vidh

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDUSTRY

1


“WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN
INDUSTRY”

BBA __ 6 TH SEM, 3 RD YEAR

TANYA BHADANI
VIDHI MANDHANA
PALLAVI GHOSH

UNDER GUIDANCE OF:

Mrs. Sreeparna Chakraborty
HUMAN RESOURCE FACULTY of THE
HERITAGE ACADEMY (Kolkata)

2


A. List of tables
B. List of Figures
C. Acknowledgement
1. Introduction:

2. Review of Literature:

3. Objective of Study
A) Objective of choosing the particular topic
B) Justification of the study

4. Research Methodology
A) Type of Research
B) Population for the survey
C) Sample size
D) Sampling Procedure
E) Selection of particular market
F) Questionnaire Description
G) S/W Used

5. Analysis of Data
A) Category wise analysis
B) VERBATIM analysis

6. Conclusion

ANNEXURE
A) Questionnaire
B) Bibliography

3


With regard to our project with WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN
INDUSTRY we would like to thank each and everyone who
offered help, guideline and support whenever required
We would take the opportunity to thank Prof. Gour Banerjee,
Principal, The Heritage Academy and Mrs.Sreeparna
Chakraborty for allowing us to form a group of three people and
for providing us with all the necessary facilities to make our project
work and of worth. Their guidance and words of encouragement
motivated us to achieve our goal and impetus to excel.
We thank all our other faculty members and technical assistants
at The Heritage Academy for paying a pivotal and decisive role
during the development of the project. Last but not the least we
thank our friends and parents for their cooperation and
encouragement that they have bestowed on us.

Signature:
_______________________________

(Name of the Group M1)

Signature:
__________________________________

(Name of the

4


5


Women Empowerment refers to increasing
the spiritual, political, social or economic
strength of women. It often involves the
empowered developing confidence in their
own capacities”.

During the 18th century, the women’s role
and work was extremely difficult,
exhausting, and society was
6


unappreciative. For poor families in
colonial times, women’s full time job was
homemaking. Poor housewives had to
cook meals, make clothing, and doctor
their family on top of cleaning, making
household goods to use and sell, taking
care of their animals, maintaining a fire
and even tending to the kitchen gardens.
Middle class and wealthy women also
shared some of these chores in their
households, but they often had servants to
help them. Both men and women had
great social pressure on them to marry.
Young girls were often married by the age
of 13 or 14 and if women weren’t married

7


by the age of 25, it was socially
humiliating. Widows were also pressured
to get married as soon as possible. Even in
some states, laws were proposed that
would force widows to marry within 7 years
after their husband’s death. Widows,
however, were often married within a year
if not sooner. Once married, they legally
became one with their husbands. Married
women had no control of their earnings,
inheritance, property, and also could not
appear in court as a witness nor vote.
Their husbands, therefore, were
responsible for all aspects of their wife
including discipline. Widows were better

8


off. They had control over their property,
but could only receive up to one-third of
her late husband’s property. A widow could
also vote in some areas, but often widows
were not aware of this fact or chose not to.
Husbands could legally beat their wives. If
a woman ran away from her husband, she
was considered a thief because she was
stealing the clothes she was wearing and
herself. If a man murdered his wife, he
would be hung. If a woman murdered her
husband, she would be burned alive.

9


The status of women in India has
been subject to many great changes over
the past few millennia.. From equal status
with men in ancient times through the low
points of the medieval period, to the
promotion of equal by many reformers, the
history of women in India has been
eventful. In modern India, women have
adorned high offices in India including that
of the President, Prime minister, Speaker
of the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition,
etc. The current President of India is a
woman.

10


Gender systems are established in
different socio-cultural contexts which
determine what is expected, allowed and
valued in a woman/man and girl/boy in
these specific contexts. Gender roles are
learned through socialization processes;
they are not fixed but are changeable.
Gender systems are institutionalized
through education systems, political and

11


economic systems, legislation, and culture
and traditions. In utilizing a gender
approach the focus is not on individual
women and men but on the system which
determines gender roles / responsibilities,
access to and control over resources, and
decision-making potentials. It is also
important to emphasize that the concept
of gender is not interchangeable with
women. Gender refers to both women and
men, and the relations between them.
Promotion of gender equality should
concern and engage men as well as
women. In recent years there has been a
much stronger direct focus on men in

12


research on gender perspectives. There
are three main approaches taken in the
increased focus on men. Firstly, the need
to identify men as allies for gender
equality and involve them more actively in
this work. Secondly, the recognition that
gender equality is not possible unless men
change their attitudes and behavior in
many areas, for example in relation to
reproductive rights and health. And last
but not the least that gender systems in
place in many contexts are negative for
men as well as for women creating
unrealistic demands on men.

13


The systematic, unfavorable treatment of
individuals on the basis of their gender,
which denies those rights, opportunities or
resources, is called Gender Discrimination.
Across the world, women are treated
unequally and less value is placed on their
lives because of their gender. Women’s
differential access to power and control of
resources is central to this discrimination
in all institutional spheres, i.e. the
household, community, market, and state.
Within the household, women and girls
can face discrimination in the sharing out

14


of household resources including food,
sometimes leading to higher malnutrition
and mortality indicators for women. At its
most extreme, gender discrimination can
lead to son preference, Expressed in sex
selective abortion or female feticide. In the
labor market, unequal pay, occupational
exclusion or segregation into low skill and
low paid work limit women’s earnings in
comparison to those of men of similar
education levels. Women’s lack of
representation and voice in decision.
Making bodies in the community and the
state perpetuates discrimination, in terms
of access to public services, such as

15


schooling and health care or
discriminatory laws.

Patriarchy is the central to understand
discrimination against women. Feminists
say about three broad forms of women
hating or misogyny (Maitra: 1999). Among
the three only patriarchies has social
connotation. So it is necessary to
understand patriarchy and its
institutional role in oppressing and
exploiting women for ages. The concept
has been revalued and redefined by

16


different thinkers at different time. Gender
constitutes the hierarchical principle of
patriarchy. Currie defined patriarchy as” a
process operating on different level
(sexual and ideological) and in different
spheres (public, private, political,
economic) in which women are, and have
been, subordinate to male domination.’
(Currie 1996:147).

The norms of patriarchy and patriarchal
ideology affect all women. The essential
elements of patriarchal ideology that
influence and regulate gender relations
are division of labor and economic

17


dependence. The glorification of
motherhood in Indian society has been
emphasized only within the terms and
conditions set by patriarchy. However
some confusion exists regarding the utility
of the term ‘patriarchy’ for Indian society.
According to Wadley, the term ‘patriarchy’
and ‘patriarchal’ are too laden with
Eurocentric meanings while others
question their validity for all caste and
classes in India( Wadley1994:261)

18


The status of women in India has
been subject to many great changes over
the past few millennia. From equal status
with men in ancient times through the low
points of the medieval period to the
promotion of equal rights by many
reformers, the history of women
in India has been eventful. In modern
India, women have adorned high offices
in India including that of
19


the President, Prime minister, Speaker of
the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition, etc.
The current President of India is a woman.
Empowering women usually involves giving
them opportunity for better education.
With that, fertility rates decrease, as well
as infant mortality rates. Literate women
have other opportunities in life other than
marriage and motherhood, such as being
part of the work force. Delaying marriage
usually also means that women have less
fertile years, which naturally decreases the
number of children they can have. They
are also better informed about family
planning options, although it seems that

20


religion plays a stronger part in this aspect
other than simple literacy. Instead of being
seen as a liability, and therefore being
married off as soon as possible, they can
become a valuable asset to their families.
Of course, at a personal level,
empowerment gives women a chance to
make their own choices, challenge the
worthiness of old traditions, and to
actually look for opportunities away from
their families and villages. The erstwhile
Scheme of Development of Women and
Children in Rural Areas(DWCRA),now
merged with the SGSY, was intended to
raise the income level of women of poor

21


households so as to enable organized
participation by them in social
development for economic self – reliance.
The primary thrust was the formation of
groups of 10-50 women from poor
households at the village level for delivery
of services like credit and skill training and
cash and infrastructure support for self
employment. Studies show that when
women are supported and
empowered, all of society
benefits. Their families are healthier,
more children go to school, agricultural
productivity improves and incomes

22


increase. In short, communities become
more resilient.

23


24


The researcher has tried to review the
following:

 The empowerment of women occurs
in reality, when women achieve
increased control and participation in
decision making that leads to their
better access to resources, and
therefore, improved socio-economic
status. The experts also inform that
there are five levels of the women's
empowerment framework, namely-
welfare, access, conscientisation,
mobilization and control.

 According to the article Introduction:
A Curriculum Vitae for Gender

25


Studies by Philomena Essed, David
Theo Goldberg, and Audrey
Kobayashi from Black Well-
Companions in cultural Studies
gender has a wide range of primary
expressions. It expresses itself
through-sexuality, race, class, region,
as well as by other meaningful
designation of human. Donna
Harway’s ( 1991) conceptions of
gender reveals that “mutually
constitutive relationships between
the social conditions through which
people manifest and elaborate
gender in their everyday lives and
practices-always bounded and
blinkered”.

26


 Women are creditworthy, will share
the fruits of investment with family
and this will eventually lead to her
empowerment. (Kabeer, 2005a, and
Little, Murdoch and Hashemi, 2003).

 Micro credit improves household
incomes and has associated family
benefits. (Hulme and Mosley, 1996,
Kandker, 1998 etc.)

27


28


We are doing this project as a part of the
fulfillment of our course requirements.
Apart from these our objectives of the
study are as follows:

I. Establishing mechanisms for women's
equal participation at all levels of the
political process and public life in each
community and society
II. Promoting the fulfillment of women's
potential through education, skill
development and employment, paying
urgent attention to the elimination of
poverty and illiteracy among adult
women;
III. Eliminating all practices that
discriminate against women and
29


assisting them to establish and realize
their rights, including those that relate
to sexual and reproductive health.
IV. To study the condition of women in
industry
V. To study the GENDER PREJUDICE and
society trends.

30


31


The word research is composed of two
syllables, re and search. Re is a prefix
meaning again, anew or over again search
is a verb meaning to examine closely and
carefully, to test and try, or to probe.
Together they form a noun describing a
careful, systematic, patient study and
Investigation in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles.
Research methodology is defined as a
highly intellectual human activity used in
the investigation of nature and matter and

32


deals especially with the manner in which
data is collected, analyzed and
interpreted.

1. A means or manner of procedure,
especially a regular and systematic way of
accomplishing something: a simple
method for making a pie crust; mediation
as a method of solving disputes.

33


2. Orderly arrangement of parts or steps to
accomplish an end: Random efforts that
lack method

3. The procedures and techniques
characteristic of a particular discipline or
field of knowledge. These field courses
give overview of archaeological method.

4. Method A technique of acting in which
the actor recalls emotions and reactions
from past experience and uses them in
identifying with and individualizing the
character being portrayed.

34


1. A body of practices, procedures, and
rules used by those who work in a
discipline or engage in an inquiry; a set of
working methods: the methodology of
genetic studies; a poll marred by faulty
methodology.

2. The study or theoretical analysis of such
working methods.

3. The branch of logic that deals with the
general principles of the formation of
knowledge

4. Usage Problem. Means, technique, or
procedure; method.

35


For the purpose of the study we have selected
Survey Method and Documentary Method

The Survey method is the technique of
gathering data by asking questions to
people who are thought to have desired
information. A formal list of questionnaire
is prepared. Generally a non disguised
approach is used. The respondents are
asked questions on their demographic
interest opinion. A "survey" can be
anything forms a short paper-and-pencil
feedback form to an intensive one-on-one
in-depth interview. The attributes attempt
to describe basic characteristics or

36


experience of large and small populations
in our world.

●Information is gathered by asking people
questions.

●Information is collected either by having
interviewers ask questions and record
answers or by having people read or hear
questions and record their answers.

●Information is collected from only a
subset of the population to be described (a
sample) rather than from all members.

37


The study was carried out for a period of
10 days.

A sample is a finite part of a statistical
population whose properties are studied to
gain information about the whole
(Webster, 1985). When dealing with
people, it can be defined as a set of
respondents (people) selected from a
larger population for the purpose of a
survey. Sampling is that part
38


of statistical practice concerned with the
selection of a subset of
individual observations within a population
of individuals intended to yield some
knowledge about the population of
concern, especially for the purposes of
making predictions based on statistical
inference.

The sample size of our project is limited
to 8 people only.

Data has been presented with the help of
following things:

39


Tables, Pie Charts and various graphs like
line graph, bar graph

Unstructured Questionnaire- Unstructured
Interviews are a method of interviews where questions can be
changed or adapted to meet the respondent's intelligence,
understanding or belief. Unlike a structured interview they do
not offer a limited, pre-set range of answers for a respondent to
choose, but instead advocate listening to how each individual
person responds to the question. The method to gather
information using this technique is fairly limited, for example
most surveys that are carried out via telephone or even in
person tend to follow a structured method. Outside of
sociology the use of such interviews is very limited.

There are many problems in our society
which cannot be studied through clinical
method. Then we have to take help of
survey method uses questionnaire like

40


interview, rating scale, check list etc. In
this method information are collected from
the person through structure
questionnaire.

A questionnaire contains a set of standard
question. This method is used to obtain
information about the personal difficulties,
attitude, toward marriage etc.

There are four types of questionnaire:

41


1. Open ended questionnaire
2. Close ended questionnaire
3. Structured questionnaire
4. Unstructured questionnaire

Case study method is an investigative
method for the understanding and
analysis of human behavior which is being
used particularly by clinical psychologist. It
is a two way process in which the
investigator uses test, check list or
questionnaire like the survey technique.

42


43


More than
Age Group Less than 30 30 - 40 41 - 50 50
No. of
Women 2 3 1 2

44


No. of Women

3.5

3

2.5

2
No. of Women
1.5

1

0.5

0
Less than 30 30 - 40 41 - 50 More than 50

Finding: Large portion of women falls in the age category of 30-40
yrs. 2 women each falls under the range of less than 30 and more
than 50. Only 1 woman comes under the range 41-50 years.

Education Qualification No. of Women
1
Post Graduate
3
Under Graduate
4
Graduate
8
Total

45


Graduate

Under Graduate
Series1
Series2
Series3
Post Graduate

Education Qualif ication

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Finding: Large portion of women were highly educated with
Graduates and 3 women are under graduate. 1 woman is only with
Post Graduate.

Response Yes No
No. of Respondents 6 2

46


No. of Respondents

25% Yes
No

75%

Finding: Around 75% of the women are satisfied with
the job. Rests 25% are not satisfied with the job.

Response Yes No

47


No. of Respondents

6

5

4
No. of Respondents
3

2

1

0
Yes No

Finding: Large portion of women have sufficient
earning. Only 2 women feel that they don’t have
sufficient earning.

Response Yes No

48


No. of Respondents

No
38%
Yes
No
Yes
62%

Finding: 62% of women think that job provides
sufficient power. Only 38% of women think that job
doesn’t provide sufficient power.

Response Yes No

49


8

7

6

5

No. of Respondents
4

3

2

1

0
Yes No

Finding: All the women think that they have Support
from family.

Response Yes No

50


8
7
6 No
5 Yes
4
3
2
1
0
No. of Respondents

Finding: Large portion of women can take decision in
family take decision in. Only 2 women feel that they don’t
take decision in family.

Response Yes No
No. of
Respondents 7 1

51


No. of Respondents

8

7

6

5

4 No. of Respondents

3

2

1

0
Yes No

Finding: Large portion of women feel that they have power
in family. Only 1 woman feels that they don’t take power in
family.

Response Yes No

52


No. of Respondents

Yes
37%

No Yes
63% No

Finding: 63% of women think that they are not
empowered in the industry as women. Only 37% of
women think that they are empowered in the industry as
women.

Quantitative methods are research
techniques that are used to gather

53


quantitative data — information dealing
with numbers and anything that is
measurable. Statistics, tables and graphs,
are often used to present the results of
these methods.

Qualitative methods produce information
only on the particular cases studied, and
any more general conclusions are only
hypotheses. Quantitative methods can be
used to verify, which of such hypotheses
are true. Additionally, it seeks to
understand a given research
problem or topic from the

54


perspectives of the local
population it involves. It is
especially effective in obtaining
culturally specific information
about the values, opinions,
behaviors, and social contexts
of particular populations.

We are making a project on WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT IN INDUSTRY. In this project, we
have taken interview of 8 women who fall in this
category.

aged 46 years, is married and has completed
Graduation. She is working in Merchandise Department
as SENIOR MERCHANDIZER. She has a gap in her career.
She is satisfied with her job and thinks that her earning
is sufficient. Moreover this job provides sufficient power

55


to her in the society. She has also got support from her
family. She is also involved in Decision Making. At last
she feels empowered in the industry as a woman.

Aged 32 years, is single and has completed Graduation.
She is working in Home Appliances Department as SALES
EXECUTIVE. She has a gap in her career. She is satisfied
with her job and thinks that her earning is NOT
sufficient. Moreover this job provides sufficient power to
her in the society. She has also got support from her
family. She is also involved in Decision Making. At last
she feels that she is not empowered in the industry as a
woman.

Aged 57 years, is married and has completed Graduation.
She is working as MERCHANDISER. She DOESN’T have a
gap in her career. She is satisfied with her job and thinks
that her earning is sufficient. Moreover this job provides
sufficient power to her in the society. She has also got
support from her family. She is also involved in Decision
Making. At last she feels empowered in the industry as a
woman.

56


57


I conclude that policies to rise
women’s age at marriage
enhance their educations and
open greater employment
opportunities will also help to
empower them, at least in some
respects. We choose to focus
particularly on women, because
in every society they struggle
against gender norms that limit
their resources and
opportunities for improvement,
and because we know that
women’s empowerment is a
tremendous resource for social
change and a broader fight

58


against global poverty. Our goal
is to cause policy, institutional
and individual change that will
improve the lives of women and
girls everywhere.

59


60

vidh

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (9)

Ähnlich wie vidh

Ähnlich wie vidh (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

vidh