Tabulation of Data

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2. TABULATING AND
GRAPHING DATA
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3. “Graphical excellence consists of the efficient
communication of complex quantitative ideas.”
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4. TABULATION
According to Connor, "Tabulation involves the orderly
and systematic presentation of numerical data in a form
designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.“
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5. PARETO DIAGRAMS
45 120%
40
100%
35
30 80%
Frequency
25
60% Frequency
20 Cumulative %
15 40%
10
20%
5
0 0%
No Signature Illegible Current Customer No Address Other
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6. CONTENTS
• What Is A Pareto Chart?
• Why A Pareto Chart Be Used?
• When Should A Pareto Chart Be Used?
• How Is A Pareto Chart Constructed?
• Steps To Construct A Pareto Chart Manually
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7. PARETO DIAGRAMS
WHAT IS A PARETO CHART?
The Pareto Chart is named after Vilfredo Pareto, a 19th
century economist who postulated that a large share of
wealth is owned by a small percentage of the
population.
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8. Cont…
A Pareto Chart is a series of bars whose heights reflect
the frequency or impact of problems. The bars are
arranged in descending order of height from left to
right.
Pareto charts are extremely useful because they can be
used to identify those factors that have the greatest
cumulative effect on the system, and thus screen out the
less significant factors in an analysis. 8

9. WHY A PARETO CHART BE USED?
• In most systems, quality related problems are owing to
numerous factors, the Pareto Principle which states that
80% of the problems come from 20% of the Causes.
• A Pareto Chart breaks a big problem down into smaller
pieces, identifies the most significant factors, shows
where to focus efforts, and allows better use of limited
resources.
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10. WHEN SHOULD A PARETO CHART BE
USED?
A Pareto Chart is a good tool to use when the process
you are investigating produces data that are broken
down into categories and you can count the number of
times each category occurs.
A Pareto diagram puts data in a hierarchical
order, which allows the most significant problems to be
corrected first.
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11. HOW IS A PARETO CHART CONSTRUCTED?
• To construct a Pareto Chart, you need to start with
meaningful data which you have collected and
categorized.
• You need to segment the range of the data into groups
(also called segments or categories).
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12. Cont…
For example, if your business was investigating the delay
associated with processing credit card applications, you
could group the data into the following categories: No
signature, Residential address not valid, Non-legible
handwriting, Current customer, and Other.
You may either construct a Pareto Chart manually or
with Excel.
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13. STEPS TO CONSTRUCT A
PARETO CHART MANUALLY
Record the raw data. List each category (i.e., No
signature, Residential address not valid, Non-legible
handwriting, Current customer, and Other) and its
associated data count (how many times each category
occurred) and the place data in descending order.
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14. Delay in Processing Credit Card Application
Category Frequency Percentage Cumulative %
No Signature
Non-legible
handwriting
Current Customer
Residential address
not valid
Other
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15. Delay in Processing Credit Card Application
Category Frequency Percentage Cumulative %
No Signature 40
Non-legible
22
handwriting
Current Customer 15
Residential address
9
not valid
Other 8
94
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16. Delay in Processing Credit Card Application
Category Frequency Percentage Cumulative %
No Signature 40 43%
Non-legible
22 23%
handwriting
Current Customer 15 16%
Residential address
9 10%
not valid
Other 8 9%
94 100
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17. Delay in Processing Credit Card Application
Category Frequency Percentage Cumulative %
No Signature 40 43% 43%
Non-legible
22 23% 66%
handwriting
Current Customer 15 16% 82%
Residential address
9 10% 91%
not valid
Other 8 9% 100%
94 100
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18. Delay in Processing Credit Card Application
45 120%
40
100%
35
30 80%
Frequency
25
60%
20
15 40%
10
20%
5
0 0%
No Signature Illegible Current Residential Other
Customer address not
valid
Frequency Cumulative %
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19. CONCLUSION
• No matter how may data are categorized, they can be
ranked and made into a Pareto diagram.
Sometimes, no single bar is dramatically different
from the others, and the Pareto Chart looks flat or
gently sloping.
• To attack the tall bar in that situation is no help. You
need to look for another way to categorize the data.
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21. • “There remain, however, many other considerations
in the design of statistical graphics – not only of
efficiency, but also of
complexity, structure, density, and even beauty.”
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