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Presentation  : syllable ,[object Object],[object Object]
our presentation will cover…. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
why to know syllable… ,[object Object],[object Object]
syllables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Phonetic definition ,[object Object]
Phonological definition ,[object Object]
Thus we can define syllable as… A syllable is a speech unit that  can be divided into two parts  on set  and rhyme within the rhyme there are  nucleus (a vowel) and the  coda (an ending consonant
Syllable theories ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sonoroty theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sonority theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thus according to this theory… ,[object Object]
Sonority hierarchy ,[object Object]
Sonority hierarchy ,[object Object]
 
Prominence theory ,[object Object]
Rhythm create peaks of prominence in a language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
… ,[object Object]
Chest pulse theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Structure of Syllable
Syllable  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Syllable Structure ,[object Object]
 
Onset :  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rhyme  (or  rime ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Nucleus ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Liquids and nasals as syllable nuclei   ,[object Object],[object Object]
Coda ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Open and Closed Syllable  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monosyllable   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disyllable   ,[object Object],[object Object]
Trisyllable   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polysyllable   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Phonology of syllable
Constitution of the syllable ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The internal structure of the syllable The universal syllable template accepted by most phonologists is  syllable Onset  rhyme nucleus  coda head vowel  consonant
Syllabic consonants A consonant stands as the peak of the syllable instead of the vowel, and we count these as weak syllables like the vowel examples given earlier. A consonant is syllabic by means of a small vertical mark (I) beneath the symbol, for example ‘cattle’ /kætl/,bottle,eaten,threatening .
Cross Languages Analysis English  ….. an onset ………… .coda  …………… .both Arabic  …………… no onset Hawaiian  …………no coda All languages………….. c v Even languages like English, which allow both onsets and codas, have restrictions on the permissible contents of those slots: these restrictions are known as  phonotactic constraints
Phonotactic constraints ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation The Sonority Sequencing  Generalization governs the shape of both onsets and codas. the Sonority Sequencing  Generalization, and governs the shape of both onsets and codas.  a
The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation Here, the most sonorous sounds appear at the top, and the least sonorous at the bottom.  Low vowels [ɑ ] … High vowels [i u] … Glides [j w] Liquids [l ɹ] Nasals [m n ŋ] Voiced fricatives [v z] … Voiceless fricatives [f s] … Voiced plosives [b d ] Voiceless plosives [p t k] Gragh of  tramp:
The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation …..rules out Onset lp--------------play Jm-------------muse rg--------------grey Onset pm------------- lamp kl--------------- silk mr-------------- harm
The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation  Exception of onset/s/ The onset clusters in spray and skew there is no question of drawing a syllable boundary here and recognizing two syllables within the same word,as [s] is not one of the English consonants which can become nuclear, or syllabic. The same problem arises in codas. We would normally use a sonority pattern  to tell us  a syllable division should be made, giving two syllables in  little, but one in foxs
Aspiration of voiceless stops…./p/ /t/ /k/ Word initial position Aspiration :  pill, till, kill No aspiration :  skill, still ,spill  preceded by /s/ Aspiration :re p air, re t urn re c ord  me d ial  onset position No aspiration  re s pond, di s turb, di s cord  In short, aspiration of voiceless stops takes place, not at the  beginning of the word, but at the beginning of the onset.
clear [l] appears in onset position, and dark [l] in the coda. In fact, this process does not only provide evidence for the contrast between onset and coda position, but for the superordinate rhyme constituents which consists of the nucleus plus the optional coda.  In cases  of consonant syllabification, where /l/ (or another sonorant consonant)comes to play the role of a vowel and therefore occupies the nuclear position, as in  bottle, little,  Examples :lip ,holly , English have two main allophones of /l/ clear or alveolar [l] and dark, velarised [l], in complementary distribution.
Onset Maximalism Onset  Maximalism tells us that, in a word like  leader, the medial /d/  belong to the second syllable, where it can be located in the onset as in /l/  second syllable  onset  clear Two realization of /r/ red, bread, very------- onset realization Car, park, farm----------coda……….no realization
Onset Maximalism Morphemes Star -y Syllable Sta.rry   It also follows that syllable boundaries will not always coincide with morpheme boundaries Car  k eys  consonant………No /r/ / Car  e ngine  vowel…………… /r/ Delete the /r/ before a consonant or pause. [ɹ] is being inserted before vowels in mental lexicon.
Onset Maximalism Ambisyllabic Bottle  A single short vowel cannot make up the rhyme of a stressed syllable.the first syllable clearly need coda  . T he /t/ of  bottle as ambisyllabic: that is, as belonging simultaneously in both the coda of the first syllable, and the onset of the second. In alliterative poetry, the important constituent is the onset, which must be identical in several words in a single line On the bald street breaks the blank day Alliterative sound appears in word intial on set
Alliterative poetry, The rhyme of the syllable determines poetic rhyme: for a perfect rhyme, the nucleus and coda . That is,  meet rhymes with  eat, and with beat, and with sweet; but it does not rhyme with might. Close--------------coda  bet, beat Open-------------nucleus  bee, beast Light------------(no coda,short vowel)  p o  tato,re  port, a bout ,a,to. Heavy-----------complex rhyme (Coda or more codas) bet,best,noun verb

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Syllabe

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  • 7. Thus we can define syllable as… A syllable is a speech unit that can be divided into two parts on set and rhyme within the rhyme there are nucleus (a vowel) and the coda (an ending consonant
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  • 37. The internal structure of the syllable The universal syllable template accepted by most phonologists is syllable Onset rhyme nucleus coda head vowel consonant
  • 38. Syllabic consonants A consonant stands as the peak of the syllable instead of the vowel, and we count these as weak syllables like the vowel examples given earlier. A consonant is syllabic by means of a small vertical mark (I) beneath the symbol, for example ‘cattle’ /kætl/,bottle,eaten,threatening .
  • 39. Cross Languages Analysis English ….. an onset ………… .coda …………… .both Arabic …………… no onset Hawaiian …………no coda All languages………….. c v Even languages like English, which allow both onsets and codas, have restrictions on the permissible contents of those slots: these restrictions are known as phonotactic constraints
  • 40.
  • 41. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation The Sonority Sequencing Generalization governs the shape of both onsets and codas. the Sonority Sequencing Generalization, and governs the shape of both onsets and codas. a
  • 42. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation Here, the most sonorous sounds appear at the top, and the least sonorous at the bottom. Low vowels [ɑ ] … High vowels [i u] … Glides [j w] Liquids [l ɹ] Nasals [m n ŋ] Voiced fricatives [v z] … Voiceless fricatives [f s] … Voiced plosives [b d ] Voiceless plosives [p t k] Gragh of tramp:
  • 43. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation …..rules out Onset lp--------------play Jm-------------muse rg--------------grey Onset pm------------- lamp kl--------------- silk mr-------------- harm
  • 44. The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation Exception of onset/s/ The onset clusters in spray and skew there is no question of drawing a syllable boundary here and recognizing two syllables within the same word,as [s] is not one of the English consonants which can become nuclear, or syllabic. The same problem arises in codas. We would normally use a sonority pattern to tell us a syllable division should be made, giving two syllables in little, but one in foxs
  • 45. Aspiration of voiceless stops…./p/ /t/ /k/ Word initial position Aspiration : pill, till, kill No aspiration : skill, still ,spill preceded by /s/ Aspiration :re p air, re t urn re c ord me d ial onset position No aspiration re s pond, di s turb, di s cord In short, aspiration of voiceless stops takes place, not at the beginning of the word, but at the beginning of the onset.
  • 46. clear [l] appears in onset position, and dark [l] in the coda. In fact, this process does not only provide evidence for the contrast between onset and coda position, but for the superordinate rhyme constituents which consists of the nucleus plus the optional coda. In cases of consonant syllabification, where /l/ (or another sonorant consonant)comes to play the role of a vowel and therefore occupies the nuclear position, as in bottle, little, Examples :lip ,holly , English have two main allophones of /l/ clear or alveolar [l] and dark, velarised [l], in complementary distribution.
  • 47. Onset Maximalism Onset Maximalism tells us that, in a word like leader, the medial /d/ belong to the second syllable, where it can be located in the onset as in /l/ second syllable onset clear Two realization of /r/ red, bread, very------- onset realization Car, park, farm----------coda……….no realization
  • 48. Onset Maximalism Morphemes Star -y Syllable Sta.rry It also follows that syllable boundaries will not always coincide with morpheme boundaries Car k eys consonant………No /r/ / Car e ngine vowel…………… /r/ Delete the /r/ before a consonant or pause. [ɹ] is being inserted before vowels in mental lexicon.
  • 49. Onset Maximalism Ambisyllabic Bottle A single short vowel cannot make up the rhyme of a stressed syllable.the first syllable clearly need coda . T he /t/ of bottle as ambisyllabic: that is, as belonging simultaneously in both the coda of the first syllable, and the onset of the second. In alliterative poetry, the important constituent is the onset, which must be identical in several words in a single line On the bald street breaks the blank day Alliterative sound appears in word intial on set
  • 50. Alliterative poetry, The rhyme of the syllable determines poetic rhyme: for a perfect rhyme, the nucleus and coda . That is, meet rhymes with eat, and with beat, and with sweet; but it does not rhyme with might. Close--------------coda bet, beat Open-------------nucleus bee, beast Light------------(no coda,short vowel) p o tato,re port, a bout ,a,to. Heavy-----------complex rhyme (Coda or more codas) bet,best,noun verb