visit libraries and library personnel. This has made libraries and their personnel to think what strategies they should adopt to exist in near future. The emergence of various technologies such as Multimedia, Digital libraries, Virtual libraries, E-resources, development of consortia, online journals, DOI, OA, ETD, archives, repositories, gateways, portals etc. have changed their information seeking behavior. Continuous advances in information technology have invaded the Libraries and Information Centers all over the world. With dynamic changes which are affecting the business scenario, the day is not far off when every individual would be well informed. The clientele of libraries in the 21st century will be on the increasing side. They may not like the conventional manual system of operations. (Johnson and Sivaraman, 1998)13 The technology related factors are mostly responsible for the constantly varying information requirements of the clientele. These constant changes require library professionals to be competent enough to handle technology effectively and efficiently and adapt managerial skills to provide them better services. ICT Explosion and revolution: Technological revolution has placed the libraries in a permanent transition period. It has changed the traditional ways of operating library. Technology has revolutionized the ways a library serves to its users. Even users are very familiar to these technologies as they are growing with it. They know how effectively these technologies can be utilized for their survival in their respective fields by getting timely information within least possible time. Libraries are fully appreciated by its users if they are getting better services using these technologies. Digital information environment: Information environment is constantly changing. Technological revolution has created an electronic information environment where easy transfer and exchange of information is possible through these technologies such as online subscription through e-mail, e-alerts, etc. Users can easily have their kind of information right on their desktops, laptops, mobiles, etc. This trend has made them more dependent on technology. Growth of internet and WWW: The immense explosive growth of internet and WWW has made users addicted to technology as they can easily browse any kind of information of their interest in any part of the world from anywhere over the network just by clicking mouse. This has completely changed the users’ information seeking behavior. Users want free subscription of full text on-line journals and e-books from their respected libraries so that they can easily access it with little efforts.
  • 5. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 71 Easy accessibility of information: Users know that they can easily access information with great speed using technologies rather than manual ways of getting information from libraries. This attitude has also changed their information needs a lot. It not only saves their time but they also get relevant information in their field of interest with latest updates and easy accessibility. ROLE OF LIBRARIAN Librarians are challenged to provide greater information access and improved quality service to the user community while coping with the pace of technological change and ever- increasing and ever-changing needs and expectations of library users with in the budget limit. A library is a storehouse of knowledge in various forms such as books, journals, etc. in print and electronic format. The role of librarian is to disseminate knowledge in required format to its users at the earliest. A librarian should be friendly and he should lay down emphasis on innovation and should have tight control over all the activities of library while coordinating them in an efficient and effective manner. According to Cooke (2011)14 , the most productive and effective way for libraries to keep up with these changes brought about by the adoption of ICT and digitization in library services is to seek out professional development opportunities. Continuing professional development, according to Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland (2013)15 , involves an ongoing cyclical process of continuous quality improvement which allows professionals to learn and develop to meet their own personal and professional needs and needs of their patrons. In recent years the role of librarian has increased from traditional gatekeepers of knowledge/information to that of manger, researcher, webrarian, marketing expert and technocrat due to following challenges: Growing size and complexity of information, need for optimum utilization of library resources, rapid advancements in technology, emergence of internet and WWW, changing information seeking behaviors of users, constantly increasing expectations of users, emergence of innovative managerial skills, management theories, etc. Raina(2006)16 in his paper ‘Continuing Professional Development Programmes (CPDPs) for Professionals in the Area of information Technology: an Approach at IIML’ stresses that to equip Library and Information Managers with adequate know-how, they should undergo the three day program designed in the area of “IT Applications” at Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (IIML). The programme was largely designed around the following themes: State-of-the art IT applications in LIS; Strategic implementation of IT in LICs through a case study; Understand Networking and Internet Environment; Digital Library Developments Initiatives; Developing E-resources and Consortia initiative’s; Web and the world of Librarianship; Copyright , Human Resource, Policy Consideration and Management issues, in the context of IT Applications in LICs. After going through this course, a librarian can improve his managerial skill and ICT skill a lot. He must join this programme for his professional development. A Librarian has to keep users on top priority while planning and making any changes in the library. He has to perform various roles to foster the constantly changing and increasing demands of the library users. These roles are:
  • 6. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 72 Figure 1: Competency of University Librarian LIBRARIAN AS A MANAGER Librarian, who is considered as the manager of the library has to manage all the activities of the library by planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling them in a proper and systematic way to provide user oriented services. As a manager, he has to manage basically following M’s in a library to facilitate user oriented services. These M’s are: Figure 2: Five M's managed by university librarian MEN, here refers to library personnel, MACHINE refers to technology deployed in library such as fax machine, Xerox machine, computers, printers, RFID technology etc., MATERIAL refers to all book and non-book material, METHODS refers to various management theories and principles such as scientific theory, classical theory, management principles laid down by Henri Fayol etc. and MONEY refers to various funds library needs to handle various operations in the library.
  • 7. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 73 NEED AND PURPOSE OF MANAGERIAL PRACTICE Time and again it is being seen that library professionals are not being give the place among academia which they deserve. It is always important to let contemporaries of other sciences to have a clear understanding about the Library and Information Science along with those of working librarian, and to do the needful responsibility always lies with working librarians and teachers of library and information science. We can see, Library science as a science has not grown manifold or the way it should have. Despite tireless efforts put in by working professionals from time to time we have not been able to carve out a distinct place for ourselves neither in society in general and peers of other sciences in particular. Definitely LIS as on date has still to go a long way in accomplishing new heights and goals and technology to this effect has come to us handy. It's our turn to make technology a great tool to scale new heights. We need to harness and groom the upcoming students so as to prepare them as good substitute of technological and management people. To let profession scale new heights, need is to make presence of library and information professionals felt in society. It is not that librarians are not doing good job, in fact they are doing the job at such level where society has not reached as yet and need is to keep it going at the same pace and to let everybody know this fact that how this science is distinct and imperative for social setup. Since the study is a general overview of the professional competencies among working librarians which for different reasons never get recognized especially by the administrators of institutions or organizations. This way we believe some where this may help a great deal in overcoming the difficulties faced by library professionals to smoothen functioning of libraries. LIBRARIANSHIP AND MANAGEMENT A good number of countries have already recognized this course as Library and Information Management, perhaps for reasons, every activity involved with the library profession is managerial in nature, so by no means it won't be inappropriate if we work on changing the nomenclature of the subject to Library and Information Management. Librarian as a collective administrative head is responsible for conducting and managing the affairs of an institutional library. Librarian remains always busy in seeking out new ways and means to attain short and long term objectives of the organization in general and library in particular. Librarians as able managers have already helped in letting libraries to reach a stage of self sustenance. Till recent past we used to learn that libraries are non-profit making institutions, but of the late we can say that libraries have reached to the stage of self-sustenance. A librarian as on date is enough capable to run a library as a self sustaining unit and the day will not be far when we can see libraries as profit making institutions and this all will be possible only with the help of competent library management team. Librarians are expected to do lot many things, most of the time they are assigned responsibility with out authority, while as everybody knows that responsibility without authority is meaningless. To fix responsibility with a person without giving one authority of choosing the course of action to execute things is futile and pointless. Management is about delegation of authority at each individual level of hierarchy so that results can be achieved in desired manner.
  • 8. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 74 LIBRARIAN'S COMPETENCY Specific duties of a librarian vary considerably depending on the collection size, services and type of library. Olivia Crosby (2000)17 described librarians as "Information experts in the information age". Librarian as a Library Manager should spearhead and be responsible in the overall implementation of the knowledge initiatives and its Preservation in Public, School, Academic, Archives, Special Libraries. Raja Abdullah Yaacob, Adnan Jamaluddin, Kamaruzaman Jusoff maintain that Role of a librarian in Identification of Knowledge involves discovery of existing knowledge; acquisition of knowledge; creation of new knowledge; storage and organization of knowledge and sharing of knowledge. Librarian as a knowledge manager has to play role in championing, educating users, educating management team, measuring impacts of KM, mapping existing knowledge, defragmenting scattered knowledge and creating technology channels. In addition, a librarian has to embark on the tasks of, supporting ICT and eliminating knowledge flow gaps, creating knowledge sharing culture, identifying knowledge gaps, supporting group or team work, and diffusing best practices, Yaacob (2010)18 . Davenport (1998)19 in the same vain categorized KM into four broad types of perspectives, namely to create knowledge repositories, improve knowledge access and transfer, enhance the knowledge environment and manage knowledge as an asset and to recognize the value of knowledge to an organization. MANAGERIAL SKILLS OF A LIBRARIAN Activities which a University librarian should performs as an efficient library manger are briefly outlined below: A Thinker: Librarian as a thinker has to be prognostic in his outlook, with adequate managerial attributes librarian has to always look beyond horizon so as to take very good care of the aspirations and needs of library clientele. He has to be in position to understand and extend his thinking ability beyond the present library situation for better services in future. As a thinker he is required to give due consideration to what his clientele think of. He has to be creative and problem solving. A Strategist: Librarian as a strategist remains always busy in seeking out new ways and means to provide improved quality services to its clientele, especially when taken the case of present day service oriented world, where nobody can afford to overlook even a minutest issue. As a strategist, librarian always looks for adding latest sources of information to its collection, seeks partnerships, seeks sponsors, seeks funding agencies and many more only with one motive to provide improvised services. An Architect: One has got every reason to lavish praise over seeing a beautiful library edifice but there is no need to get surprised if one comes to know that the same edifice has been designed by a working librarian. It is always the architectural qualities of a librarian, what drags a professional architect to him for his expert opinion/advice, without which It is never possible to have a library building with all prerequisites. Every time an architect is assigned of job to design a library, the first thing an architect does is, he pays a visit to librarian, as knows without consulting a librarian it is not possible to build a library which will suffice all library activities and services. It is librarian who always projects the growth for next 50 to 60 years along with other requisites needed in smooth functioning of a library
  • 9. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 75 over the period of time. As far as the outer structure of library is considered architect has a good say, but when taken the case of internal adjustments, like creations of sections, spaces, furniture and fixtures everything rests with the librarian as such he is the real architect of the library building. A Coordinator: A librarian is always aimed to develop coordination among different sections of the library so that activities and services of library may receive a boost. The hierarchal structure, both vertical and horizontal comprising of subordinates and super- ordinates at each step, is through whom librarian gets job done. It is very important to see to it as whether all the different constituents of a system are working in coordination with each other and in case any of the links among different units of a system is missing the system is deemed to collapse. It is always a librarian who like a good manager has to ensure coordination of among all units of library system. Growth and development of a profession directly depends on how far the people engaged with profession are contributing towards it. Contribution of a professional in profession goes a long way in carrying forward and meeting the aspirations of both seeker of information and its provider. The more we contribute to growth of a profession the more we are contributing to growth of society. A Library professional also acts as a contributor to his profession by working out various ways and means to enhance the professional competence. Whether we talk of introducing technology into profession, innovating new methods of providing generalized and specialized services to its clientele. Towards professional development a working librarian keeps always contributing one or the other way and does not act as watchdog, the untrue notion which people often have, over the activities and services provided by his colleagues. A Builder: University Librarian as a builder can be seen at each stage of the growth and development of each individual university library. Indeed library profession is rolling and library professionals keep on shifting from organization to another every now and then, futile to say for the want of better opportunities, service conditions which comes their way, still we can find each new incumbent tries his level best to contribute to build the university library the way they can. It won't be out of context to mention that each professional puts some building blocks his way to structure, as such acts as a true builder. A Sensor: Keeping in view the changing global order, where we can see that policies, programmes, techniques and skills of one country can be used effectively in another country. It becomes vital for a library professional to keep track of all the latest developments of profession at global front, and to make a good use of such changes, a librarian must be good at gathering and shifting information, interpreting the implications and predicting a range of feasible outcomes. A Scanner: When taken the case of special libraries we can say that a librarian acts as a scanner, he every time keeps a constant eye on the developments of their specialized subject or the project with which one is associated. A librarian as a specialist makes it sure to scan for specialized information worldwide. A librarian can serve as a scanner with the perspective to expertise and detect trends to move knowledge across boundaries. A librarian can transform piecemeal information into strategic intelligence. A Leader: Job of a librarian as leader is not that easy what it may seem by far. A library as an individual institution like any other institutions do remains spread both vertically and
  • 10. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 76 horizontally and librarian as a leader has to ensure that each section and unit of library at each level of hierarchy is working as per desired manner. A modern day library believes in hierarchal structure of functioning and we can see most of the libraries are having and working under Top, Middle, Lower and Operational levels of management. Qualities of a good leader are not only that he will be able to make people work but also has to develop and involve a sense of belongingness among workers, encourage them, taking care of their professional and personal commitments, develop “we” feeling with team spirit. Job of a librarian invites all these and many more things. An Innovator: A Library professional needs to be innovative inherently keeping in view the number of problems one can face during routine library services. Innovation always comes handy in overcoming these difficulties. Apart from this innovation is also named as key to success and to be a successful library professional one has to develop the trait of being more and more innovative. It is the innovation of a person over which every other managerial attribute depends. This is one of the most important component which helps in transforming a simple professional into a successful master. A Human Resource Manager: Preparing incumbents to replace outgoing professionals is equally important. It is very difficult to have exact substitute of a person but still efforts should be made to groom incumbent in such a way that with the passage of time s/he may fit to the shoes of replaced one. In most of the organizations it has been observed that younger professionals do not prepare their replacements, mostly because they fear this may decrease their importance in organization. Apprehensions of this sort if drawn among some people in some organizations may perhaps be right but fact also remains that it is not the solution of the problem, sooner or later one has to do it and doing the same at an appropriate stage is more important. Librarians do have to ensure that their subordinates be groomed to become their good replacements. Training and education among professionals should be made a routine affair and opportunities and exposure to execute work of higher order be provided to subordinates from time to time. A Technocrat: A librarian as a technocrat is a technical expert, especially one in a management or administrative position. He is a member of a highly skilled elite group. He must possess special knowledge or ability to perform skillfully. (Srinath, 2005)20 . Librarian as a technocrat can make plans for the betterment of the library and its users with the support of library staff. A librarian with good leadership and administrative skills can get better support from the staff. A Webrarian: A librarian as a webrarian can be defined as “a person who is an expert at not only finding information on the World Wide Web, but also at prioritizing, organizing, and cataloguing that information”. (http://www.wordspy.com/words/Webrarian.asp). He can also be termed as cybrarian. He should have sound knowledge of accessing web resources and various web resources available in different fields as today’s users want maximum information just by sitting at their desktop. He can subscribe consortia based e-resources for the benefit of the users so that they can easily access full text articles in their respective fields. As a webrarian, he must keep the library websites up to date. For this purpose he must have the knowledge of creating and uploading the web pages which needs thorough understanding of HTML, XTML, TIFF, etc.
  • 11. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 77 A Guide: A librarian can help library users in locating information with in the least possible time by guiding them how to exploit resources of the library through the user education programme at regular intervals. He can take them straight way to the information they required using CAS/SDI services. Librarian should organize training programs related to formulating the query, identifying the important concepts, keywords, Boolean searches, OA portals, subject gateways, consortium, online-access, etc. A Researcher: Librarian can act as a researcher by constantly involving himself in learning process. It helps him to cop up with all the changes or developments taken place in the field of library profession. It is essential not only for his professional development but also to keep him abreast of latest information in his area. A Marketing expert: A librarian should establish a right link between users and resources available in the library. For this users are required to be fully aware of the library services and products. To make users aware of the services and products librarian should possess the quality of salesman who encourages maximum utilization of resources by marketing the wide range of information available in various formats in the library. Marketing not only makes users aware of what library has to offer them but also attracts non-users to the library. This way he is capable of meeting the complex information requirement of the users to a great extent as well as maximize utilization of library services and products. SKILLS OF LIBRARIAN To perform the above said major roles a librarian must possess following skills: Professional skikll: Professional skill consists of professional degrees in the field of Library and Information Science. Some universities or institutes deploy incharge librarian having degrees in other fields instead of appointing fully paid librarian. This trend should be stopped as only Library and Information Science professionals can run libraries better in real sense. A librarian must acquire these professional degrees to have a thorough knowledge of routine work of library. He must also have sound knowledge of management theories and principles to perform managerial functions. ICT skill: The librarian must be techno-savvy so that he can handle ICT tools in order to provide information access to the users well in time. It requires librarian to have the ability in using the equipment, techniques, and procedures to perform specific tasks such as online access of information using WWW, OPAC, e-mail etc. He should also be competent enough to create library databases according to users’ requirements and library management software according to his library environment. This requires librarian to acquire specialized knowledge regarding Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and technical know-how of internet and WWW. It is essential to meet the daily demands of today’s user community quickly using these techniques. Librarian must learn to access, analyze, evaluate and disseminate information using technologies to meet the changing needs of the user community. Human Relation skill: It is essential for librarian to maintain good human relation with user and other staff of the library to win their support, favors and co-operation to run library effectively and efficiently. This not only helps him to understand the feelings of the library
  • 12. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 78 users and staff but also the needs of the library users and problems faces by the staff while performing their duties. Managerial skill: This refers to the ability to visualize the library as a whole. It requires imagination, broad knowledge and the mental capacity to conceive ideas to face any challenge that come across. PODSCORB primarily managerial functions are essentially prerequisite for a university librarian to be competent. Personal skill: Beside all above skill a librarian must have some personal skill to lead other library personnel successfully and win library users’ confidence. He must be a good leader, self confident and intelligent to put examples for others. He must be of open mind and adaptive to new ideas for the well being of library and its users. He should have a good foresight to meet challenges. He should have the ability to handle difficult situations and must be a constant vigilant to know what is happening around him. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Role of Libraries and librarians have changed manifold, librarians are being looked as library mangers, who are actively involved in Information and Knowledge management activity. This in turn has doubled the responsibility of library professionals not only by way of meeting the expectations of the information seekers but do have to learn nitty-gritty of managerial activity and need to update, by undergoing management training courses. Apart from carrying out routine activities, a modern day library professional needs to get engaged actively into research activities related to growth and development of profession. A working librarian is always in better position to assess the changed needs and requirements of profession for its sustenance and survival. Working professionals are constant and continuous researchers as they every time keep on trying new things and practices just to facilitate and enhance services to clientele in better and broader way. The Conference Board study find out (Lawler & Boudreau, 2012)21 that the priorities of the Human Relation profession have not changed very much over decades (the definition and achievement of the “strategic partner” role remains elusive). Human Relation has made progress in transactional areas and in improving Human Relation efficiency, but both studies suggest that business unit leaders outside the Human Relation profession (such as librarianship) view Human Relation as relatively lagging in performance on more strategic roles (Boudreau & Lawler, 2014)22 . Similarly, the 2013 study of critical human capital issues by i4cp found that six of the top 10 issues were the same over the past four years. They concluded that since 1986 “year to year comparisons of the study show that the urgency of these issues is growing but the ability of HR organizations to effectively deal with them has stalled or deteriorated” (DiRomualdo, 2013)23 . It would be more appropriate to introduce a full-fledged management paper in the syllabi of library and information students both at Bachelors and Masters level. Schools offering two years integrated Masters Degree in LIS can have or introduce desired numbers of choice based credit courses of management in Library and information science. In this ever and fast changing service oriented world library and information professionals are bound to follow the suit. We should remember that it is not the server who changes the taste of users but it is always the users who not just expects better services but also demands; such is the kind of yearning among the modern day library clientele. Need is, library and information professionals should every time be ready to combat any type of information calamity or eventuality.
  • 13. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 79 CONCLUSION The revolution in ICT and its tools has brought in a sea change the way information is stored, the way users seeks information and access it and the way a librarian perform his role. In the present scenario Librarians needs to restructure their role by playing the role of an efficient manager, a perfect guide, researcher and teacher and a curious technocrat and a marketing expert. He needs to possess various technical, conceptual and managerial skills in order to meet the information needs of user in an efficient and effective way. He must remain in constant touch with all the latest developments in technologies in the context of Library and Information Science field. If he has to make users feel his presence in acquiring information relevant to them, he must learn to access, analyze, evaluate and disseminate information using technologies to the right user at the right time and right place with in the least possible time. Librarian needs to transform its role from traditional custodians of information to creator of information in a planned and systematic way and disseminate it through proper channels among user community to meet their constantly changing information needs. Library professionals are the managers in their own way, they had been managing university libraries and providing efficient library services to clientele since ages but never ever got rated as good managers. Till recent past library professional were unaware of their managerial trait and skill which they inherently develop and attain through the period of time in their profession. University Librarians till date had been covert and salient mangers but of the late they have realized of this attribute in them as such have started making it their main weapon of handling operations and services in their expected field. With regard to scope of management science in the field of library and information science it becomes very much evident from the above discussion that management as on date may not have gained that much ground but definitely the pace with which tools of management especially the human relations are being applied in carrying out activities and delivering services in libraries is quite note worthy. Students of library and information science need to be trained with managerial skills during their course of study as this will pave a better future to them with high moral prospects. Need is to introduce management Science as a full-fledged subject in library science with desired number of credits. Apart from this skill horning workshops be organized from time to time by various library association in and outside India. All these and many more innovative things can be done to enhance competence and performance of library professionals as managers of library in present digital epoch. While drawing comparison between traditional and contemporary library services we may not find that significant difference except, handling of information with the help of technology what we call Information Technology (IT) covering digital and electronic sources. Besides in modern day library activities and services we are well aware of managerial practices applied in library profession while as same was also in place in conventional libraries but people had not assessed the presence of managerial tools and techniques in their routine activities. With the application of tools like ICT and Management in routine library activities library professionals have grown as able administrators, as such we can see university librarians today are being assigned with all type of tasks and are actively involved in decision making process of institutions and organizations. Days are gone when library professionals were assigned responsibility without authority which used to be insignificant. Now-a-days we can see librarians are given assignments with complete authority in executing things the way they deem appropriate.
  • 14. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 80 REFERENCES [1] Raina, Roshan Lal. (2006). Continuing Professional Development Programmes (CPDPs) for Professionals in the Area of information Technology: an Approach at IIML. IASLIC Bulletin 51(1), 49-55. [2] Wasserman, P. (1991). Information Transfer in Sciences and Technology: An overview. Asian Libraries, 1(2) pp27-38. [3] Babu, A. R., Singh, Y. P. and Sachdeva, R. K. (1997). Establishing a management information system. In B.E. Swanson, R.P. Bentz, and A. J. Sotranko, Eds., Improving agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation , pp161-169. [4] Waheed, K. A. (1990). Rural development through communications, In Information technology development. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organisation. pp73-89. [5] Gorman, M.(2000). Our Enduring Values: Librarianship in the 21st Century. ALA. [6] Hill, P.(2007). Report of a national review of NHS health library services in England: from knowledge to health in the 21st century. England: NHS, Department of Health. [7] Sarrafzadeh, M., Martin, B. & Hazeri, A.(2010). Knowledge management and its potential applicability for libraries. Library Management, 31(3), 198-212. [8] Vijayakumar, J.K and Vijayakumar, Manju (2008). “Information freedom in a Democratic Society and the role of Librarians in cyber era” Available at: http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00005611/01/vijayakumarjk_02.pdf (accessed on October 12, 2012) [9] Krackhardt, D. & Hanson, J.R.(1993). Informal Networks: The Company Behind the Chart. Harvard Business Review, 74(Jul-Aug), 104-11. [10] Townley, C.T. (2001). Knowledge Management and Academic Libraries. College & Research Libraries, 62(1), 44-45. [11] Sarrafzadeh, M., Martin, B. & Hazeri, A.(2010). Knowledge management and its potential applicability for libraries. Library Management, 31(3), 198-212. [12] Singh, S., & Pandita, R. (2012). Managerial Practices and Librarianship. International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology, 2(2), 105-111. [13] Johnson, E. and Sivaraman V. (1998). Changing Scenario of Libraries in the 21st Century. In the Changing trends in library and information science, Ed. Baby, M. D, Reghunathan, R and Pradeepam, Stanly James, 20-30. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications. [14] Cook, N.A. (2011). Professional Development 2.0 for Librarians: Developing an online personal learning network (PLN). In proceedings of the paper presented at IFLA Conference on Weaving continuing professional development in to every library organization – Continuing Professional Development and Workplace Learning Section, Puerto Rico 13-18 August, 2011, Available at: http://conference.ifla.org/pastifla77/200-cooke-en.pdf (Acceesed on 14 April 2014). [15] Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland (2013), The Review of International CPD Models, Available at:http://thepsi.ie/Libraries/Education/PSI_International_Review_of_CPD_Models.sfl b.ashx (Accessed on 29 April 2013). [16] Raina, Roshan Lal. (2006). Continuing Professional Development Programmes (CPDPs) for Professionals in the Area of information Technology: an Approach at IIML. IASLIC Bulletin 51(1), 49-55. [17] Crosby, O.(2000). Librarians: Information experts in the information age. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 44(4), 1-15.
  • 15. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), ISSN: 2277 – 3533 (Print), ISSN: 2277 – 3584 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 1, January - June (2014), © IAEME 81 [18] Yaacob, R.A., Jamaluddinm, A. & Jusoff, K. (2010). Knowledge Management and Challenging Roles of Academic Librarians. Management Science and Engineering, 4(4), 14-23. [19] Davenport, T.H., Long, D.W.D. & Beers, M.C.(1998). Successful Knowledge Management Projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57. [20] Manorama, K. Srinath. (2005). Librarian: A Technocrat. Chennai: Tamil Nadu Library Association. [21] Lawler, E. E., & Boudreau, J. W. (2012). Effective human resource management: A global analysis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [22] Boudreau, J., & Lawler, E.E. (2014). Stubborn traditionalism in HRM: Causes and consequences, Human Resource Management Review, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2014.03.005 (retrieved on 18 April 2014) [23] DiRomualdo, T. (2013). How high-performing HR organizations keep pace with change. i4cp TrendWatcher, Issue 657, Seattle, WA: i4cp.com. (January 17, 2013. http://www.i4cp.com/trendwatchers/2013/01/17/how-high-performing-hr-organizations- keep-pace-with-change). [24] Dr.K.Sridhar, “Perspectives of Digital Libraries in Medical Education”, International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 29 - 36, ISSN Print: 2277 – 3533, ISSN Online: 2277 – 3584. [25] Ugwuanyi Chijioke Ferdinand and Ejikeme Anthonia Nwamaka, “Awareness of the Expected Skills Sets and Development Required by New Era Librarians in Academic Libraries in South East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria”, International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), Volume 2, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 26 - 38, ISSN Print: 2277 – 3533, ISSN Online: 2277 – 3584. [26] Dr.R.Prabu and Dr.K.Sridhar, “Information and Communication Technology Skills Among the Colleges Librarians Affiliated to Bharathidasan University: A Study”, International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 25 - 33, ISSN Print: 2277 – 3533, ISSN Online: 2277 – 3584. [27] M.Palanisamy, Dr.N.Tamilselvan and M.Sivamani, “Certain Investigations on Building E-Contents for Digital Library Database Environment: An Experimental Approach”, International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 11 - 17, ISSN Print: 2277 – 3533, ISSN Online: 2277 – 3584.