4. Citing & referencing explained
3 PARTS
⢠STATEMENT
â e.g. idea, finding, conclusion taken from a source
⢠CITATION
â in the body of your text
â indicates idea taken from a source (i.e. that not your own idea)
â abbreviated form
â refers reader to reference list
⢠REFERENCE
â full details of source used
â end of your text (usually)
â allows reader to find source / verify what you say, if necessary
5. Statements
Citations
in body of text (in-text citation)
abbreviated pointers to full reference
Allow reader to:
⢠know when you are stating an idea, fact or
text that is not your own
⢠find full details of the source in your
reference list
6. Reference
end of text
full bibliographic details
Allows reader to :
⢠see breadth & depth of reading
⢠locate sources
⢠verify if necessary
7. What is a citation style?
Hundreds of different styles
Author/date (e.g. Harvard)
(Handelman and Levin, 2008)
Handelman, G. J. and Levin, N. W. (2008) âIron and anemia in human biology: a review
of mechanismsâ, Heart Failure Reviews, 13(4), 393-404.
Numeric (e.g. Vancouver)
(1) [1]
1. Handelman G J, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms.
Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.
Journal specific e.g. British Medical Journal
1
1. Handelman GJ, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms.
Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.
Check with your lecturer / tutor which style to use.
If using Endnote/EndnoteWeb â recommend Harvard HWU
Use one style consistently throughout paper . D
10. Reference list / bibliography
Terms often used interchangeably
- a list of what youâve read at the end of a piece of work
Reference list
Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text
Bibliography
Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text
and/or
Full details of other (background) reading - not cited
usually for larger pieces of work
Check with your School on terminology and what is required
12. Avoiding Plagiarism
Photo in here
Words/ideas, etc = intellectual property
Theft = penalties
Using someone elseâs work, words or ideas and passing
them off as your own e.g. from -
⢠published material e.g. book
⢠unpublished e.g. dissertation / thesis
⢠semi-published / grey literature â e.g. company
reports
⢠material from a web page
The pancreas produces insulin ⢠radio / tv programmes
in response to an increase in
blood glucose. ⢠cutting & pasting / quoting / paraphrasing
The pancreas creates insulin
Detection: vocabulary, style & fluency, Turnitin
a result of heightened blood
glucose.
Elevated blood glucose causes HWU Student Guide to Plagiarism
the pancreas to release insulin. http://www.hw.ac.uk/registry/resources/PlagiarismGuide.pdf
13. Found guilty of plagiarism
Copying the work of other authors in a book and articles
âChunks of prose, apparently written by Dr
Persaud, were the work of other authors.â
(Jenkins, 2008)
Photo of Dr Raj Persaud
âHe failed to attribute the so-called âstolen wordsââ
(Jenkins, 2008)
General Medical Council hearing-
plagiarism dishonest
brought profession into disrepute
suspended from practising medicine for 3 months
Jenkins, R. (2008) âTV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disreputeâ The Times, 21 June TimesOnline
[Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)
14. German Defence Minister
Plagiarism scandal over copy-and-past methods in PhD
thesis
Copied entire sections from other sources, without
attribution.
Photo of Karl-Theodor zu
Admitted accidental âmistakesâ
Guttenberg
82.44% plagiarised - 891 examples of plagiarism from
over 120 different sources (Guttenplag wiki)
University of Bayreuth withdrew his doctorate
Announced his resignation (March 2011)
Paterson, T. (2011) âGerman minister renounces PhD after accusations of plagiarism. â
â The Independnet 23 Feb The Independent [Online]. Available at:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/german-minister-renounces-phd-after-accusations-of-plagiarism-2222828.html (Accessed: 27 July 2011)
15. Academic writing
Photo in here
Read widely
- proportionate to assignment
- appropriate sources
Show your reading
- evaluate and discuss other authorsâ ideas
- show your understanding of the literature
- attribute your sources
Evaluate / formulate your own response / conclusion
Use work of others to support your own opinions
I believe that genetically modified yeasts will play a major
role in the continuing advancement of brewing technology.
Studies by Linko (2009) and Young (2010) illustrate the
technical advantages of genetically modified yeasts . Their
significance has also been noted by Jones (2008).
Add weight to your discussion
Potential for better academic writing & dissertation
Hear an academicâs opinion
17. QUIZ
Quiz at:
Paul Robeson Library (n.d.) How to avoid plagiarism: An online tutorial [Online]. Available at:
http://library.camden.rutgers.edu/EducationalModule/Plagiarism/ (Accessed: 26 September, 2011)
18. When to cite
Using someone elseâs work, words or ideas from e.g.
⢠published material e.g. book
⢠unpublished e.g. dissertation / thesis
⢠material from a web page
Text
⢠quoting
⢠paraphrasing
Statistics
⢠if not your own
e.g. In 2006, 20% of people in the UK lived below the poverty line.
Tables, graphs, diagrams, images
â˘unless you created these yourself
Radio, TV programmes, etc
19. When not to cite
However . . . . . do cite to back up your opinions . . .
Your own opinions / ideas / thoughts / conclusions e.g.
I believe that television can play a positive role in childrenâs education.
Baker (2006) presents convincing evidence that childrenâs recall is greater
for visually presented facts and these findings have been supported by
Morton (2007).
It could be argued that television is a key contributor to childrenâs learning.
Jones (2006), for example, suggests that children absorb information more
efficiently when presented in audio-visual form.
20. When not to cite
Common knowledge
e.g. David Cameron is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
However, each subject will have its own common knowledge
e.g. Mitochondria are found in cells
If in doubt â ask your tutor
Donât cite if you donât need to!
Try not to pepper your work with unnecessary citations in an effort to get extra marks.
Never cite something you havenât read.
22. Keep a note!
⢠To cite and reference correctly you need the bibliographic details
of sources used
e.g.books Author surname, Initial/s
Publication date / year
Title
Place of publication
Publisher
Page number/s information taken from
⢠Different sources require different details
e.g. websites author
date
title
URL
date accessed
25. Book
⢠Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s ⢠Wooldridge, J.M.
⢠Year of publication ⢠2006
⢠Title of the book ⢠Introductory econometrics: a modern
approach
⢠Edition ⢠3rd edition
⢠Place of publication ⢠Mason
⢠Name of publisher ⢠Thomson South Western
⢠Page number/s information taken from
In-text
Wooldridge(2006) indicates thatâŚ.
It has been shown by Wooldridge that⌠(1)
Reference list / bibliography
Wooldridge, J.M. (2006) Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd ed.,
Mason: Thomson South Western. (author date)
1. Wooldridge, J.M. Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd ed.
Mason: Thomson South Western; 2006. (numeric)
26. Journal Article
⢠Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s ⢠Palombo, V.J.
⢠Year of publication ⢠2009
⢠Title of the article ⢠Designing marketing channels for
global expansion
⢠Title of the journal ⢠Marketing Management Journal
⢠Volume number ⢠19
⢠Issue /part number â˘2
⢠Page numbers ⢠64-71
⢠Page number/s information taken from
In-text
Palombo (2009) gave a useful summaryâŚ
Palombo (1) gave a useful summaryâŚ
Reference list / bibliography
Palombo, V.J. (2009) âDesigning marketing channels for global expansionâ, The Marketing
Management Journal, 19 (2), 64-71. (Author date)
1. Palombo,V.J. Designing marketing channels for global expansion. The Marketing Management
Journal 2009; 19(2): 64-71. (Numeric)
27. e-journal Article
If a PDF
⢠Bezemer, D.J.
⢠Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s
⢠2010
⢠Year of publication
⢠Understanding financial crisis through
⢠Title of the article
accounting models
⢠Accounting, Organizations and Society
⢠Title of the journal
⢠35
⢠Volume number
â˘7
⢠Issue /part number
⢠676-688
⢠Page numbers
Author, date
Bezemer (2010) gave a useful summaryâŚ
Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting,
Organisation and Society, 35(7), 676-688.
Numeric
Bezemer (1)
1. Bezemer,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting, Organizations and
Society 2010; 35 (7): 676-688.
28. e-journal Article
Using e-journal collection name/URL
⢠Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s ⢠Bezemer, D.J.
⢠Year of publication ⢠2010
⢠Title of the article ⢠Understanding financial crisis through
accounting models
⢠Title of the journal ⢠Accounting, Organizations and Society
⢠Volume number ⢠35
⢠Issue /part number â˘7
⢠Page numbers ⢠676-688
⢠Name of online collection ⢠Science Direct
and
URL of collection ⢠www.science direct.com
⢠Date accessed ⢠10 September 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
29. e-journal Article
AUTHOR, DATE STYLE
In-text
Bezemer (2010) gives a useful summary . . .
Reference list / bibliography
Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting,
Organisation and Society, 35(7), 676-688, available: http://www.sciencedirect.com [accessed
10 September 2012].
NUMERIC STYLE
In-text
Bezemer(1) gives a useful summaryâŚ
Reference list / bibliography
Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Sept 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com.
30. e-journal Article
Using a DOI
⢠Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s ⢠Bezemer, D.J.
⢠Year of publication ⢠2010
⢠Title of the article ⢠Understanding financial crisis through
accounting models
⢠Title of the journal ⢠Accounting, Organizations and Society
⢠Volume number ⢠35
⢠Issue /part number â˘7
⢠Page numbers ⢠676-688
⢠DOI ⢠10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
could use with resolver prefix http://dx.doi.org/ ⢠http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
⢠Date accessed ⢠10 September 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
31. e-journal Article
AUTHOR, DATE STYLE
In-text
Bezemer (2010) gave a useful summaryâŚ
Reference list / bibliography
Bezember,D.J. (2010) âUnderstanding financial crisis through accounting modelsâ, Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 35 (7), 676-688, DOI: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
[accessed: 10 September 2012].
Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting, Organisation
and Society, 35(7), 676-688, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002 [accessed 10
September,
2012].
32. e-journal Article
NUMERIC STYLE
In-text
Bezemer (1) gave a useful summaryâŚ
Reference list / bibliography
1. Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002 .
OR
1. Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002.
34. Secondary Referencing
Referring to a piece of work you read about in another source (when you have
not read the original work)
Reference list / bibliography
Only list Palombo (2009) - the source you actually read
In text citation
Palombo (2009) cites the work of Keller and Kotler (2006) who suggest that expansion
into foreign markets is generally not a preferred option for organisations with a strong
domestic customer base.
Palombo (2009, citing Keller and Kotler 2006) notes that expansion into foreign markets is
generally not a preferred option for organisations with a strong domestic customer base.
As suggested by Keller and Kotler (2006), expansion into foreign . . . . (cited in
Palombo, 2009)
Keller and Kotler (2006, cited by Palombo 2009) suggest that expansion into foreign âŚ
It has been suggested that expansion into foreign. . . (Keller and Kotler 2006, in Palombo
2009)
36. Common mistakes
Incorrect
⢠For example, in author-date
⢠putting author initials in the citations
â e.g. It has been argued that . . . (Smith, 2009)
(D. Smith, 2009)
⢠Not inverting the authorâs surname/initial/s in reference list
Smith, D. (2009)
â D. Smith (2009)
Incomplete
⢠Citing in text and leaving out of reference list (& vice versa)
⢠Insufficient detail in references
Inconsistent
⢠Date in citation doesnât correspond with date in references
⢠Mix of formatting e.g. journal in italics or bold
37. Note Taking
⢠Be systematic and thorough
⢠Note down all the (bibliographic) details you need to cite &
reference correctly
e.g. remember . . . . .
⢠author initials as well as surnames
⢠chapter title and author if an edited book
⢠page number you get quotes / information from
⢠date you accessed websites / electronic materials
⢠Make sure you can tie your notes to your source
38. Desk-top â computer lab PCs
Canât access from home or halls
Most suitable for research (PhD) level
students and staff
IT provide training
Web-based, online access
Access from home or halls
âLiteâ version - most suitable for
undergraduate students
Library provides help and advice
Register :www.hw.ac.uk/is
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA â HAS THE STUDENT AVOIDED COPYING BLOCKS OF TEXT OR FIGURES VERBATIM FROM OTHE SOURCES MARKS WILL BE DEDUCTED FOR EXCESSIVE USE OF OTHERSâ PUBLISHED WORK, EVEN IF THE USE IS ATTRIBUTED
ASSIGNMENT CRITERIA ASK FOR CRITICALLY EVALUATED DESCRIPTIONS OF PRIOR WORK
PAGE NUMBERS REQUIRED â NOT JUST FOR QUOTES BUT FOR PARAPHRASES AND SUMMARIES TOO DONâT EXPECT THE READER TO HAVE TO FIND THE PAGES YOU TOOK THE INFORMATION FROM DATE ACCESSED
IF USING SOURCES NOT COVERED BY THE SLIDES TODAY THEN TRY THE LIBRARY HARVARD GUIDE USES A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT HARVARD STYLE TO UL BUT KEY BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS SHOWN YOU CAN THEN INPUT THESE IN ENDNOTEWEB AND FORMAT IN HARVARD UL OR USE THIS GUIDE STYLE IF USED CONSISTENTLY â NO DIRECT ENDNOTEWEB FORMAT OPTION
IF USING SOURCES NOT COVERED BY THE SLIDES TODAY THEN TRY THIS BOOK USES A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT HARVARD STYLE TO UL BUT KEY BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS SHOWN YOU CAN THEN INPUT THESE IN ENDNOTEWEB AND FORMAT IN HARVARD UL OR USE THIS BOOK IF USED CONSISTENTLY â NO DIRECT ENDNOTEWEB FORMAT OPTION
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
There are more parts to remember for a journal article. You obviously need the author, and you need to take note of two titles: The article title and the journal (or source) title. If you ever wanted to know if we had the article you wanted, you would type the source title (not the article title) into the Catalogue. In addition to having the year, you also need to know the volume and issue numbers (often there are volumes are made up of several parts and there are several volumes published each year). Therefore in order to accurately reference, both to attribute the source and to allow others to follow the source, you MUST take note of the volume and issue numbers. Lastly, you should also take note of the page numbers. Again page numbers are useless unless you know which volume and issue you can find those pages in. It is common in the sciences to abbreviate the journal title â again check with your supervisor, what the preferred format is
You cannot cite something you have not read, though neither can you attribute an idea to the wrong author, therefore you should describe this in your text as wither: Using the example in the handout. Say you are reading a paper from 2007 by Chen. In this paper, Chen mentions some ideas/findings that another author (Kelly) wrote about in 1999. You would want to mention that you are aware of the work of Kelly and ideally you would find this article/book and read the original. However, if you cannot do this, then you still wish to let the reader know that you know of Kellyâs ideas. As your interpretation of Kellyâs ideas is in fact the interpretation Chen has made, you must mention this in your citation (as Chen may have misinterpreted it) Therefore⌠IN YOUR TEXT YOU TELL THE READER THIS BY USING IN THE TEXT (AS CITED IN . . .) IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST YOU ONLY REFERENCE THE ITEMS YOU HAVE ACTUALLY READ. SO YOU REFERENCE Chen and not Kelly
You cannot cite something you have not read, though neither can you attribute an idea to the wrong author, therefore you should describe this in your text as wither: Using the example in the handout. Say you are reading a paper from 2007 by Chen. In this paper, Chen mentions some ideas/findings that another author (Kelly) wrote about in 1999. You would want to mention that you are aware of the work of Kelly and ideally you would find this article/book and read the original. However, if you cannot do this, then you still wish to let the reader know that you know of Kellyâs ideas. As your interpretation of Kellyâs ideas is in fact the interpretation Chen has made, you must mention this in your citation (as Chen may have misinterpreted it) Therefore⌠IN YOUR TEXT YOU TELL THE READER THIS BY USING IN THE TEXT (AS CITED IN . . .) IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST YOU ONLY REFERENCE THE ITEMS YOU HAVE ACTUALLY READ. SO YOU REFERENCE Chen and not Kelly