A couple of years ago, we gathered with 9 individual mastitis experts, to freely discuss issues around mastitis. One of the results was an overview paper on the current status and future challenges of mastitis research. It was presented at the 50th anniversary Annual Meeting of the NMC (www.nmconline.org). These are the slides of this presentation, given by Joe Hogan and myself.

1. Current Status and Future Challenges in Mastitis Research Henk Hogeveen Joe Hogan

19. Host Defense

28. Treatment should be targeted towards the causing pathogen OIE World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Animal Health Code GUIDELINES FOR THE RESPONSIBLE AND PRUDENT USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE

37. Exposure vs Susceptibility

42. Cyclic and irregular vacuum fluctuations

43. Claw volume increased to 116 ml -9% Small milk tube bore increased to 11 mm -16% Add smt air bleeds (0.57 mm) -18% Long pulse tube restrictor (3 mm) -19% Change to alternate pulsation -20% COMBINED EFFECT -84% Key changes in machine milking affecting cyclic fluctuations

45. Milk flow

46. Milk flow Bad Good

47. Completeness of milking Effect on teat color Effect of liner age Liner surface 0 milkings 4000 milkings

48. h Teat condition and overmilking 2 min 5 min 0 min 0 min 5 min 2 min

49. Heifers Cows Flow rate (ml/min) 200 400 200 400 Machine-on time (min) 5.5 5.0 7.9 7.4 Yield (kg) 21.1 21.2 31.5 31.6 Teat score 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.1 New infections, % cows 16 15 15 15 From MD Rasmussen Effect of ACR setting

55. Sampimon et al., 2009 Dutch prevalence studies

57. Contagious mastitis Environmental mastitis Infectious pressure Zadoks, 2002

58. % score 3 and 4 % score 3 and 4 % new infections BMSCC Hygiene and udder health Schreiner and Ruegg, 2003

59. Prevent other contact with the milking machine

62. Teat scoring strategy

64. Frequency liner replacement Olde Riekerink and Sampimon, 2008

65. Number of herds 70% Milkings before replacement

68. Literature (€) 1€ = 1.27$US Bar 2008 Halasa 2009 Hagnestam-Nielsen 2009 Huijps 2008 Level Cow Cow Cow-year Cow Milk production losses - 11 78 36 Labour - 11 - 4 Treatment - 14 - 15 Culling - 46 - 22 Death - 0 - 0 Veterinarian - 2 - 1 Milk quality - 0 - 0 Materials - 0 - 0 Diagnostics - 0 - 0 Total 61 84 97 78

71. Additional expenditures Reduced losses Net benefit Milk cows with clinical mastitis last 37 16 -21 Milk cows with subclinical mastitis last 104 20 -84 Use of separate cloths during udder preparation 26 9 -17 Wash dirty udders during udder preparation 3 9 6 Prestripping 34 9 -25 Use of milkers’ gloves during milking 1 9 8 Post milking teat disinfection 31 31 -0 Back-flushing clusters after milking a cow with clinical mastitis 1 11 10 Back-flushing clusters after milking a cow with subclinical mastitis 123 15 -108 Replace teat cup liners in time 13 11 -2 Use of a treatment protocol 7 15 8 Application of blanket dry cow therapy 9 36 27 Keep cows standing after milking 2 12 10 Feed additional dry cow minerals 13 13 0 Prevent overcrowding 23 13 -10 Clean boxes 54 15 -39 Clean yards 51 8 -43 Optimize feed ration 24 13 -11

72. Money is not the only motivator Theory of planned behaviour … ..and there are lots of other frameworks There is an intention-behaviour discrepancy among farmers