Language & Communication across Cultures in Cross-cultural Perspective. A Presentation summary based on the book from Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.

1. Hangzhou, February 2011
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Ran Shan, Zhejiang University
Language
and
Communication:
A Culture and Psychology PerspectiveMatsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).
Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.).
Wadsworth.

2. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
2
What is“communication”?

What
is
communica-on?

Why
communica-on
is
•
one
of
the
most
important
•
aspects
of
our
lives?

What
is
important
in
the
•
cross-­‐culture
communica-on?

3. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
3
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Prof.Dr.Hora Tjitra - Excellence in Culture,Talent and Change

4. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
3
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Prof.Dr.Hora Tjitra - Excellence in Culture,Talent and Change
Professional activities:
• Academic Teaching and Research,as well as Consulting,
Coaching,Training and Assessment in the area of:
- Cross-Cultural Awareness and Communication
- Cross-Cultural Issues in HR Management
- Corporate Learning and Development
- Executive Coaching and Assessment
- Global Leadership Development Program
- Facilitation of Strategic Conference
- Large Strategic Change Projects
International and National project references:
• BASF,Siemens,Dupont,Commerzbank,Hugo Boss,SAP,
Barco,GTZ,Telkom Indonesia,etc.

5. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
4
I=“watashi”?
”boku”?
”ore”?
You=“anata”?
”kimi”?
”omae”?
...?
Language Differences across Culture

6. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
4
Culture
Language
Thoughts
Feelings
Motives
I=“watashi”?
”boku”?
”ore”?
You=“anata”?
”kimi”?
”omae”?
...?
Language Differences across Culture

7. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
4
Lexicon/
Vocabulary
Syntax and
Grammar
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Culture
Language
Thoughts
Feelings
Motives
I=“watashi”?
”boku”?
”ore”?
You=“anata”?
”kimi”?
”omae”?
...?
Language Differences across Culture

8. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
5
 Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, 1950s.
 Speaker of different languages think differently.
Fishman’s Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Schema
Data
of
Language
Characteris3cs
Data
of
Cogni3ve
BehaviorData
of
Cogni3ve
BehaviorData
of
Language
Characteris3cs Linguis3c
Data Nonlinguis3c
Data
Lexical/Seman3c Level
1* Level
2
Gramma3cal Level
3 Level
4**
*Least
sophis:cated
**Most
sophis:cated
Culture,Language and Cognition:
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

9. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Bilingualism and Culture

10. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences
Language context
would predict
differences in
behavior, and also in
personality.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Bilingualism and Culture

11. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences
Language context
would predict
differences in
behavior, and also in
personality.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Culture-­‐affilia:on
hypothesis
Minority
group-­‐affilia:on
hypothesis
Bilingualism and Culture

12. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
6
Bilingualism and
Psychological
Differences
Language context
would predict
differences in
behavior, and also in
personality.
Foreign language
processing difficulties
Foreign language effect
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Culture-­‐affilia:on
hypothesis
Minority
group-­‐affilia:on
hypothesis
Bilingualism and Culture

13. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
7
For much of its history and even
today, the United States has
remained largely monolingual.
Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism

14. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
7
-- Actually, knowledge of more than one language
may improve cognitive flexibility.
For much of its history and even
today, the United States has
remained largely monolingual.
Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism

15. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8
Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes

16. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8
1.Verbal Communication
Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes

17. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8
1.Verbal Communication
2.Nonverbal
Communication
Nonverbal
behaviors Non- behaviors
Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes

18. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8
1.Verbal Communication
Facial
expressions
Movements
and
gestures
Posture,
body
orienta:on
Tone
and
vocal
characteris:cs
Interpersonal
space
Touching
behaviors
Gaze
and
visual
aLen:on
2.Nonverbal
Communication
Nonverbal
behaviors Non- behaviors
Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes

19. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
8
1.Verbal Communication
Facial
expressions
Movements
and
gestures
Posture,
body
orienta:on
Tone
and
vocal
characteris:cs
Interpersonal
space
Touching
behaviors
Gaze
and
visual
aLen:on
The
use
of
:me
The
type
of
clothing
we
wear
The
architectural
structures
we
live
and
work
The
cosme:c
changes
we
make
to
our
appearance
2.Nonverbal
Communication
Nonverbal
behaviors Non- behaviors
Components of Communication: The Two Major Modes

20. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
9
Encoding
The
process
by
which
people
select,
consciously
or
unconsciously,
a
par:cular
modality
and
method
by
which
to
create
and
send
a
message
to
someone.
Decoding
The
process
by
which
a
person
receives
signals
from
an
encoder
and
translates
those
signals
into
meaningful
messages.
Encoder or Sender
Decoder or receiver
Components of Communication: The Two Major Process

21. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
9
Encoding
The
process
by
which
people
select,
consciously
or
unconsciously,
a
par:cular
modality
and
method
by
which
to
create
and
send
a
message
to
someone.
Decoding
The
process
by
which
a
person
receives
signals
from
an
encoder
and
translates
those
signals
into
meaningful
messages.
Encoder or Sender
Decoder or receiver
Components of Communication: The Two Major Process

22. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10
Components of Communication: Others

23. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10
Signals
The
specific
words
and
behaviors
that
are
sent
during
communica:on.
Specific
verbal
language
Nonverbal
behaviors
Components of Communication: Others

24. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10
Signals
The
specific
words
and
behaviors
that
are
sent
during
communica:on.
Specific
verbal
language
Nonverbal
behaviors
Messages
The
meanings
that
are
intended
or
received
with
the
signals.
Knowledge,
ideas,
concepts,
thoughts,
or
emo:ons
Components of Communication: Others

25. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
10
Channels
The
specific
sensory
modali:es
by
which
signals
are
sent
and
messages
are
retrieved.
Sight
or
sound
Signals
The
specific
words
and
behaviors
that
are
sent
during
communica:on.
Specific
verbal
language
Nonverbal
behaviors
Messages
The
meanings
that
are
intended
or
received
with
the
signals.
Knowledge,
ideas,
concepts,
thoughts,
or
emo:ons
Components of Communication: Others

26. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11
Culture influences on:
The Role of Culture in the Communication Process

27. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11
Encoding
Culture influences on:
The Role of Culture in the Communication Process

28. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11
Encoding
Decoding
Culture influences on:
The Role of Culture in the Communication Process

29. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11
Encoding
Decoding
Culture influences on:
Stereotypes
The Role of Culture in the Communication Process

30. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11
Encoding
Decoding
Culture influences on:
Stereotypes Culture
filters,
ethnocentrism,
emo:ons,
and
value
judgments
The Role of Culture in the Communication Process

31. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
11
Encoding
Decoding
Culture influences on:
Stereotypes Culture
filters,
ethnocentrism,
emo:ons,
and
value
judgments
Social
cogni3on
The Role of Culture in the Communication Process

32. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
12
Intracultural
Within
one
culture
Intercultural
Cross-­‐culture
Code
and
rules
of
encoding
&
decoding
Same Different
Nega3ve
effects Stereotypes
Uncertainty
and
ambiguity
Even
conflict
Intracultural versus Intercultural Communication (1)

33. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
13
1
2 4
3
Intracultural versus Intercultural Communication (2)

34. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

35. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Assumptions of
similarities
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

36. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Assumptions of
similarities
Language
differences
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

37. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Assumptions of
similarities
Language
differences
Nonverbal
misinterpretations
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

38. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Assumptions of
similarities
Language
differences
Nonverbal
misinterpretations
Preconceptions
and stereotypes
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

39. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Assumptions of
similarities
Language
differences
Nonverbal
misinterpretations
Preconceptions
and stereotypes
Tendency to
evaluate
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

40. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
14
Barriers to Effective
Communication
(Barna,1996)
Assumptions of
similarities
Language
differences
Nonverbal
misinterpretations
Preconceptions
and stereotypes
Tendency to
evaluate
High anxiety or
tension
Improving Intercultural Communication (1)

41. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
15
Improving Intercultural Communication (2)

42. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
15
Concepts to
improve
Communication
Mindfulness
(allows
people
to
be
conscious
of
their
own
habits,
mental
scripts,
and
cultural
expecta3ons
concerning
communica3on)
Concepts to
improve
Communication
Uncertainty
Reduc-on
(one
of
the
major
goals
of
ini3al
intercultural
encounters)
Concepts to
improve
Communication
“Face”
(in
collec3vis3c
culture)
Improving Intercultural Communication (2)

43. Language
and
Communica.on
from
Cross-­‐cultural
Perspec.ve
15
Concepts to
improve
Communication
Mindfulness
(allows
people
to
be
conscious
of
their
own
habits,
mental
scripts,
and
cultural
expecta3ons
concerning
communica3on)
Concepts to
improve
Communication
Uncertainty
Reduc-on
(one
of
the
major
goals
of
ini3al
intercultural
encounters)
Concepts to
improve
Communication
“Face”
(in
collec3vis3c
culture)
Keys
to
confron3ng
cultural
differences
Emo3onal
Regula3on,
Openness,
Flexibility
Keys
to
confron3ng
cultural
differences
Cri3cal
Thinking
Improving Intercultural Communication (2)

44. Thank
You
Contact us via …
Mail: hora_t@mac.com
Follow: twitter@htjitra
Website: http://horatjitra.com
Zhejiang
University,
Hangzhou
(China)