1. L/O: To understand what the development gap is.
To investigate the methods for measuring development and
the advantages and disadvantages of these.

2. Using your mini whiteboards suggest the following:
 What is the development gap?
 How do we measure development?
 What indicators can we use?

3. What is Development?
Not just the difference between the developed, rich and
powerful countries and those less developed. Within
each country there are differing levels of prosperity
and development
What is it measured by?
GNP
HDI – Human development Index 0-1,
1 being best – uses income per capita, adult literacy, life
expectancy.
Development Indicators

4. Definition of development
Economic growth – Increase in total value of goods and services
produced. (measured by GDP)
Development – Improvement in human welfare, quality of life,
social well being. Satisfying the population’s needs and wants.
(measured using a range of socio-economic indicators)
Sustainable development – “Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs." (Measured using indicators of environmental quality)

5. Sort the cards according to the development level of the
countries.

6. http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$major
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7.  A study of 15 countries
mainly in Europe
suggested that all
countries had the
potential to break the
cycle of poverty and
develop through 5 stages

8.  Stage 1 – Traditional Society
Subsistence economy based on farming with limited technology or capital
to develop
 Stage 2 – Preconditions to take-off
Often an injection of external help – industries develop and growth of
infrastructure. Often single industry will dominate
 Stage 3 – Take off
Manu industries grow, airports and roads are built. Political and social
changes. Farming will decline. Investment or borrowing increases
 Stage 4 – Drive to maturity
Growth should be self-sustaining. Often multiplier effects in similar
industry types. Rapid urbanisation
 Stage 5 – High mass consumption
Rapid expansion of tertiary services, employment in service industries
grow but decline in manufacturing

9.  Model assumes that all countries start off at the same
level
 Although capital is needed to advance from a
traditional society it often brings debt repayments
which stop a country developing
 Underestimates the extent and impact of colonialism
 Predicts too short a timescale between the beginning
of growth and becoming self-sustaining

10.  Shows how some areas
become more
economically developed
than others and why
some regions are more
wealthier than others

11.  Stage 1 (Pre-industrial). The agricultural society, with localized
economies and a small scale settlement structure. Fairly isolated,
dispersed and low mobility.
 Stage 2 (Transitional). The concentration of the economy in
the core begins due to capital and industrial growth. Trade and
mobility increase
 Stage 3 (Industrial). Due to economic growth other growth
centres appear. The main reasons for this are increasing
production costs (mainly labour and land) in the core area.
 Stage 4 (Post-industrial). The urban system becomes fully
integrated and inequalities are reduced significantly.

12.  Some countries remain
largely unconnected to the
modern globalised world.
 This is especially true in
Sub-Saharan Africa , which
remains very much part of
the global periphery (see
map)
 Other peripheral regions
include north South Asia,
the Andean region, parts of
East and Central Asia.
 Growth areas (upward Sub-Saharan Africa has a range of factors which make
transition) are much better development very challenging; these include debt levels,
landlocked states, conflict, corruption, Aids/ HIV, malaria,
connected to the global core lack of infrastructure and communications, low education
areas. levels, drought and many others

13. Views on Development
The Development Cable
 Development is like an
electric cable – the
power to drive countries
from primitive to more
advanced states.
 Core is economic
growth, technology and
enterprise.
 The Outer is many
different aspects of
development growth.

14. •At its core is economic development, but to
achieve real progress social, political,
environmental and personal development is
also needed.
•Recognising the complex nature of development
is why development is often measured using an
index, which combines a range of data
•Indices are considered more accurate than single
data points such as GDP per capita.

15. Views on Development
The Development Pathway
 Development can
also be seen as a
pathway.
 Countries develop at
different speeds and
may cluster at
different places
 What could hinder
development?

16. 1) Economic Wealth
Measured as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita = dividing the monetary
value of all the goods and services provided in a country by its total
population
Gross National Income (GNI) – includes income from overseas investments
GDP – preferred by the EU
GNI by the UN and USA
X Only useful in countries which have many economic transactions i.e. ‘market
economies’
X Hides extremes and uneven distribution of income between regions or
socio-economic groupings
Purchasing Power Parity (PPI)
Shows what per capita income will purchase when the cost of living is taken into
account. E.g. In China the cost of living is low so $100 will buy far more there
than in the USA

17. Brandt Commission in 1981

18. 2) Social, cultural and welfare criteria
Human Development Index (HDI) gives a country a score between 0
and 1 and is based on life expectancy, education and income.
 Enables anomalies to be spotted and identifies where poverty is
greatest
X No measure of human rights or freedom. There is a separate Human
Freedom Index in 1991 but has not been done since.
 Birth rates
 Death rate
 Infant mortality rate
 Lack of clean water
 % rural population
 Types of employment
 Level of literacy

19.  HDI (Human Development Index)
- a summary measure of basic human
development
 GDI (Gender-related Development Index)
- the HDI adjusted for gender inequality
 GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure)
- Measures gender equality in economic and
political life, participation and decision making
 HPI (Human Poverty Index)
- Captures the level of human deprivation in
country
19

20. Advantages
 Summarises complex statistics
 Attract public interest, support policy-makers
Disadvantages
 Too simplistic
 Could be misleading
20

21. Exam Questions: