Lession 2 starting with mssqlserver

Lecturer: Tran Dinh Vuong Home page: www.fit.vimaru.edu.vn/~vuongtd
Phone : 0982.113.274 Email : vuongtd@vimaru.edu.vn
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Lession 2: Starting Microsoft SQL Server
The MSSQLSERVER Service
After installing Microsoft SQL Server, you can start using it.
Because Microsoft SQL Server works as a service to the operating system, in order to use it, you must
make sure its service has started. To check it (on Microsoft Windows XP Professional, Windows Vista,
Windows Server 2003, or Windows Server 3008) you can open Control Panel and the Administrative
Tools. In the Administrative Tools window, you can open the Services. In the Services window, check
the status of the SQL Server (MSSQLSERVER) item:
If the MSSQLSERVER service is stopped, you must start it. To do this, you can right-click it and
click Start. If it fails to start, check the account with which you logged in:
If you are using Microsoft Windows XP Professional and you logged in as Administrator but did
not provide a password, you should open Control Panel, access User Accounts, open the
Administrator account, and create a password for it

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If you are using a server (Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or Microsoft Windows Server 2008),
make sure you logged in with an account that can start a service
Once the service has started, it should be labeled Started:
Opening Microsoft SQL Server
To launch Microsoft SQL Server, you can click Start -> (All) Programs -> Microsoft SQL
Server 2008 -> SQL Server Management Studio

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When it starts, it would present a dialog box that expects you to log in.
Practical Learning: Launching Microsoft SQL Server
1. Start the computer
2. Log in with the account you used to install Microsoft SQL Server
3. To launch Microsoft SQL Server, click Start -> (All) Programs -> Microsoft SQL
Server 2008 -> SQL Server Management Studio. A splash screen will appear:
4. On the Connect to Server dialog box, click Cancel
The Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio
Introduction

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There are many tools you will use in Microsoft SQL server. One of them is called Microsoft
SQL Server Management Studio. To access it, you can click Start -> (All) Programs ->
Microsoft SQL Server 2008 -> SQL Server Management Studio. A dialog box would come
up but you can click Cancel on it:
The top section of the SQL Server Management Studio displays the classic title bar of a
regular window, with an icon on the left, followed by the title of the application, and the
system buttons on the right side.
The Main Menu
Under the title bar, the menu bar displays categories of menus that you will use to
perform the various necessary operations.
The Standard Toolbar
The Standard toolbar displays under the main menu:
The Standard toolbar is just one of the available ones. Eventually, when you perform an
action that would benefit from another toolbar, the Microsoft SQL Server Management
Studio would display that toolbar. Still, if you want to show any toolbar, you can right-
click any menu item on the main menu or any button on a toolbar. A menu would come
up:

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The Object Explorer
The left side of the interface displays, by default, the Object Explorer window, with its title
bar labeled Object Explorer. If you don't see it, on the main menu, you can click View ->
Object Explorer.
The Object Explorer is a dockable window, meaning you can move it from the left side to
another side on the interface. To do this, you can click and drag its title bar to a location
of your choice. When you start dragging, small boxes that represent the possible
placeholders would come up:

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You can drag and drop to one of those placeholders.
The Object Explorer is also floatable, which means you can place it somewhere in the
middle of the interface:
To place the window back to its previous position, you can double-click its title bar. The
window can also be tabbed. This means that the window can be positioned either
vertically or horizontally.
At any time, if you do not want the Object Explorer, you can close or hide it. To close the
Object Explorer, click its close button.
On the right side of the Object Explorer title, there are three buttons. If you click the first
button that points down, a menu would appear:

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The menu allows you to specify whether you want the window to be floated, docked, or
tabbed.
The right side of the window is made of an empty window. This area will be used to
display either the contents of what is selected in the Object Explorer, or to show a result
of some operation. As you will see later on, many other windows will occupy the right
section but they will share the same area. To make each known it will be represented with
a tab and the tab shows the name (or caption) of a window.
Connection to a Server
Using Connect to Server
In order to do anything significant in Microsoft SQL Server, you will have to log in. If you
start Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio from the Start button, the Connect To
Server dialog box would come up. If you had started from the Start button but clicked
Cancel, to connect to a server:
On the main menu, click File -> Connect Object Explorer
On the Standard toolbar, click the New Query button
In the Object Explorer, click the arrow of the Connect button and click one of the
options, such as Database Engine...
Any of these actions would display the Connect to Server dialog box:

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From there, select the name of the server and the type of authentication to use.
Once you are ready, click Connect. If you log in successfully, the Object Explorer would
appear with a few nodes:
After using Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, you can close it. To do this:
Click the icon on the left side of Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio and click
Close
On the right side of the title bar, click the system Close button
On the main menu, click File -> Exit
Press Alt, F, X
Using the Command Prompt

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Besides the SQL Server Management Studio, you can also work on Microsoft SQL Server
from the DOS command prompt. This is done using an application or command named
SQLCMD.EXE. To use it, open the Command Prompt, type SQLCMD (case-insensitive) and
press Enter.
After using Microsoft SQL Server from the command prompt, to close it, type Quit (case-
insensitive) and press Enter. To close the DOS window:
Type Exit (case-insensitive) and press Enter
Click the system Close button
Using the Windows PowerShell
When Microsoft SQL Server 2008 is installed, it also installs the Windows PowerShell 1.0,
which is a new command-based application from Microsoft. Besides the SQL Server
Management Studio and the Command Prompt, you can use PowerShell to create and
manage databases. To access it, you can click Start -> (All) Programs -> Windows
PowerShell 1.0 -> Windows PowerShell. A DOS window would display:
Notice that the title bar displays Windows PowerShell.
To access Microsoft SQL Server from PowerShell, type SQLCMD and press Enter:

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Notice that, this time, the title bar displays SQLCMD, which indicates that the application
is ready to receive commands that relate to Microsoft SQL Server.
After using the PowerShell, to exit from Microsoft SQL Server, type Quit (case-insensitive)
and press Enter:
To close PowerShell and the DOS window, you can:
Type Exit (case-insensitive) and press Enter
Click the system Close button
Microsoft SQL Server Logins
Introduction
In order to access something (such as a computer or a database), the object must be
authenticated. Such an object can use a username and a password. In the adsence of
this, a user would receive an error:

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An object can also take advantage of the group it belongs to. For this reason, the ability
to be authenticated in order to access the database or resource is called a login.
Creating a Login
Before creating a login, the person for whom you want to create the account must have a
user account on the computer. If you are using Microsoft Windows XP-7, the person must
have a loca user account on the computer. If you are working on a server, the person
must have an account in the domain. You can create a login either visually or with code.
To visually create a login, in the Object Explorer, expand the Security node. Right-click
Login and click New Login...

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This would display the Login - New dialog box. In the Login Name text box, type the user
name of the person whose account you are creating. The account must have been created
already in the computer (Microsoft Windows XP-7) or on the server. If you provide a user
name that cannot be found in the system, when trying to finalize, you would receive an
error:
After entering the user name, you must specify how the user would be authenticated. You
have a choice between the operating system and Microsoft SQL Server.
The formula to programmatically create a login is:
CREATE LOGIN loginName { WITH <option_list1> | FROM <sources> }
<option_list1> ::=
PASSWORD = { 'password' | hashed_password HASHED } [ MUST_CHANGE ]
[ , <option_list2> [ ,... ] ]
<option_list2> ::=
SID = sid
| DEFAULT_DATABASE =database
| DEFAULT_LANGUAGE =language
| CHECK_EXPIRATION = { ON | OFF}

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| CHECK_POLICY = { ON | OFF}
| CREDENTIAL =credential_name <sources> ::=
WINDOWS [ WITH <windows_options>[ ,... ] ]
| CERTIFICATE certname
| ASYMMETRIC KEY asym_key_name<windows_options> ::=
DEFAULT_DATABASE =database
| DEFAULT_LANGUAGE =language
To let Microsoft SQL Server generate skeleton code for you, on the Standard toolbar, click
New Query to get a text editor. in the Template Explorer, expand the Login node, drag
Create SQL Login Must Change Password and drop it in the empty text editor:
-- =================================================
-- Create SQL Login Must Change Password template
-- =================================================
CREATE LOGIN <SQL_login_name, sysname, login_name>
WITH PASSWORD = N'<password, sysname, Change_Password>'
MUST_CHANGE,
CHECK_POLICY = <check_policy,ON or OFF, ON>;
GO
You start with the CREATE LOGIN expression, followed by the user name. To specify a
password after that, type PASSWORD = N' '. In the single-quotes, enter the desired
password. When creating a login, you must specify a password. You can just set a
temporary password. One of the options you can specify is to make the user change his or
her password the next time he or she logs on. To apply this, after the password, add
the MUST_CHANGE flag.
Practical Learning: Creating a Login
1. In the Object Explorer, expand the server name if necessary and expand Security
2. Right-click Login and click New Login...
3. In the Login Name text box, type operez
4. Click SQL Server Authentication
5. In the Password text box, type Password1 and press Tab
6. In the Confirm Password text box, type Password1

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7. Accept the three check boxes and make sure User Must Change Password At Next
Login is checked.
Click OK
8. On the Standard toolbar, click the New Query button
9. To programmatically create a login, type the following:
10. CREATE LOGIN rkouma
11. WITH PASSWORD = N'Password1';
GO

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12.On the Standard toolbar, click the Execute button
13.Click inside the Query window and press Ctrl + A
14.To create two more accounts with three options, type the following:
15. CREATE LOGIN pkatts
16. WITH PASSWORD = N'Password1'
17. MUST_CHANGE,
18. CHECK_POLICY = ON,
19. CHECK_EXPIRATION = ON;
20. GO
21. CREATE LOGIN gdmonay
22. WITH PASSWORD = N'Password1'
23. MUST_CHANGE,
24. CHECK_POLICY = ON,
25. CHECK_EXPIRATION = ON;
GO

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26.Press F5 to execute
27.In the Object Explorer, expand Login under Security if necessary. To refresh it, right-
click Logins and click Refresh
Make sure you have logins for the gdmonay, the pkatts, the operez, the rkouma, and
the sa accounts

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28.Close Microsoft SQL Server
29.When asked whether you want to save something, click No
Using a Login
After creating a login, a person can use it to connect to the server. There are many
options.
After launching Microsoft SQL Server, in the Connect To Server dialog box, in the
Authentication combo box, the person can (must) select SQL Server Authentication, then
enter his/her login name and a password.
Remember that when Microsoft SQL Server is installed, it creates a default account named
sa. You can also use it as a login and provide its password:
If the SQL Server Management Studio is already opened, to log in, on the Standard
toolbar, a person can click Connect -> Database Engine...
This would open the Connect to Server dialog box. The person must select SQL Server
Authentication in the Authentication combo box, enter or select a login name in the Login
combo box, and type a password:

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Then click Connect. In the same way, you can create as many connections as possible,
using valid login accounts.
Another alternative is to switch user (Start -> Switch User) and log in with a different
account. In this case, if a person launches Microsoft SQL Server, the Authentication can
be set as Windows Authentication:
The person would not have to enter a password.
Practical Learning: Using a Login
1. To start it again, click Start -> (All) Programs -> Microsoft SQL Server 2008 -> SQL
Server Management Studio
2. In the Authentication combo box, select SQL Server Authentication

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3. In the Login combo box, type operez
4. In the Password text box, type Password1
5. Click Connect
6. In the dialog box that comes up, enter the password as P@ssword1 and press Tab
7. In the other text box, type P@ssword1
8. Click OK
9. In the Object Explorer, click Connect and click Database Engine...
10.In the Authentication combo box, select SQL Server Authentication
11.In the Login combo box, type rkouma
12.In the Password text box, type Password1
13.Click Connect
14.In the dialog box that comes up, enter the password as P@ssword1 and press Tab

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15.In the other text box, type P@ssword1
16.Click OK
17.In the same way, connect to the database engine using the pkatts and the gdmonay
accounts
Disconnecting From a Server
After using a server or to take a break (such as stepping out from the computer), the
person can disconnect from it. To do this:
On the main menu, click File -> Disconnect Object Explorer
In the Object Explorer, right-click the connection node and click Disconnect
Disconnecting neither closes Microsoft SQL Server nor shuts down the server. It simply
closes the connection to the server. If a persons wants to use the server again, she must
connect.
Using the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio
The Object Explorer
The Object Explorer displays a list of items as a tree-style. One of the most regularly used
items will be the name of the server you are using. If you are just starting to learn
database development or you are a junior database developer, you may use or see only
one server. In some cases, you may be dealing with many servers. Regardless, you
should always know what server you are currently connecting to. This is easy to check
with the first node of the Object Explorer. In the following example, the server is named
Central:
The name of the server is followed by parentheses.
In the previous section, we saw that, to establish a connection to a server, you must
authenticate yourself. In some cases you may use the same account over and over again.
In some other cases you may have different accounts that you use for different scenarios,

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such as one account for database development, one account for database management,
and/or one account for database testing. When many connections have been made, each
connection is represented in the Object Explorer by its own node and each connection has
its own objects (sub-nodes):
As mentioned previously, to close a connection, you can right-click it and click Disconnect:
Some operations cannot be performed by some accounts. When performing some
operations, you should always know what account you are using. You can check this in the

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parentheses of the server name. In the following connection, an account called
Administrator is currently logged in to a server named Central:
Practical Learning: Disconnecting
1. In the Object Explorer, right-click ComputerName (SQL Server ... - operez) and click
Disconnect
2. Right-click ComputerName (SQL Server ... - rkouma) and click Disconnect
3. Close Microsoft SQL Server
4. Start it again
5. Select Windows Authentication
6. Click Connect
Object Explorer Details
We saw that, by default, the right area of Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio
displays an empty gray window. When you select something in the Object Explorer, you
can use that right area to display more detailed information about the select item. To do
this, on the main menu, you can click View -> Object Explorer Details. The main are on
the right side would then be filled with information:

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Probably the most regular node you will be interested in, is labeled Databases. This node
holds the names of databases on the server you are connected to. Also, from that node,
you can perform almost any necessary operation of a database. To see most of the
regularly available actions, you can expand the Databases node and some of its children.
You can then right-click either Databases or one of its child nodes. For example, to start
PowerShell, you can right-click the Databases node or the server name and click
PowerShell:

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When the PowerShell comes up, what it displays depends on what you had right-clicked.
Introduction to Code
Although you will perform many of your database operations visually, some other
operations will require that you write code. To assist with with this, Microsoft SQL Server
provides a code editor and various code templates.
To open the editor:
On the main menu, you can click File -> New -> Query With Current Connection
On the Standard toolbar, click the New Query button
In the Object Explorer, right-click the name of the server and click New Query
This would create a new window and position it on the right side of the interface. Whether
you have already written code or not, you can save the document of the code editor at
any time. To save it:
You can press Ctrl + S
On the main menu, you can click File -> Save SQLQueryX.sql...
On the Standard toolbar, you can click the Save button
You will be required to provide a name for the file. After saving the file, its name would
appear on the tab of the document.
The Structured Query Language
Introduction

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After establishing a connection, you can take actions, such as creating a database and/or
manipulating data. To provide the ability to create and manipulate a database, you use
data manipulation language (DML). There are many of them on the market. The
Structured Query Language, known as SQL, is a DML used on various computer systems
to create and manage databases.
SQL can be pronounced Sequel or S. Q. L. In our lessons, we will consider the Sequel
pronunciation. For this reason, the abbreviation will always be considered as a word,
which would result in “A SQL statement” instead of "An SQL statement". Also, we will
regularly write, “The SQL” instead of “The SQL language, as the L already represents
Language.
Like other non-platform specific languages such as C/C++, Pascal, or Java, the SQL you
learn can be applied to various database systems. To adapt the SQL to Microsoft SQL
Server, the company developed Transact-SQL as Microsoft's implementation of SQL.
Transact-SQL is the language used internally by Microsoft SQL Server and MSDE.
Although SQL Server highly adheres to the SQL standards, it has some internal details
that may not be applied to other database systems like MySQL, Oracle, or even Microsoft
Access, etc; although they too fairly conform to the standard.
The SQL we will learn and use here is Transact-SQL. In other words, we will assume that
you are using Microsoft SQL Server as your platform for learning about databases. This
means that, unless specified otherwise, most of the time, on this site, the word SQL refers
to Transact-SQL or the way the language is implemented in Microsoft SQL Server.
The SQL Interpreter
As a computer language, the SQL is used to give instructions to an internal program called
an interpreter. As we will learn in various sections, you must make sure you give precise
instructions. SQL is not case-sensitive. This means that CREATE, create, and Create mean
the same thing. It is a tradition to write SQL's own words in uppercase. This helps to
distinguish SQL instructions with the words you use for your database.
As we will learn in this and the other remaining lessons of this site, you use SQL by
writing statements. To help you with this, Microsoft SQL Server provides a window, also
referred to as the Query Window, that you can use to write your SQL code. To access it,
on the left side of the window, you can right-click the name of the server and click New
Query. In the same way, you can open as many instances as the New Query as you want.
When the Query window comes up, it display a blank child window in which you can write
your code. The code you write is a document and it can be saved as a file. The file would
have the extension .sql. Every time you open a new query, it is represented with a tab. To
switch from one code part to another, you can click its tab. To dismiss an instance of the
query, first access it (by clicking its tab), then, on the right side, click the close button .
If you had written code in the query window, when you close it, you would be asked to
save your code. If you want to preserve your code, then save it. If you had already
executed the code in the window (we will learn how to write and execute SQL code), you
don't have to save the contents of the window.
Executing a Statement
In the next sections and lessons, we will learn various techniques of creating SQL
statements with code. By default, when a new query window appears, it is made of a wide
white area where you write your statements:

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After writing a statement, you can execute it, either to make it active or simply to test it.
To execute a statement:
You can press F5
On the main menu, you can click Query -> Execute
On the SQL Editor toolbar, you can click the Execute button
You can right-click somewhere in the code editor and click Execute
When you execute code, code editor becomes divided into two horizontal sections:

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Also, when you execute code, the interpreter would first analyze it. If there is an error, it
would display one or more red lines of text in its bottom section. Here is an example:
If there is no error in the code, what happens when you execute a statement depends on
the code and the type of statement.
Accessories for SQL Code Writing
Comments
A comment is text that the SQL interpreter would not consider as code. As such, a
comment is written any way you like. What ever it is made of would not be read.
Transact-SQL supports two types of comments. The style of comment that starts with /*

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and ends with */ can be used. To apply it, start a line with /*, include any kind of text you
like, on as many lines as you want. To close the commented section, type */. Here is an
example of a line of comment:
/* First find out if the database we want to create exists already */
A comment can also be spread on more than one line, like a paragraph. Here is an
example:
/* First find out if the MotorVehicleDivision database we
want to create exists already.
If that database exists, we don't want it anymore. So,
delete it from the system. */
Transact-SQL also supports the double-dash comment. This comment applies to only one
line of text. To use it, start the line with --. Anything on the right side of -- is part of a
comment and would not be considered as code. Here is an example:
-- =============================================
-- Database: MotorVehicleDivision
-- =============================================
/* First find out if the MotorVehicleDivision database we
want to create exists already.
If that database exists, we don't want it anymore. So,
delete it from the system. */
-- Now that the database is not in the system, create it
The End of a Statement
In SQL, after writing a statement, you can end it with a semi-colon. In fact, if you plan to
use many statements in one block, you should end each with a semi-colon. When many
statements are used, some of them must come after others.
Time to GO
To separate statements, that is, to indicate when a statement ends, you can use
the GOkeyword (in reality and based on SQL standards, it is the semi-colon that would be
required, but the Microsoft SQL Server interpreter accepts GO as the end of a statement).
Practical Learning: Closing Microsoft SQL Server
To close Microsoft SQL Server, on the main menu, click File Exit.
If you are asked whether you want to save something, click No

Lession 2 starting with mssqlserver

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