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Pennington Nutrition Series
Healthier lives through education in nutrition and preventive medicine                                  No. 47


                                                       Green Tea
                                       A Review of Potential Health Benefits

                                                                 Green tea is one of four types of tea (white, green,
                                                                 black, and oolong) that come from the plant
                                                                 Camellia sinensis.

                                                                 White tea is the least processed form of tea, while
                                                                 black tea leaves are fermented. Green tea leaves
                                                                 are steamed, not fermented and hence preserve
                                                                 more polyphenols.

                                                                 The beneficial effects of green tea are attributed to
                                                                 the polyphenols, particularly the catechins, which
                                                                 make up 30% of the dry weight of green tea leaves.

                                                                 These catechins are present in higher quantities in
                                                                 green tea than in black or oolong tea, because of
                                                                 the differences in the processing of tea leaves after
                                                                 harvest.

                          Green Tea and Chronic Diseases

                       Many studies have found beneficial effects
                       associated with the consumption of green tea. In
                       fact, green tea has been shown to play a beneficial
                       role in six different areas:
                           Cardiovascular diseases
                           Obesity and weight loss
                           Diabetes
                           Cancer                                                    Tea has been consumed as a
                           Microbial diseases                                          beverage for thousands of
                                                                                      years, first in the Orient and
                           Neurodegenerative diseases                               then Europe and the Americas.
                               — Aging                                                Green tea has been used in
                                                                                     oriental medicine because of
                               — Parkinson’s disease
                                                                                          its beneficial effects.
                               — Alzheimer’s disease
ECCG

Green tea has polyphenolic catechins, of which (-)epigallocatechin—
3—gallate (EGCG) is one of six. EGCG is the most abundant catechin,
accounting for 65% of green tea’s catechin content, and seems to
produce most of the beneficial effects found in green tea. One cup of
green tea contains approximately 100-200 mg of EGCG. Other
components found in green tea include: caffeine, theanine, theaflavins,
theobromine, theophylline, and phenolic acids such as gallic acid.

   Cardiovascular Disease

Overview: Green tea polyphenols (catechins) are                             Diabetes
potent antioxidants which reduce free radical
damage to cells and prevent the oxidation of LDL
                                                                   Green tea consumption can also
cholesterol. Preventing oxidation of the LDL particle
                                                                   benefit diabetics. In a study on
inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
                                                                   human subjects, the consumption
Therefore the consumption of green tea is believed
                                                                   of green tea was shown to improve
to be linked to a lower risk of heart disease.
                                                                   glucose tolerance. Basal blood
                                                                   glucose levels did not change.
     In a study of over 8,000 Japanese men and                     In laboratory animals, long-term
     women for 12 years, increased consumption of                  administration of green tea extract
     green tea was associated with greater health                  increased insulin sensitivity.
     benefits. In fact, those who consumed ~32
     ounces a day over a 12 year period had a 58%                  In cell culture studies, EGCG was
     lower risk of dying from coronary heart disease               the most active catechin in
     than those who consumed about ~10 ounces a                    increasing insulin sensitivity and
     day.                                                          glucose uptake in isolated fat cells.
     Consumption of black tea, which is notably
     lower in catechins, was also shown to provide
     significant benefits. In a 6-yr Dutch study of over
     4,500 men and women, those who consumed
     more than 3 cups (~13 ounces a day) of black
     tea daily had a 68% lower risk of myocardial
     infarction (a heart attack) than those who did
     not drink tea. Therefore, even moderate
     amounts of tea consumption can potentially
     provide significant cardiovascular protection.
Cancer                                                       Neurodegenerative Diseases

In the scientific world, green tea is probably best known
and most studied for its effects on cancer prevention.      Free Radical Theory of Aging
Although epidemiological studies have not shown a clear     According to the free radical theory of aging,
link between cancer prevention and green tea, animal        increased free radical generation and oxidative
studies have been very convincing. They have clearly        stress are the basis for changes that lead to age
demonstrated the preventative effects of green tea and      -associated functional deterioration and neu-
EGCG against liver, stomach, breast, prostate, lung and     rodegeneration. Several age-associated dis-
skin cancers at any stage (initiation, promotion or         eases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease,
progression).                                               Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease,
                                                            and diabetes have their etiologies linked to free
Tea catechins act as powerful inhibitors of cancer growth   radical damage. Because of the antioxidant
in several ways. They:                                      properties of green tea and its extracts, several
        scavenge oxidants before cell injuries occur,       studies have examined the effects of green tea
        reduce the incidence and size of chemically         consumption on these age-related conditions.
        induced tumors, and
        inhibit the growth of tumor cells.                       Parkinson’s disease
                                                            Oxidative stress, especially the death of
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has funded extensive
                                                            dopaminergic neurons, is believed to be a
research with green tea as a potential cancer
                                                            major contributor to the pathogenesis of
chemopreventive agent. A study is underway to see the
                                                            Parkinson’s disease. Recently, misregulated
chemopreventive effect of POLYPHENON E
                                                            iron metabolism in the brain has also been
(a decaffeinated green tea extract currently in Phase II
                                                            implicated as a potential contributor. Several
clinical trials).
                                                            studies using green tea have shown significant
                                                            protection against the development of this
                                                            disease. Because of its antioxidant and iron-
                                                            chealating properties, EGCG was believed to be
                                                            the protective agent responsible these results.

                                                                 Alzheimer’s disease
                                                            Although there is currently no epidemiological
                                                            evidence on the benefit of green tea for
                                                            Alzheimer’s disease in humans, there have
                                                            been several studies in laboratory animals and
Some of the cancer preventive activity of green tea is      cell cultures which suggest that EGCG may
   due to its antioxidant activity. Smoking increases       delay this disease.
 oxidative damage in cells. In a study, smokers were
                                                                 Stroke
  encouraged to consume several cups of green tea
                                                            In laboratory animals, EGCG had a significant
    each day. The consumption of green tea was
                                                            antioxidant effect and protected against
associated with decreases in the levels of 8-OHdG, a
                                                            neurological deficits.
    marker of oxidative DNA damage in smokers.
Microbial Diseases

Green tea has been known to prevent dental caries (cavities) by preventing the
attachment of the bacteria associated with dental caries to the teeth. Green tea
increases the resistance of tooth enamel to acid induced erosion, and displays
anti-inflammatory properties by reducing gum disease (gingivitis).

Recently, green tea has been successful in increasing antibiotic effectiveness in
multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. In addition, EGCG has been
shown to be effective in preventing HIV infection at the initial step in the HIV-1 infection
process.


                                                            The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research
                                                            center.

                                                            Mission:
   References                                               To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive
                                                            medicine.
    Cooper R, Morre J, Morre D. Medicinal Benefits of       The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:
    Green Tea: Part I. Review of Noncancer Health Bene-
    fits. J Alternat Complement Med. 2005; 11(3): 521-28.        Clinical Obesity Research

                                                                 Experimental Obesity
    Zaveri N. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins:
    Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications.         Functional Foods
    Life Sciences. 2006; 78: 2073-2080.                          Health and Performance Enhancement
    Crespy V, Williamson. A review of the health effects         Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
    of green tea catechins in in vivo animal models.
                                                                 Nutrition and the Brain
    J Nutr. 2004; 134: 3431S-3440S.
                                                                 Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging
 Pennington Nutrition Series No 47             9/07              Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance
 Authors                                                    The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and
 Heli J. Roy, PhD, RD                                       on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabe-
                                                            tes, hypertension and osteoporosis.
 Shanna Lundy, MS
 Chad Eriksen, BA                                           The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific commu-
                                                            nity and the public about research findings, training programs and research areas, and
 Beth Kalicki
                                                            coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues.
 Division of Education
                                                            We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research
 Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director                            studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. If you
 Pennington Biomedical Research Center                      would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225)
                                                            763-3000.
 Claude Bouchard, PhD, Executive Director
 Edited : October 2009

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Health benefits of green tea

  • 1. Pennington Nutrition Series Healthier lives through education in nutrition and preventive medicine No. 47 Green Tea A Review of Potential Health Benefits Green tea is one of four types of tea (white, green, black, and oolong) that come from the plant Camellia sinensis. White tea is the least processed form of tea, while black tea leaves are fermented. Green tea leaves are steamed, not fermented and hence preserve more polyphenols. The beneficial effects of green tea are attributed to the polyphenols, particularly the catechins, which make up 30% of the dry weight of green tea leaves. These catechins are present in higher quantities in green tea than in black or oolong tea, because of the differences in the processing of tea leaves after harvest. Green Tea and Chronic Diseases Many studies have found beneficial effects associated with the consumption of green tea. In fact, green tea has been shown to play a beneficial role in six different areas: Cardiovascular diseases Obesity and weight loss Diabetes Cancer Tea has been consumed as a Microbial diseases beverage for thousands of years, first in the Orient and Neurodegenerative diseases then Europe and the Americas. — Aging Green tea has been used in oriental medicine because of — Parkinson’s disease its beneficial effects. — Alzheimer’s disease
  • 2. ECCG Green tea has polyphenolic catechins, of which (-)epigallocatechin— 3—gallate (EGCG) is one of six. EGCG is the most abundant catechin, accounting for 65% of green tea’s catechin content, and seems to produce most of the beneficial effects found in green tea. One cup of green tea contains approximately 100-200 mg of EGCG. Other components found in green tea include: caffeine, theanine, theaflavins, theobromine, theophylline, and phenolic acids such as gallic acid. Cardiovascular Disease Overview: Green tea polyphenols (catechins) are Diabetes potent antioxidants which reduce free radical damage to cells and prevent the oxidation of LDL Green tea consumption can also cholesterol. Preventing oxidation of the LDL particle benefit diabetics. In a study on inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. human subjects, the consumption Therefore the consumption of green tea is believed of green tea was shown to improve to be linked to a lower risk of heart disease. glucose tolerance. Basal blood glucose levels did not change. In a study of over 8,000 Japanese men and In laboratory animals, long-term women for 12 years, increased consumption of administration of green tea extract green tea was associated with greater health increased insulin sensitivity. benefits. In fact, those who consumed ~32 ounces a day over a 12 year period had a 58% In cell culture studies, EGCG was lower risk of dying from coronary heart disease the most active catechin in than those who consumed about ~10 ounces a increasing insulin sensitivity and day. glucose uptake in isolated fat cells. Consumption of black tea, which is notably lower in catechins, was also shown to provide significant benefits. In a 6-yr Dutch study of over 4,500 men and women, those who consumed more than 3 cups (~13 ounces a day) of black tea daily had a 68% lower risk of myocardial infarction (a heart attack) than those who did not drink tea. Therefore, even moderate amounts of tea consumption can potentially provide significant cardiovascular protection.
  • 3. Cancer Neurodegenerative Diseases In the scientific world, green tea is probably best known and most studied for its effects on cancer prevention. Free Radical Theory of Aging Although epidemiological studies have not shown a clear According to the free radical theory of aging, link between cancer prevention and green tea, animal increased free radical generation and oxidative studies have been very convincing. They have clearly stress are the basis for changes that lead to age demonstrated the preventative effects of green tea and -associated functional deterioration and neu- EGCG against liver, stomach, breast, prostate, lung and rodegeneration. Several age-associated dis- skin cancers at any stage (initiation, promotion or eases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, progression). Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes have their etiologies linked to free Tea catechins act as powerful inhibitors of cancer growth radical damage. Because of the antioxidant in several ways. They: properties of green tea and its extracts, several scavenge oxidants before cell injuries occur, studies have examined the effects of green tea reduce the incidence and size of chemically consumption on these age-related conditions. induced tumors, and inhibit the growth of tumor cells. Parkinson’s disease Oxidative stress, especially the death of The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has funded extensive dopaminergic neurons, is believed to be a research with green tea as a potential cancer major contributor to the pathogenesis of chemopreventive agent. A study is underway to see the Parkinson’s disease. Recently, misregulated chemopreventive effect of POLYPHENON E iron metabolism in the brain has also been (a decaffeinated green tea extract currently in Phase II implicated as a potential contributor. Several clinical trials). studies using green tea have shown significant protection against the development of this disease. Because of its antioxidant and iron- chealating properties, EGCG was believed to be the protective agent responsible these results. Alzheimer’s disease Although there is currently no epidemiological evidence on the benefit of green tea for Alzheimer’s disease in humans, there have been several studies in laboratory animals and Some of the cancer preventive activity of green tea is cell cultures which suggest that EGCG may due to its antioxidant activity. Smoking increases delay this disease. oxidative damage in cells. In a study, smokers were Stroke encouraged to consume several cups of green tea In laboratory animals, EGCG had a significant each day. The consumption of green tea was antioxidant effect and protected against associated with decreases in the levels of 8-OHdG, a neurological deficits. marker of oxidative DNA damage in smokers.
  • 4. Microbial Diseases Green tea has been known to prevent dental caries (cavities) by preventing the attachment of the bacteria associated with dental caries to the teeth. Green tea increases the resistance of tooth enamel to acid induced erosion, and displays anti-inflammatory properties by reducing gum disease (gingivitis). Recently, green tea has been successful in increasing antibiotic effectiveness in multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. In addition, EGCG has been shown to be effective in preventing HIV infection at the initial step in the HIV-1 infection process. The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center. Mission: References To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine. Cooper R, Morre J, Morre D. Medicinal Benefits of The Pennington Center has several research areas, including: Green Tea: Part I. Review of Noncancer Health Bene- fits. J Alternat Complement Med. 2005; 11(3): 521-28. Clinical Obesity Research Experimental Obesity Zaveri N. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Functional Foods Life Sciences. 2006; 78: 2073-2080. Health and Performance Enhancement Crespy V, Williamson. A review of the health effects Nutrition and Chronic Diseases of green tea catechins in in vivo animal models. Nutrition and the Brain J Nutr. 2004; 134: 3431S-3440S. Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging Pennington Nutrition Series No 47 9/07 Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance Authors The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and Heli J. Roy, PhD, RD on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabe- tes, hypertension and osteoporosis. Shanna Lundy, MS Chad Eriksen, BA The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific commu- nity and the public about research findings, training programs and research areas, and Beth Kalicki coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues. Division of Education We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. If you Pennington Biomedical Research Center would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000. Claude Bouchard, PhD, Executive Director Edited : October 2009