Alcohol problems guide - 2010

Masters in Public Health

Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion
Approach
Module Guide

Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi
Lucy Alexander & Nandipha Matshanda

School of Public Health
University of the Western Cape

Masters in Public Health

Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion
Approach
Module Guide


Module Registration Number: 880111
Value of module: 20 credits
Study time required: 200 notional learning hours

Pre-requisites:
Postgraduate Diploma in Public Health or equivalent;
Core modules for the Masters in Public Health

Study Materials for this module:
Module Guide & Module Readings

Module convenor: Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi


Private Bag X17
Bellville
7535

E-mail: ccarolissen@uwc.ac.za
Fax: + 27 21 959-2872
Tel: +27 21 959-2166 or 959-2809

Copyright 2010, by the SOPH, University of the Western Cape. This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons License : Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.

First published 2004.
This version 2008/2010 (Module Intro)

The vision of the School of Public Health at the University of the Western
Cape is to build the capacity of Public Health workers to transform the
health sector from a predominantly curative, hospital-based service to a
high quality, comprehensive, community-based, participatory and equitable
system. The aim of this module is to enhance the measurement skills
required to achieve these Public Health objectives.

!"#$%&'()*+
Design & layout: Cheryl Ontong

CONTENTS

I MODULE INTRODUCTION PAGE
1. LETTER OF WELCOME 1
2 INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MODULE 3
2.1 Module Aims and Rationale 3
2.2 Module Outline 3
2.3 Learning Outcomes 3
2.4 Texts and References 4
2.5 Module Evaluation 5
3 ASSESSMENT 5
3.1 Information about the Assignments 5
3.2 Assignments and assessment criteria for Alcohol 5
Problems: A Health Promotion Approach

II STUDY SESSIONS 13
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION: ALCOHOL ORIGINS AND USE 13
Session 1 Alcohol: Origins of Use, and Value as a 15
Commodity.
Session 2 Patterns of Consumption. 23
Session 3 The Theories of Alcohol Use and Addiction. 39

UNIT 2 CONSEQUENCES AND APPROACHES TO 47
ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
Session 1 The Consequences of Alcohol Use. 49
Session 2 Different Approaches to Alcohol Problems. 57
Session 3 The Range of Interventions. 63

UNIT 3 POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS 69
Session 1 Control through Policy. 71
Session 2 Environmental Changes. 83
Session 3 Multifaceted Integrated Programmes. 91

UNIT 4 ALCOHOL AND THE INDIVIDUAL 103
Session 1 Alcohol Education. 105
Session 2 Early Intervention. 111
Session 3 Rehabilitation 117

I MODULE INTRODUCTION

1 LETTER OF WELCOME

School of Public Health (SOPH)
Private Bag X17
Bellville
7535
South Africa

Dear colleague,

Welcome to the ‘Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach’ module.
Since alcohol abuse can have negative consequences for individuals, families
and the wider society, it constitutes an important public health issue.
Unfortunately it is not as straightforward to deal with on a policy and
educational level as other tobacco, because alcohol can be used with no
harmful effect if used responsibly. In developing countries it is still a neglected
problem in terms of prevention and rehabilitation, with few resources allocated
to law enforcement, awareness raising, and training of service providers and
policy makers.

We have purposely introduced the history of the use of alcohol in Southern
Africa at the beginning of the module, as the history has important socio-
political, economic and behavioural influences on current patterns of alcohol
use.

The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various
consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to
measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to
preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes
to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were
chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following
themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.

We hope that you will be equipped to assess alcohol problems in the
communities in which you work and live, and have some realistic ideas on
initiatives involving people in taking control of alcohol sales and consumption.
This is normally demonstrated through the two assignments that are required
to be done for this module.

We hope that you find the module interesting and that you will be an advocate
for putting alcohol problems higher on the public health agenda locally and
nationally.

SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction 1

We would greatly value your feedback on how you found the experience of
completing the Module. You can let off steam and reflect on what you have
gained from this experience, while letting us know how we could have made
the study experience easier and more useful for you. For your convenience,
please use the Module Evaluation Form located on this site. We suggest you
complete the Evaluation Form soon after you complete the module.

Sincerely

Kirstie Rendall-Mkosi
Module Convenor

2 SOPH, UWC: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach - Module Introduction

2 INFORMATION ABOUT THIS MODULE

2.1 Module Aims and Rationale

This module is designed to address the following issues:

The history of the use of alcohol, focusing on developing countries;
How the burden of disease/injury and social problems relates to alcohol;
The concepts of responsible drinking, risky drinking, and dependent
drinking;
The different approaches that can inform health promotion strategies to
reduce alcohol related problems;
Planning interventions on a policy, environmental and individual basis;
Community based programme planning and development using the
Ottawa Charter as a framework.

2.2 Module Outline

The module consists of four units, each of which is divided into three study
sessions.

Study sessions vary in length, and may take between five and six hours to
complete. The four units are as follows:

Unit 1 - Alcohol Origins and Use.
Unit 2 - Consequences and Approaches to Alcohol Problems.
Unit 3 - Policy and Environmental Interventions.
Unit 4 - Alcohol and the Individual.

2.3 Learning Outcomes

This module is intended to assist you in further developing the following skills
and knowledge.

By the end of this unit, you are expected to be able to:
Develop tools for planning, monitoring and evaluating alcohol interventions.
Discuss the shifts in patterns of alcohol use in South Africa, in relation to socio-
political and cultural factors.
Contrast the benefits and harmful effects of alcohol, particularly in developing
contexts.
Identify and interrogate measures used in collecting alcohol related data and the
factors which affect them.


Use these measures critically to identify patterns of use.
Explain and apply different explanations and theories of alcohol use, addiction
and dependence, and how these theories influence prevention and treatment
approaches.
Describe and contrast the Harm Reduction and the traditional Preventive
approaches to alcohol problems and their range of relevant strategies.
Describe the range, requirements and uses of multifaceted integrated
programmes in the control of alcohol problems.
Show a critical understanding of the role of different agencies (such as
government, media and community involvement) in alcohol intervention.
Describe ways in which policy can be used to control the use, marketing, cost,
availability and contents of alcohol.
Describe and assess the concept and technique of the Brief Interventions
strategy to alcohol intervention and assess the requirements for making the
intervention succeed.

2.4 Texts and References

Parry, C.D.H., & Bennetts, A.L. (1998). Alcohol Policy and Public Health in South
Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press

You will also be expected to pursue relevant current literature and additional
resource material as required for your assignment tasks. The School of
Public Health provides students with a Reader of just over 400 pages, which
contains the required readings for the module, but not the readings listed
under Further Readings at the end of each session. SOPH pays for copyright
for these Readers per student and therefore cannot offer the Reader as an
OER.

Relevant websites

The following websites may be helpful to you in the course of this module:

Web Address Organisation / document
www.mrc.ac.za/adarg/adarg.ht Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Group –
m Medical Research Council. Can download recent
publications.
http://wn.apc.org/sanca/ South African National Council on Alcohol and
Drug Abuse. Resource centre in Milpark,
Johannesburg.
www.CDA.gov.za Central Drug Authority. Responsible for
implementation of National Drug Master Plan.
www.niaaa.nih.gov/ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism – part of the National Institutes of
Health in the USA. Range of resources.
www.adca.org.au/ Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia –
NGO representing alcohol and other drugs field.
www.alcohol.org.nz/ Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand


www.ccsa.ca Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
www.ias.org.uk Institute of Alcohol Studies
www.cad.org.za Christian Action for Dependents in South Africa
www.alcoholicsanonymous.or Alcoholics Anonymous in South Africa
g.za
www.fasworld.com National Organisation on FAS in Canada

2.5 Module Evaluation

When you come to end of the module, we would be grateful if you could
provide us with feedback on how you found the experience – what was good
about it, as well as things you would like to see changed. A link to the
evaluation form is located on the webpage menu. This feedback will assist us
in revising the module, planning future modules and providing students with
appropriate support.

3 ASSESSMENT

3.1 Information about Assessment

There are TWO compulsory assignments in the module.

The modules are weighted as follows:
Assignment 1: 40%
Assignment 2: 60%

To pass the module:
You are required to pass both assignments with a minimum of 50%.
You must have a minimum aggregate of 50% or more for the module.
If you get below 50% in Assignment 1, you may repeat it once only.
If you do not pass it second time around, you cannot proceed to
Assignment 2 and must repeat the module.
If you do not achieve 50% in Assignment 2, you repeat the entire module
the following year.

3.2 Assignments for Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach

ASSIGNMENT 1: A Comparison of Two Approaches to Alcohol Problems
(100 marks; length: 2 500 words) (40% of module result)

Compare “reduction in consumption” and “harm reduction” - the two main
approaches to reducing alcohol related problems at a population level.

Discuss the theoretical origins and main principles of the two approaches.
Describe a concrete example of each approach in action, from the literature.


Then, briefly describe a local setting where drinking takes place and argue for
the use of either one of the two approaches in implementing one specific
strategy, giving reasons for the choice.

Marking Criteria: Assignment 1 Marks
Assignment has a logical structure & is written in an academic style. 10
The approaches and their theoretical origins are clearly distinguished. 30
Appropriate examples are presented. 10
Reasons for choice of approach and strategy are convincingly argued. 30
Insight and creativity is evident. 10
Referencing and Reference List/Bibliography are presented in a recognised
10
academic format.
Total 100

ASSIGNMENT 2: Plan an Intervention for Alcohol Problems
(100 marks; length: 2 500 words) (60% of module result)

Plan a range of appropriate interventions to reduce alcohol related harm for a
specific target group or risky setting in the area where you live or work.

Address the following issues in the discussion of your plan:
a) The community group or setting.
b) Evidence of alcohol related problem/s in terms of patterns of alcohol use,
the social dynamics involved, and the consequences of alcohol abuse.
c) Describe and justify key interventions at a policy, environmental and
personal level that could realistically reduce the risks in this setting.

Assignment 2: Marking Criteria

Marking Criteria: Assignment 2 Marks
Assignment has a logical structure & is written in an academic style. 10
Sound description and analysis of drinking patterns and consequences. 20
Scope, appropriateness to setting and creativity of interventions is evident. 30
Rationale for choices of interventions convincingly argued. 20
Appropriate structures and role players are included in the intervention
10
strategies.
Referencing and Reference List/Bibliography are presented in a recognised
10
academic format.
Total 100


Pages 7-12 have been removed from this version.

!"#$%
& !
Introduction:
Alcohol Origins and
Use
Introduction
!
"#$%&'#!(&!()#!*+,-(!./+(!&*!()+-!'&0.$#1!2)+%)!)3-!4##/!0#-+5/#0!(&!6,#-#/(!3!
%&/(#7(.3$!43%85,&./0!(&!()#!(&6+%!&*!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!+/!()#!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3/!
%&/(#7(;!<)#!*+,-(!./+(!*&%.-#-!&/!()#!)+-(&,=!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!()+-!,#5+&/1!3-!2#$$!
3-!63((#,/-!&*!%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!34.-#;!
!
>#'#'4#,!()3(!3$%&)&$!+-!/&!&,0+/3,=!%&''&0+(=?!-&!4#*&,#!$&&8+/5!3(!()#!
%&/-#@.#/%#-!&*!6,&4$#'3(+%!.-#-!&*!3$%&)&$1!=&.!/##0!(&!()+/8!3/0!,#30!
34&.(!+(-!.-#!3/0!'#3/+/5!(&!0+**#,#/(!6#&6$#;!<)+-!2+$$!$3=!()#!*&./03(+&/!*&,!
./0#,-(3/0+/5!()#!0+**+%.$(+#-!3/0!%)3$$#/5#-!&*!0#-+5/+/5!366,&6,+3(#!
$#5+-$3(+&/!*&,!%&/(,&$!&*!3$%&)&$1!3/0!*&,!-)+*(+/5!63((#,/-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!+/!
0+**#,#/(!%&''./+(+#-;!
!
There are three Study Sessions in this unit:
9(.0=!9#--+&/!A?!:$%&)&$?!B,+5+/-!&*!C-#1!3/0!D3$.#!3-!3!E&''&0+(=;!
!
9(.0=!9#--+&/!F?!G3((#,/-!&*!E&/-.'6(+&/;!
!
9(.0=!9#--+&/!H?!<)#!<)#&,+#-!&*!:$%&)&$!C-#!3/0!:00+%(+&/;!!
!
I/!9#--+&/!A1!2#!#76$&,#!()#!)+-(&,=!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!3/0!6,&0.%(+&/!+/!%&$&/+3$!
3/0!6&-(J%&$&/+3$!9&.()#,/!:*,+%31!()#!-&%+&J6&$+(+%3$!3/0!%.$(.,3$!+/*$.#/%#-!&/!
()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,+#-1!3/0!()#!+'63%(!&*!+/0.-(,+3$+-+/5!
3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/!+/!()#-#!%&/(#7(-;!
!
9#--+&/!F!6,&K+0#-!3/!&K#,K+#2!&*!()#!%&/%#6(-!3/0!'#3-.,#-!.-#0!+/!
,#-#3,%)+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-1!3/0!-(,#--#-!()#!+'6&,(3/%#!&*!./0#,-(3/0+/5!
-&%+3$!3/0!%.$(.,3$!63((#,/-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-35#;!!
!
9#--+&/!H!*&%.-#-!&/!()#!()#&,+#-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!3/0!)#3$()!4#)3K+&.,1!3/0!
#76$&,#-!)&2!&/#L-!'&0#$!&*!./0#,-(3/0+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!+/*$.#/%#-!()#!
+/(#,K#/(+&/!-(,3(#5+#-!&/#!+-!$+8#$=!(&!%)&&-#;!!

Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1 13

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES OF UNIT 1

By the end of this unit, you should be able to:

!
! M+-%.--!()#!&,+5+/-!3/0!-)+*(-!+/!3$%&)&$!.-#!+/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3!+/!,#$3(+&/!(&!
-&%+&J6&$+(+%3$!*&,%#-;
! N76$3+/!()#!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!%&/-.'6(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$!3-!3/!#%&/&'+%!3%(+K+(=;!
! I0#/(+*=!3/0!+/(#,,&53(#!'#3-.,#-!.-#0!+/!%&$$#%(+/5!3$%&)&$!,#$3(#0!03(3;!
! I0#/(+*=!()#!63((#,/-!&*!.-#!3/0!&()#,!%,+(+%3$!*3%(&,-!2)+%)!6,&'&(#!&,!$+'+(!()#!
.-#!&*!3$%&)&$;!
! M+-%.--!%.$(.,3$!K3,+34$#-!+/!()#!'#3-.,#'#/(!&*!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/;!
! N76$3+/!3/0!366$=!()#!0+**#,#/(!()#&,+#-!&*!300+%(+&/!3/0!0#6#/0#/%#;!
! M#-%,+4#!()#!+/*$.#/%#!&*!()#-#!()#&,+#-!&/!6,#K#/(+&/!3/0!(,#3('#/(!
366,&3%)#-;!
! M#'&/-(,3(#!+/-+5)(!+/(&!6&--+4$#!#76$3/3(+&/-!*&,!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-;
!
!
<)+-!./+(!+-!+'6&,(3/(!+/!6,&K+0+/5!()#!#--#/(+3$!%&/%#6(.3$!(&&$-!=&.!2+$$!/##0!
*&,!300,#--+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!.-+/5!3!O#3$()!G,&'&(+&/!366,&3%);!E&''+(!
=&.,-#$*!(&!#/535+/5!2+()!()#!(3-8-1!3-!()+-!+-!()#!4#-(!23=!(&!#/-.,#!()3(!=&.!
)3K#!+/(#,/3$+-#0!/#2!%&/%#6(-!3/0!+--.#-;!!!

14 Masters in Public Health: Alcohol Problems - A Health Promotion Approach: U n it 1

Unit 1 - Session 1
Alcohol: Origins of Use, &
Value as a Commodity
Introduction
<)+-!-#--+&/!+/(,&0.%#-!=&.!(&!()#!)+-(&,+%3$1!6&$+(+%3$!3/0!-&%+&J#%&/&'+%!
+--.#-!-.,,&./0+/5!3$%&)&$!*,&'!()#!APQQ-!(&!()#!6,#-#/(;!"#!3-8!=&.!(&!
%&/-+0#,!)&2!3$%&)&$!)3-!4##/!.-#0!+/!=&.,!&2/!*3'+$=!3/0!(&!#/535#!+/!3!
@.+%8!-.,K#=!&*!)+-(&,+%3$!%)3/5#-!+/!()#!6,3%(+%#-!&*!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/1!
%&/(,&$!3/0!.-35#!+/!()#!%&$&/+3$!3/0!6&-(J%&$&/+3$!%&/(#7(-;!
!
"#!$&&8!+/!-&'#!0#(3+$!3(!()#!#%&/&'+%-!&*!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/!+/!()#!
0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,=!%&/(#7(1!3/0!2)&!4#/#*+(-!*,&'!+(1!63,(+%.$3,$=!+/!()#!
9&.()#,/!:*,+%3/!%&/(#7(;!<)+-!-#(-!()#!-%#/#!*&,!9#--+&/-!F!3/0!H1!2)#,#!2#!
%&/-+0#,!)&2!0+**#,#/(!%&''./+(+#-!.-#!3$%&)&$!(&03=1!3-!2#$$!3-!()#!63((#,/-!
&*!34.-#!2)+%)!)3K#!0#K#$&6#0!*,&'!&.,!-&%+&J6&$+(+%3$!63-(!3/0!6#,-+-(!+/!()#!
6,#-#/(;!
!
:!5&&0!@.#-(+&/!(&!)&$0!+/!'+/0!2)+$#!=&.!-(.0=!()+-!-#--+&/!+-?!
What political and economic roles has alcohol played, then and now?!!!
!
Contents
!
A! R#3,/+/5!&.(%&'#-!&*!()+-!-#--+&/!
F! >#30+/5-!!
H! <)#!&,+5+/-!&*!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!
S! :$%&)&$!3-!3!%&''&0+(=!
T! 9#--+&/!-.''3,=!
U!! V.,()#,!,#30+/5!

Timing of this session
<)+-!-#--+&/!,#@.+,#-!=&.!(&!%&'6$#(#!(),##!-.4-(3/(+3$!,#30+/5-!(&(3$$+/5!US!
635#-!3/0!(),##!(3-8-;!I(!-)&.$0!(38#!=&.!34&.(!*&.,!)&.,-!(&!%&'6$#(#;!


1 LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS SESSION

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

! M+-%.--!-)+*(-!+/!3$%&)&$!.-#!+/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3!+/!,#$3(+&/!(&!-&%+&J6&$+(+%3$!
*&,%#-;
! N76$3+/!()#!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!%&/-.'6(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$!3-!3/!#%&/&'+%!3%(+K+(=;!

2 READINGS
!
!
W&.!2+$$!4#!,#*#,,#0!(&!()#!*&$$&2+/5!,#30+/5-!+/!()#!%&.,-#!&*!()+-!-#--+&/;

Author/s Publication details Page numbers in
Reader

>&&'1!>;1! ^FQQF_;!E)!F!J!M,+/8+/5!+/!M#K#$&6+/5! 339-348
X#,/+53/1!M;1! 9&%+#(+#-?!<)#!N%&/&'+%1!9&%+3$!3/0!E.$(.,3$!
E3,$+/+JY3,$3((1!Z;1! E&/(#7(;!I/!Alcohol in Developing Societies: A
[.,##1!B;1!Y38#$31! Public Health Approach.!O#$-+/8+?!V+//+-)!
];1!Y3,-)3$$1!Y;! V&./03(+&/!*&,!:$%&)&$!9(.0+#-!+/!
Y#0+/3!Y&,31!Y;1! %&$$34&,3(+&/!2+()!()#!"OB?!FAJHU;!
Y&/(#+,&1!Y;1!G3,,=1!
E;1!G3(3/#/1!X;1!
>+$#=1!R;1!937#/31!
9;!
:'4$#,1!E;!`! ^AaaF_; E)!A!J!:$%&)&$!+/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3/! 1-18
E,.-)1!X;!! R34&,!O+-(&,=;!I/!X;!E,.-)!`!E;!:'4$#,!^#0-_;!
Liquor and Labor in Southern Africa.!
G+#(#,'3,+(b4.,5?!C/+K#,-+(=!&*!c3(3$!G,#--?!AJ
HT;!!
X#,/+53/1!M;!O;! ^Aaaa_;!E)!a!J!E&./(,=!G,&*+$#!&/!:$%&)&$!+/! 167-178
d+'4342#;!I/ R; >+$#=!`!Y;!Y3,-)3$$!^#0-;_;!
Alcohol and Public Health in 8 Developing
Countries.![#/#K3?!"OB?!ATeJAeT;!


3 THE ORIGINS OF THE USE OF ALCOHOL

I/!&,0#,!(&!./0#,-(3/0!()#!%&'6$#7+(+#-!&*!()#!'#3/+/5!3/0!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!
()#!2&,$0!(&03=1!2#!/##0!(&!(,3%#!+(-!&,+5+/!3/0!()#!+/*$.#/%#-!&/!+(-!.-#;!
:$%&)&$!+-!/&!&,0+/3,=!%&''&0+(=!$+8#!'+$8!&,!4,#30?!4#%3.-#!&*!+(-!
psychoactive!6,&6#,(+#-1!+;#;!()3(!+(!3**#%(-!()#!4,3+/!3/0!+/*$.#/%#-!4#)3K+&.,1!
+(!)3-!4##/!#**#%(+K#$=!.-#0!3/0!34.-#0!3%,&--!'&-(!-&%+#(+#-!+/!()#!2&,$0;!!
!
Z#*&,#!=&.!-(3,(!,#30+/51!+(!'3=!4#!+/(#,#-(+/5!(&!,#*$#%(!&/!=&.,!&2/!*3'+$=L-!
K3$.#-!3/0!#76#,+#/%#!^)+-(&,+%3$!3/0!%.$(.,3$_!&*!3$%&)&$!4=!0&+/5!<3-8!A;!
!
! TASK 1 – Tracing alcohol use in your family
!
! <)+/8!&*!=&.,!5,3/063,#/(-!&,!2)3(!=&.!8/&2!&*!=&.,!5,#3(!5,3/063,#/(-!+/!()#!$3(#!
! APQQ-!3/0!#3,$=!AaQQ-;!
!
! 3_! M&!=&.!8/&2!2)3(!/&,'-!3/0!K3$.#-!-.,,&./0#0!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!()#+,!
! (+'#i!!
! 4_! "#,#!/&,'-!^$+8#!35#1!5#/0#,1!(+'#!3/0!6$3%#!&*!0,+/8+/5_!+/*$.#/%#0!4=!*3%(&,-!
! &.(-+0#!&*!()#+,!+''#0+3(#!%&''./+(=1!&,!0+0!()#=!*&$$&2!()#+,!(,30+(+&/-!&/$=i!
!
! %_! ")3(!23-!()#!0,+/8!&*!%)&+%#i!")&!6,&0.%#0!+(!3/0!)&2!23-!+(!0+-(,+4.(#0i!
! 0_! c&2!()+/8!&*!=&.,!%.,,#/(!*3'+$=!3/0!3/-2#,!()#!-3'#!@.#-(+&/-!*&,!()#!6,#-#/(!
! -+(.3(+&/1!4#*&,#!'&K+/5!&/!(&!@.#-(+&/!^#_;!
!
#_! ")3(!'3+/!*3%(&,-!)3K#!,#-.$(#0!+/!%)3/5#-!+/!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!%&'63,#0!
! (&!AQQ!=#3,-!35&i!
!
!
c&2!%&'63,#!=&.,!%&/%$.-+&/-!&/!()#!*3%(&,-!()3(!)3K#!+/*$.#/%#0!()#-#!
%)3/5#-!2+()!()&-#!+0#/(+*+#0!4=!>&&'!#(!3$!^FQQF_;!<)+-!)+-(&,+%3$!-.,K#=!
+0#/(+*+#-!!(,#/0-!+/!3$%&)&$!.-#!2)+%)!)3K#!3,+-#/!*,&'!&.,!%&$&/+3$!)+-(&,=;!:-!
=&.!,#301!(38#!/&(#!&*!()#!#%&/&'+%!3/0!-&%+3$!(,#/0-!2)+%)!3,#!+0#/(+*+#0!3-!
-+5/+*+%3/(!3,#3-!(&!+/K#-(+53(#!+/!3!O#3$()!G,&'&(+&/!366,&3%)!(&!3$%&)&$!.-#;!!

!
! READING: >&&'1!>;!#(!3$;!^FQQF_;!E)!F!J!M,+/8+/5!+/!M#K#$&6+/5!9&%+#(+#-?!<)#!
N%&/&'+%1!9&%+3$!3/0!E.$(.,3$!E&/(#7(;!I/!Alcohol in Developing Societies: A
! Public Health Approach.!O#$-+/8+?!V+//+-)!V&./03(+&/!*&,!:$%&)&$!9(.0+#-!+/!
! %&$$34&,3(+&/!2+()!()#!"OB?!FAJHU;!9##!66HHaJHSP!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
!
!
V&,!()&-#!&*!=&.!2&,8+/5!+/!0#K#$&6+/5!%&/(#7(-1!()#!,#30+/5!-.55#-(-!()3(!()#!
%&/(#7(.3$!3-6#%(-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-35#!/##0!(&!4#!2#$$!./0#,-(&&01!3/0!
-#/-+(+K#$=!)3/0$#0!+/!()#!6&-(J%&$&/+3$!#,3;!
!
>&&'!#(!3$!#'6)3-+-#!()#!)+-(&,+%3$!$+/8-!4#(2##/!3$%&)&$!3/0!6&$+(+%3$!%&/(,&$!
&*!5,&.6-!&*!6#&6$#!+/!%&$&/+3$!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3;!f:$%&)&$+%!4#K#,35#-!2#,#!g!
%&''&/$=!.-#0!3-!3!%&$&/+b+/5!*&,%#!(&!3((,3%(1!63=1!#/(#,(3+/!3/0!%&/(,&$!
+/0+5#/&.-!$34&.,#,-h!^>&&'!#(!3$1!FQQF?!FS_;!O&2#K#,1!+(!+-!3$-&!-+5/+*+%3/(!


()3(!)+-(&,+%3$$=1!3$%&)&$!*&$$&2#0!()#!-3'#!63((#,/!&*!+/0.-(,+3$+-3(+&/!3-!'&-(!
&()#,!%&''&0+(+#-!3/0!()3(!%&$&/+#-!2#,#!fg!(.,/#0!+/(&!'3,8#(-!*&,!3$%&)&$+%!
4#K#,35#-!gh!^>&&'!#(!3$1!FQQF?!FS_;!!
!
I/!9&.()!:*,+%31!)&'#J4,#2#0!$+@.&,!*,&'!()#!,.,3$!3,#3-!23-!,#%&5/+-#0!3-!3!
6&6.$3,!4#K#,35#!3/0!%&''&0+(=!+/!()#!.,43/!3,#3-?!+(!23-!()#,#*&,#!
%&''#,%+3$+-#0!3$&/5-+0#!()#!N.,&6#3/J&,+5+/!'3$(!4##,;!:$()&.5)!()+-!
%)3$$#/5#0!()#!(,30+(+&/3$!,&$#!()3(!2&'#/!6$3=#0!+/!4,#2+/5!()#!4##,1!+(!0+0!
/&(!#/0!()#+,!,&$#!+/!4,#2+/5!3/0!-#$$+/5!$+@.&,!+/!4&()!,.,3$!3/0!.,43/!3,#3-;!I/!
*3%(1!'3/=!&*!()#!-)#4##/-!3/0!(3K#,/-!()3(!-#,K#!3-!+'6&,(3/(!6$3%#-!*&,!
-&%+3$+-+/51!3,#!&2/#0!4=!2&'#/!3/0!#/34$#!()#+,!&2/#,-!(&!'38#!3/!+/%&'#;!
<,30+(+&/3$!)&'#J4,#2!+-!/&2!&*(#/!-&$0!3$&/5-+0#!%&''#,%+3$$=!6,&0.%#0!
4##,1!2+/#!3/0!-6+,+(-;!:/&()#,!6)#/&'#/&/!2)+%)!'3=!3,+-#!*,&'!%&/(#7(.3$!
*3%(&,-!+-!()#!#'#,5#/%#!&*!0+**#,#/(!%)&+%#-!&*!0,+/8!4#+/5!'30#!4=!0+**#,#/(!
%$3--#-!&*!0,+/8#,;!"&,8+/5!%$3--!6#&6$#!-(+$$!(#/0!(&!4.=!(,30+(+&/3$!3/0!
%&''#,%+3$!4##,1!3/0!-&'#(+'#-!%)#36!2+/#1!2)+$#!()&-#!3-6+,+/5!(&!3!'+00$#!
%$3--!$+*#-(=$#!%)&&-#!&/$=!%&''#,%+3$!$+@.&,1!63,(+%.$3,$=!-6+,+(-;!

<)#!/#7(!,#30+/5!4=!:'4$#,!`!E,.-)!^AaaF_!(,3%#-!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!6,#J
%&$&/+3$!:*,+%3!3/0!N.,&6#1!3/0!0#-%,+4#-!()#!%&/K#,5#/%#!&*!()#!(2&!0.,+/5!
()#!%&$&/+3$!#,3!+/!()#!Aa()!3/0!FQ()!%#/(.,+#-;!<)#!<#'6#,3/%#!Y&K#'#/(!
2)+%)!-2#6(!()#!2&,$0!+/!()#!APPQ-1!0.,+/5!2)+%)!3.()&,+(+#-!3/0!(#'6#,3/%#!
-&%+#(+#-!(,+#0!(&!43/!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$1!3$-&!)30!-&'#!+/*$.#/%#!+/!9&.()#,/!
:*,+%3;!!
!
Y&-(!-(,+8+/5!353+/!+-!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!3-!3!6&$+(+%3$!(&&$!&*!%&/(,&$!4=!()#!
2)+(#!%&$&/+3$+-(-!&K#,!()#!'3&,+(=!4$3%8!6&6.$3(+&/;!<)#!(#/-+&/!*3%+/5!()#!
3.()&,+(+#-!4#(2##/!()#!6&(#/(+3$!6,&*+(-!+/!-#$$+/5!$+@.&,!3/0!()#!/##0!(&!4#!+/!
%&/(,&$!&*!6#&6$#L-!4#)3K+&.,!3/0!'&K#'#/(-1!+-!%$#3,$=!0#-%,+4#0;!
!
TASK 2 – Consider the impact of the control of alcohol on our society
!
:-!=&.!,#30!()+-!%)36(#,1!(38#!/&(#-!&/!()#!#**#%(!()3(!63-(!%&/(,&$!&*!3%%#--!3/0!
!-3$#!&*!$+@.&,!)3-!)30!&/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3/!-&%+#(+#-!(&03=;!
!
!

READING:!:'4$#,1!E;!`!E,.-)1!X;!^AaaF). E)!A!J!:$%&)&$!+/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3/!R34&,!
O+-(&,=;!I/!X;!E,.-)!`!E;!:'4$#,!^#0-_;!Liquor and Labor in Southern Africa.
G+#(#,'3,+(b4.,5?!C/+K#,-+(=!&*!c3(3$!G,#--?!SJHT;!9##!66!AJAP!+/!()#!>#30#,;!

!
I/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3!(&03=1!+(!+-!%$#3,!()3(!(,30+(+&/3$!/&,'-!&/!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!
)3K#!$3,5#$=!4##/!#,&0#0;!<)+-!+-!+0#/(+*+#0!3-!&/#!&*!()#!'3/=!,#3-&/-!*&,!
+/%,#3-#0!%&/-.'6(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$1!#-6#%+3$$=!+/!.,43/!3,#3-;!I/!()+-!,#53,01!
()+/8!&*!2)&!6,&0.%#-!3/0!-#$$-!2)3(!3$%&)&$1!3/0!()#!#7(#/(!&*!#%&/&'+%!
53+/-?!+/!&()#,!2&,0-1!2)&!4#/#*+(-!*,&'!()#!+/%,#3-#0!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!(&03=i!!
!


E$#3,$=!$+@.&,!-#$$+/5!3/0!.-#!+-!3/!+/(#5,3$!63,(!&*!3$$!%&''./+(+#-!+/!9&.()#,/!
:*,+%3!3/0!/##0-!(&!4#!3%%#6(#0!3-!-.%);!:/=!3((#'6(!(&!,#5.$3(#!)3,'*.$!
%&/-.'6(+&/!/##0-!(&!(38#!()+-!)+-(&,=!3/0!#%&/&'+%!,#3$+(=!+/(&!3%%&./(;!I/!
,#$3(+&/!(&!()#!#%&/&'+%!3-6#%(!&*!()#!+/0.-(,=1!2#!2+$$!0+-%.--!()#!%.,,#/(!
R+@.&,!:%(!+/!9&.()!:*,+%3!+/!C/+(!H1!3/0!()#!23=!+/!2)+%)!+(!3((#'6(-!(&!
*&,'3$+-#!()#!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!-3$#!&*!$+@.&,;!I/!63,(1!()+-!:%(!3((#'6(-!(&!
+/%,#3-#!()#!%&/(,&$-!&/!$+@.&,1!2)+$#!3(!()#!-3'#!(+'#!#763/0+/5!+(-!#%&/&'+%!
6&(#/(+3$1!4=!+/%,#3-+/5!()#!/.'4#,!&*!$+%#/-#0!-#$$#,-1!3/0!,#$37+/5!()#!(+'#-!
&*!&6#,3(+&/;!
!
!
4 ALCOHOL AS A COMMODITY
!
!
<)#!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!-3$#!&*!3$%&)&$!+-!3/!+'6&,(3/(!3-6#%(!&*!()#!#%&/&'=!+/!
'3/=!%&./(,+#-1!3/0!0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,+#-!3,#!/&!0+**#,#/(;!O&2#K#,1!&2+/5!(&!
()#!(,3/-+(+&/3$!/3(.,#!&*!()#+,!#%&/&'+#-1!'.%)!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!-3$#!+/!
0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,+#-!(38#-!6$3%#!+/*&,'3$$=1!'38+/5!+(!0+**+%.$(!*&,!()#!
3.()&,+(+#-!(&!,#5.$3(#!3/0!(37!()#-#!(,3/-3%(+&/-;!!
!
9&'#!%&./(,+#-!)3K#!-(3(#J,./!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/1!,#-.$(+/5!+/!0+,#%(!,#K#/.#!
(&!()#!5&K#,/'#/(1!-.%)!3-!()#!4##,!)3$$-!+/!d+'4342#;!B()#,!%&./(,+#-!)3K#!
3!*#2!$3,5#!%&''#,%+3$!%&'63/+#-!6,&0.%+/5!3/0!-#$$+/5!$+@.&,1!2)+%)!3,#!
0+,#%($=!(37#0!&/!()#+,!-3$#-;!<)#-#!&6#,3(#!3$&/5-+0#!3/0!+/(#,3%(!2+()!'3/=!
./,#5.$3(#0!-'3$$!&.($#(-1!-.%)!3-!+/!9&.()!:*,+%3!3/0!c+5#,+31!2)#,#!+(!+-!
0+**+%.$(!*&,!()#!5&K#,/'#/(!(&!#/-.,#!()3(!(37!+-!63+0;!!
!
<)#!#%&/&'+%-!&*!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!'3,8#(+/5!+-!%,+(+%3$!(&!./0#,-(3/0?!
<3-8!H!&**#,-!=&.!3!%)3/%#!(&!%&/-+0#,!()#!+--.#!+/!=&.,!$&%3$!%&/(#7(!4#*&,#!
,#30+/5!34&.(!+(!3(!/3(+&/3$!3/0!5$&43$!$#K#$-;!!

TASK 3 – The economic importance of alcohol in your area

E&/-+0#,!()#!(&2/!&,!%+(=!+/!2)+%)!=&.!$+K#1!3/0!(,=!(&!$+-(!3$$!()#!0+**#,#/(!8+/0-!&*!
6,&0.%#,-!3/0!-#$$#,-!&*!$+@.&,;!!!
!
3_! ")3(!6,&6&,(+&/!3,#!+/*&,'3$!-#$$#,-!3/0!2)3(!6,&6&,(+&/!3,#!*&,'3$!-#$$#,-i!
4_! ")#,#!0&!()#=!5#(!()#+,!-(&%8i!I-!+(!4,#2#0!&/!-+(#!&,!+-!+(!4&.5)(!*,&'!3!
2)&$#-3$#,i!
%_! M&!=&.!8/&2!2)&!&2/-!()#!2)&$#-3$#,!3/0!2)#,#!()#!K3,+&.-!$+@.&,-!3,#!
6,&0.%#0i!I*!/&(1!(,=!(&!*+/0!&.(;!
0_! ")3(!3,#!()#!/.'4#,-!&*!6#&6$#!4#/#*+(+/5!*,&'!()#!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!-3$#!&*!
3$%&)&$!J!,3/5+/5!*,&'!()#!'3/35+/5!0+,#%(&,!3/0!-)3,#)&$0#,-!&*!()#!)&$0+/5!
%&'63/=1!(&!()#!-)#4##/!&2/#,i!
#_! ")3(!+-!()#!5#&5,36)+%3$!-6,#30!&*!$+@.&,!&.($#(-i!:,#!()#,#!'&,#!+/!2&,8+/5!
%$3--!3,#3-!()3/!+/!'+00$#!%$3--!3,#3-1!&,!$#--i!
*_! ")3(!0&!=&.!%&/%$.0#!34&.(!()#!+'6&,(3/%#!&*!3$%&)&$!3-!3!%&''&0+(=!+/!=&.,!
3,#3i!


<)#,#!+-!./*&,(./3(#$=!3!$3%8!&*!,#-#3,%)!3/0!&/5&+/5!-.,K#+$$3/%#!03(3!(&!
%&/*+0#/($=!0#-%,+4#!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/1!%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!!%&/-#@.#/%#-!+/!
9&.()#,/!:*,+%3/!%&./(,+#-;!<)+-!+/%$.0#-!9&.()!:*,+%3!2)+%)!+-!,3/8#0!3-!3!
'+00$#J+/%&'#!%&./(,=!3/0!()#,#*&,#!%&.$0!4#!K+#2#0!3-!'&,#!34$#!(&!'&/+(&,!
3/0!%&/(,&$!+--.#-!3,&./0!3$%&)&$;!C/0#,-(3/034$=!d+'4342#1!3!$&2J+/%&'#!
%&./(,=!2+()!3!$#53%=!&*!6&$+(+%3$!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!-+'+$3,!(&!9&.()!:*,+%31!*3%#-!
'3/=!'&,#!-#,+&.-!%)3$$#/5#-!()3/!()#!%&/(,&$!&*!3$%&)&$;!!
!
<)#!/#7(!,#30+/5!4=!X#,/+53/!Âaaa_!)+5)$+5)(-!()#!0+$#''3-!&*!d+'4342#!
2+()!,#53,0!(&!3$%&)&$;!R+4#,3$+-3(+&/!&*!()#!'3,8#(!#%&/&'=1!./0#,!6,#--.,#!
*,&'!()#!I/(#,/3(+&/3$!Y&/#(3,=!V./0!ÎYV_!3/0!"&,$0!Z3/81!)3-!,#-.$(#0!
-+'.$(3/#&.-$=!+/!+/%,#3-#0!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!30K#,(+-+/5!&*!3$%&)&$1!3/0!
,#0.%#0!%&/(,&$-!&/!-3$#-1!#-6#%+3$$=!+/!()#!,.,3$!3,#3-;!<)#!3,(+%$#!3$-&!
0#-%,+4#-!()#!'&/&6&$=!()3(!#7+-(-!&/!(,30+(+&/3$!3/0!/&/J(,30+(+&/3$!3$%&)&$+%!
4#K#,35#-!3/0!()#!,#$3(+&/-)+6!&*!()#-#!(&!()#!5&K#,/'#/(!&*!d+'4342#1!3/0!
(&!()#!9&.()!:*,+%3/!'&/&6&$+#-;!
!

READING? X#,/+53/1!M;O;!Âaaa_;!E)!a!!J!E&./(,=!G,&*+$#!&/!:$%&)&$!+/!d+'4342#;!
I/!R;!>+$#=!`!Y;!Y3,-)3$$!^#0-;_;!Alcohol and Public Health in 8 Developing
Countries. [#/#K3? "OB? ATeJAeT; 9## 66AUeJAeP +/ ()# >#30#,;
!
X#,/+53/!366$+#-!)+-!%&/%$.-+&/-!(&!0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,+#-!+/!5#/#,3$1!
#'6)3-+-+/5!()#!/##0!*&,!fg!'&/+(&,+/51!,#-#3,%)!3/0!#7%)3/5#!&*!
#76#,+#/%#!,#53,0+/5!3$%&)&$!6&$+%+#-!+/!0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,=!%&/(#7(-;!g!
"+()&.(!()+-!j)#!%&/%$.0#-k1!()#,#!+-!3!-(,&/5!%)3/%#!()3(1!3-!+/!d+'4342#1!
3$%&)&$!2+$$!4#!$#*(!(&!()#!'3,8#(!(&!,#5.$3(#h!^X#,/+53/1!Aaaa?!AeA_;!!
!

5 SESSION SUMMARY
!
!
I/!()+-!-#--+&/1!=&.!)3K#!%&/-+0#,#0!%&/(#7(.3$!+/*$.#/%#-!&/!3$%&)&$!
6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!%&/-.'6(+&/;!<),&.5)!()#!,#30+/5-1!=&.!)3K#!)&6#*.$$=!
53+/#0!-&'#!+/-+5)(!+/(&!()#!-&%+&J6&$+(+%3$!)+-(&,=!&*!3$%&)&$!3/0!()#!
#%&/&'+%-!&*!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!%&/-.'6(+&/!+/!9&.()#,/!:*,+%3;!I*!=&.!%&/-+0#,!
()#!/.'4#,-!&*!6#&6$#!()3(!4#/#*+(!*,&'!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/1!+(!+-!%$#3,$=!/&(!(&!
4#!+5/&,#0!3-!3!%&''&0+(=!+/!()#!'3,8#(;!O&2#K#,1!4#3,!+/!'+/0!()3(!2#!)3K#!
/&(!=#(!0+-%.--#0!3$%&)&$!+/!3!43$3/%#0!23=1!4=!$&&8+/5!3(!()#!/#53(+K#!
%&/-#@.#/%#-!&*!()#!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!3/0!()#!%&-(-!()#,#&*;!
!
I/!()#!/#7(!-#--+&/1!2#!+/(,&0.%#!=&.!(&!()#!%&/%#6(-!.-#0!*&,!'#3-.,+/5!
%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!()#!+'6&,(3/%#!&*!./0#,-(3/0+/5!()#!63((#,/-!&*!.-#!+/!3!
%&''./+(=;!"#!3$-&!%&/-+0#,!()#!%&/-.'#,-L!6#,-6#%(+K#!&/!2)#/1!)&2!
'.%)1!2+()!2)&'1!3/0!2)#,#!()#=!%)&&-#!(&!0,+/8;!


6 FURTHER READING
!
! Y35#,1!:;!Âaaa_;!<)#!V+,-(!M#%30#!&*!fN.,&6#3/!Z##,h!+/!:63,()#+0!9&.()!
:*,+%3?!<)#!9(3(#1!()#!Z,#2#,-!3/0!()#!M,+/8+/5!G.4$+%1!AaUFJeF. Journal of
African History,!SQ?!HUeJHPP;!!
! O32&,()1!:;!`!:%.031!9;!";!ÂaaP_;!9.4J93)3,3/!:*,+%3;!I/!Y;![,3/(!^#0;_;!
Alcohol and Emerging Markets. Patterns, Problems and Responses.!C9:;!
I/(#,/3(+&/3$!E#/(,#!*&,!:$%&)&$!G&$+%+#-?!AaJTU;!!
! >+$#=1!R;!`!Y!Y3,-)3$$;!Âaaa_;!E&./(,=!G,&*+$#!&/!:$%&)&$!+/!9&.()!:*,+%3;!
I/!Alcohol and Public Health in 8 Developing Countries;!![#/#K3?!"OB?!
AHTJATU;!


Unit 1 - Session 2
Patterns of Consumption
Introduction
!
I/!()#!*+,-(!-#--+&/1!2#!+/(,&0.%#0!()#!-&%+&J6&$+(+%3$!3/0!#%&/&'+%!+--.#-!
,#$3(#0!(&!3$%&)&$!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!%&/-.'6(+&/;!I/!()+-!-#--+&/1!()#!*&%.-!+-!&/!
%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!63((#,/-!&*!.-35#;!!
!
:-!=&.!2#$$!8/&21!()#,#!+-!6$#/(=!&*!K3,+3(+&/!+/!()#!%&/-.'6(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$!
*,&'!&/#!6#,-&/!(&!()#!/#7(;!O&2!0&!2#!'#3-.,#!3/0!'&/+(&,!()#!.-#!&*!
3$%&)&$!4=!3/!+/0+K+0.3$1!&,!+/!3!5,&.61!3!%&''./+(=!&,!3(!3!-&%+#(3$!$#K#$i!
")3(!'#()&0-!3/0!+/0+%3(&,-!%3/!4#!.-#0!4=!)#3$()!6,&'&(#,-!(&!'#3-.,#!
()#-#!0+**#,#/(!$#K#$-!&*!%&/-.'6(+&/1!3/0!2)3(!3,#!-&'#!&*!()#!*3%(&,-!()3(!
6,&'&(#!&,!$+'+(!3$%&)&$!.-#i!O&6#*.$$=!4=!()#!#/0!&*!()+-!-#--+&/!=&.!2+$$!4#!
%$#3,#,!34&.(!()#-#!+--.#-1!3/0!()#!0+$#''3-!2#!*3%#!+/!'#3-.,+/5!3$%&)&$!
.-#;!<)#,#!3,#!3!$&(!&*!(3-8-!+/!()+-!-#--+&/?!(,=!(&!#/535#!2+()!()#'1!(&!#/-.,#!
()3(!=&.!5,3-6!()#!f#--#/(+3$!(&&$-h!&,!%&/%#6(-!=&.!/##0!*&,!2&,8+/5!+/!()+-!
*+#$0;!
!
Contents
!
A! R#3,/+/5!&.(%&'#-!&*!()+-!-#--+&/!
F!! >#30+/5-!
H! E&/%#6(-!3/0!'#3-.,#-!&*!%&/-.'6(+&/!
S! I0#/(+*=+/5!63((#,/-!&*!0,+/8+/5!!
T! c&,'-!*&,!0,+/8+/5!
U! 9#--+&/!-.''3,=!
e!! >#*#,#/%#-!3/0!*.,()#,!,#30+/5!

<)+-!-#--+&/!%&/(3+/-!#+5)(!*3+,$=!-)&,(!,#30+/5-!(&(3$$+/5!HF!635#-1!3/0!-+7!
(3-8-;!I(!+-!3!K#,=!+'6&,(3/(!-#--+&/1!-&!=&.!-)&.$0!2&,8!(),&.5)!+(!()&,&.5)$=;!
I(!%&.$0!(38#!=&.!3(!$#3-(!*&.,!)&.,-!(&!%&'6$#(#;!




!
! N76$3+/!-&'#!&*!()#!8#=!(#,'-!.-#0!(&!0#-%,+4#!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!
63((#,/-!&*!.-#;!
! I0#/(+*=!3/0!+/(#,,&53(#!'#3-.,#-!.-#0!+/!%&$$#%(+/5!3$%&)&$!,#$3(#0!+/*&,'3(+&/;!
! M+-%.--!%.$(.,3$!K3,+34$#-!+/!()#!'#3-.,#'#/(!&*!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/;!
! M#-%,+4#!()#!63((#,/-!&*!.-#!3/0!&()#,!%,+(+%3$!*3%(&,-!2)+%)!6,&'&(#!&,!$+'+(!()#!
.-#!&*!3$%&)&$;!

2 READINGS
!
!
W&.!2+$$!4#!,#*#,,#0!(&!()#!*&$$&2+/5!,#30+/5-!+/!()#!%&.,-#!&*!()+-!-#--+&/;
Author/s Publication details Page numbers in
Reader

>&%)#1!:;!Y;!`! ÂaaP_;!E)!AH!J!<)#!I'6$+%3(+&/-!&*!M,+/8+/5! 315-338
NK3/-1!];!>;! G3((#,/-!*&,!G,+'3,=!G,#K#/(+&/1!N0.%3(+&/1!
3/0!9%,##/+/5;!I/!Y;![,3/(!`!R;!R+(K38!^#0-_;!
Drinking Patterns and Their Consequences.!
C9:?!I/(#,/3(+&/3$!E#/(,#!*&,!:$%&)&$!G&$+%+#-?!
FSHJFUT;!
G3,,=1!E;M;O;1! ^FQQF_;!:$%&)&$!C-#!+/!9&.()!:*,+%3?!V+/0+/5-! 297-304
Z)3/31!:;1!Y=#,-1! *,&'!()#!9&.()!:*,+%3/!E&''./+(=!
Z;1!G$ 00#'3//1! N6+0#'+&$&5=!c#(2&,8!&/!M,.5!C-#!
V$+-)#,1!:;X;1!#(!3$;! ^9:ENcMC_!G,&#%(;!Journal of Studies on
Alcohol1!UH^S_?!SHQJSHT;
E$33-#/1!X;!c; ^9#6(;!Aaaa_;!<)#!Z#/#*+(-!&*!()#!E:[N!3-!3! 57-62
9%,##/+/5!<&&$!*&,!:$%&)&$+-'!+/!3!E$&-#0!
>.,3$!9&.()!:*,+%3/!E&''./+(=;!South
African Medical Journal,!Paâ_?!aeUJaea;
V$+-)#,1!:;!X;!#(!3$; ^FQQA_;!9.4-(3/%#!C-#!4=!9(.0#/(-!+/!9&.()! 121-130
:*,+%31!<3/b3/+3!3/0!d+'4342#;!African
Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, A^F_?!PAJ
ae;!!
R&/0&/1!R;1!c#$$1!D;1! ÂaaP_;!O#3$()!9(3(.-!:'&/5!V3,'!"&,8#,-! 187-194
<)&'6-&/1!YJR;!`! +/!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#!l!E&$$3(#,3$!NK+0#/%#!
Y=#,-1!X;N; *,&'!3!9(.0=!&*!B%%.63(+&/3$!O3b3,0-;!South
African Medical Journal,!PPâ_?!AQaUJAAQA;!
E,&7*&,01!X;!`! ^9#6(;!Aaaa_;!:$%&)&$!E&/-.'6(+&/!4=! 63-68
D+$&#/1!M; G,#5/3/(!"&'#/!+/!"#-(#,/!E36#;!South
African Medical Journal,!Pa?!aUFJaUT;!
Z#//#((1!R;!:;1! ÂaaH_;!Z&./03,+#-!Z#(2##/!c&,'3$!3/0! 39-46
X3/%31!:;1![,3/(1!Z;! G3()&$&5+%3$!M,+/8+/5?!:!E,&--JE.$(.,3$!
V;!`!93,(&,+.-1!c; E&'63,+-&/;!Alcohol Health & Research
World, Ae^H_?!AaQJAaT;!


O#3()1!M;!Z; ^FQQQ_;!Drinking Occasions: Comparative 149-154
Perspectives on Alcohol and Culture.!C9:;!
I/(#,/3(+&/3$!E#/(,#!*&,!:$%&)&$!G&$+%+#-?!AaAJ
AaP;!

3 CONCEPTS AND MEASURES OF CONSUMPTION
!
Y#3-.,+/5!()#!%&/-.'6(+&/!63((#,/-!&*!3$%&)&$!3(!%&''./+(=!&,!%&./(,=2+0#!
$#K#$!+-!/&(!3/!#3-=!#7#,%+-#;!:-!0+-%.--#0!+/!9#--+&/!A1!()#!6,&0.%(+&/!3/0!
-3$#!&*!3$%&)&$!,3/5#-!*,&'!,#5.$3(#0!(&!./,#5.$3(#01!2)+%)!'38#-!
'#3-.,#'#/(!3(!()#!6&+/(!&*!-3$#!0+**+%.$(;!I/!300+(+&/1!%&/-.'6(+&/!63((#,/-!
K3,=!%&/-+0#,34$=!*,&'!6#,-&/!(&!6#,-&/1!3-!3!,#-.$(!&*!3!'=,+30!&*!+/*$.#/%#-;!!

<)#!(#,'+/&$&5=!.-#0!+/!'#3-.,+/5!0,+/8+/5!+/%$.0#-!()#!*&$$&2+/5!%&/%#6(-!
3'&/5-(!&()#,-?!dependent drinkers1!risky drinking, drinking patterns, regular!
3/0!harmful use of alcohol, absolute 3/0 average alcohol content 3/0 drinking
occasions. "#!2+$$!0+-%.--!()#!.-#!&*!()#-#!%&/%#6(-!+/!()#!%&.,-#!&*!()+-!
-#--+&/;
!
:(!()+-!6&+/(!+(!'3=!4#!.-#*.$!(&!0#*+/#!2)3(!2#!'#3/!4=!dependent drinking!
3/0!risky drinking?!
f:$%&)&$!0#6#/0#/%#h!,#*#,-!(&!3!.-#,L-!#76#,+#/%#!&*!(&$#,3/%#!(&!
3$%&)&$1!2+()0,323$!-='6(&'-!-.%)!3-!3/!3%.(#!%,3K+/5!*&,!3$%&)&$!3/0!
(,#'4$+/51!,#$+#*!0,+/8+/5!(&!(38#!323=!()#!2+()0,323$!-='6(&'-1!$&--!&*!
%&/(,&$1!3/0m&,!%&'6.$-+K#!0,+/8+/51!2)+%)!+-!3!%&'6#$$+/5!/##0!(&!
%&/-.'#!3$%&)&$;h!^:'#,+%3/!G-=%)+3(,+%!:--&%+3(+&/1!AaaS_!
!
Risky drinking!,#*#,-!(&!3!0,+/8+/5!$#K#$!()3(!^3(!3!63,(+%.$3,!(+'#_!()3(!
%&.$0!$#30!(&!/#53(+K#!%&/-#@.#/%#-;1!<)#-#!3,#!&*(#/!0#6#/0#/(!&/!
()#!+/0+K+0.3$1!)+-!&,!)#,!-#71!3$%&)&$!(&$#,3/%#!3/0!()#!#/K+,&/'#/(;!!
!
:$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!3,#!.-.3$$=!0+-%.--#0!+/!(#,'-!&*!()#!@.3/(+(+#-!&*!3$%&)&$!
.-#0;!9#((+/5!3-+0#!%.$(.,3$!/&,'-!&*!2)3(!%&/-(+(.(#-!6,&4$#'!0,+/8+/5!3(!()+-!
6&+/(1!2#!*3%#!()#!0+$#''3!&*!)&2!(&!'#3-.,#!+(;!<)+-!+-!3!%&/%#6(.3$!0+$#''3!
2)+%)!'.-(!4#!,#-&$K#0!3(!()#!&.(-#(!3/0!2#!2+$$!/&2!#76$&,#!+(!*.,()#,;!!!!

3.1 Two Models for Measuring Alcohol Usage
!
I(!)3-!4##/!*&./0!()3(!()#!(&(3$!6#,!%36+(3!+/(38#!&*!3$%&)&$1!&,!#K#/!()#!2##8$=!
&,!'&/()$=!+/(38#!4=!3/!+/0+K+0.3$1!+-!/&(!3!63,(+%.$3,$=!.-#*.$!'#3-.,#!+/!
300,#--+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-;!E3/!=&.!()+/8!2)=i
!
!
V3%#0!2+()!3/!+/0+K+0.3$L-!(&(3$!%&/-.'6(+&/!&,!#K#/!()#+,!2##8$=!&,!'&/()$=!
+/(38#1!)&2!%3/!=&.!8/&2!2)#()#,!()#=!3,#!#/535+/5!+/!6,&4$#'!0,+/8+/5i!M&!
()#=!0,+/8!'&-(!&*!()#+,!+/(38#!&K#,!&/#!%&/(+/.&.-!&%%3-+&/!3-!+/!4+/5#!
0,+/8+/51!&,!0&!()#=!0,+/8!3!$+(($#!#3%)!03=i!<&(3$!%&/-.'6(+&/!+-!'#3/+/5$#--!


+/!()+-!%&/(#7(;!:!'&,#!'#3/+/5*.$!23=!(&!'#3-.,#!0,+/8+/5!+-!(&!*&%.-!&/!3/0!
'#3-.,#!drinking occasions!&,!#K#/(-!2)#/!0,+/8+/5!(38#-!6$3%#1!,3()#,!()3/!
'#3-.,+/5!(&(3$!+/0+K+0.3$!%&/-.'6(+&/;!!
!
:/&()#,!23=!(&!'#3-.,#!3$%&)&$!+/(38#!+-!,#6,#-#/(#0!4=!Y&0#$!:!4#$&2;!O&2!
.-#*.$!0&!=&.!()+/8!+(!2&.$0!4#!(&!=&.!+/!3--#--+/5!6,&4$#'!0,+/8+/5!+/!3!
%&''./+(=i!^>#'#'4#,!()3(!()#!-+5/+*+%3/%#!&*!3!'&0#$!+-!()3(!+(!,#6,#-#/(-!
()#!23=!2#!./0#,-(3/0!-&'#()+/5?!+(!()#,#*&,#!+/*$.#/%#-!()#!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!2#!
6,&6&-#;_!Y&0#$!:!+-!&*(#/!.-#0!(&!#$.%+03(#!0,+/8+/5?!+(!+-!3!%&/(+/..'!
-(,#(%)+/5!*,&'!Non-use!(&!Harmful use. <)#!-%3$#!+'6$+#-!$+(($#!&,!/&!+/(38#!
&/!()#!$#*(!3/0!)#3K=!.-35#!&/!()#!,+5)(;!
!
Model A
!

A Model of Alcohol Usage!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!
!!c&/J.-#!!!!!! N76#,+'#/(3$!.-#!!!!!! B%%3-+&/3$!.-#!! >#5.$3,!.-#!!!! O3,'*.$!.-#!
!
^The Public Health Bush Book1!Aaaa?A;TH_!!
!
I/!()+-!'&0#$1!()#!%&/(+/..'!+-!43-#0!&/!()#!3--.'6(+&/!()3(!2#!%3/!+0#/(+*=!
6#&6$#L-!3K#,35#!%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!$&%3(#!()#'!&/!()#!%&/(+/..';!<)#!'&0#$!
3$-&!+'6$+#-!()3(!Harmful use!+-!&/#!-(35#!'&,#!-#,+&.-!()3/!Regular use1!
+'6$=+/5!()3(!&/$=!K#,=!*,#@.#/(!.-#!&,!0#6#/0#/%#!3,#!()#!6,&4$#'!3,#3-;!!
!
TASK 1 – Analyse a model of alcohol consumption
!
")=!0&!=&.!()+/8!Y&0#$!:!+-!6,&4$#'3(+%!3-!3!(&&$!*&,!+0#/(+*=+/5!,+-8=!0,+/8+/5!+/!3!
%&''./+(=i!
!
!
FEEDBACK!!
!
<)+-!'&0#$!+-!@.#-(+&/34$#1!4#%3.-#!+(!#@.3(#-!0,+/8+/5!3(!()#!harmful $#K#$1!
^+;#;!0,+/8+/5!2)+%)!%&.$0!,#-.$(!+/!6,&4$#'-_!2+()!)+5)!%&/-.'6(+&/!&,!
dependent drinking;!I/!*3%(!'3/=!6#&6$#!2)&!.-#!3$%&)&$!&%%3-+&/3$$=!&,!
#76#,+'#/(3$$=1!0&!-&!+/!3!)3,'*.$!23=1!6#,)36-!+/!3!4+/5#!*3-)+&/;!I/!
300+(+&/1!()#,#!3,#!'3/=!'&,#!,+-8=!0,+/8#,-!()3/!0#6#/0#/(!0,+/8#,-1!3/0!()#!
0#6#/0#/(!0,+/8#,-!3,#!'&,#!$+8#$=!(&!6,3%(+-#!)3,'!'+/+'+-3(+&/!-(,3(#5+#-;!
I*!()+-!'&0#$!2#,#!(&!4#!.-#0!+/!+-&$3(+&/!(&!./0#,-(3/0!3!-+(.3(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$!
%&/-.'6(+&/1!+(!+-!$+8#$=!()3(!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!2&.$0!(3,5#(!()#!Regular users!+/!
63,(+%.$3,1!(&!6,#K#/(!()#'!*,&'!,#3%)+/5!()#!Harmful use!#/0!&*!()#!
%&/(+/..';!<)+-!-.55#-(-!()3(!()#,#!2&.$0!4#!$+(($#!&,!/&!*&%.-!&/!()#!4,&30!
,3/5#!&*!0,+/8#,-1!/&,!&/!&%%3-+&/3$!&,!#76#,+'#/(3$!4+/5#!0,+/8#,-1!/&,!&/!
()#!-6#%+*+%!&%%3-+&/-!&*!0,+/8+/5;!9.%)!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!2&.$0!&/$=!(3,5#(!3!


-'3$$!/.'4#,!&*!6#&6$#!,3()#,!()3/!()#!&%%3-+&/-!2)#/!6#&6$#!*,&'!3%,&--!
()#!-6#%(,.'!+/0.$5#!+/!,+-8=!0,+/8+/5;!
!
<).-!*3,!2#!)3K#!/&(#0!()3(!/#+()#,!(&(3$!/&,!3K#,35#!%&/-.'6(+&/!3,#!
63,(+%.$3,$=!)#$6*.$!+/!+0#/(+*=+/5!6,&4$#'!&,!)3,'*.$!0,+/8+/51!2)+%)!+-!2)3(!2#!
3,#!'3+/$=!+/(#,#-(#0!+/;!<)+-!'&0#$!+-!()#,#*&,#!/&(!()3(!)#$6*.$;!
!
Model B

:!'&,#!,#%#/(!'&0#$!0+-%.--#0!4=!>&%)#!`!NK3/-!^AaaP_!+/!()#!,#30+/5!
'#/(+&/#0!4#$&2!30K&%3(#-!3!-)+*(!323=!*,&'!3!*&%.-!&/!3K#,35#!
%&/-.'6(+&/1!(&!3!*&%.-!&/!drinking patterns 3/0!()#!,+-8-!+/K&$K#0!+/!-&'#!&*!
()#';!<)#!%&/%#6(!&*!3!drinking pattern!+'6$+#-!0#-%,+4+/5!()#!3'&./(1!
,#5.$3,+(=!3/0!%&/(#7(!+/!2)+%)!3$%&)&$!+-!.-#01!2)+$#!drinking occasions 3,#!
()&-#!#K#/(-!0.,+/5!2)+%)!3$%&)&$!+-!.-#0!f+/!&/#!-+((+/5h;!I/!.-+/5!()+-!'&0#$1!
&.,!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!2&.$0!3+'!(&!,#0.%#!()#!6&(#/(+3$!)3,'!&*!drinking
occasions,!,#53,0$#--!&*!()#!+/0+K+0.3$L-!3K#,35#!&,!(&(3$!+/(38#1!3/0!(&!
6,&'&(#!()#!4#/#*+%+3$!3-6#%(-!&*!$&2!$#K#$-!&*!-&%+3$!0,+/8+/5!+/!3!-3*#!
#/K+,&/'#/(;!!
!
<&!3--+-(!=&.!+/!,#30+/5!()#!636#,!2+()!*&%.-1!(,=!<3-8!F;!<)#!636#,!%&K#,-!
'&,#!()3/!2#!3,#!6,#-#/($=!300,#--+/5!+/!()+-!-#--+&/1!4.(!=&.!2+$$!3$-&!*+/0!+(!
)#$6*.$!2)#/!=&.!-(3,(!=&.,!*+,-(!3--+5/'#/(n!-&!,#'#'4#,!(&!,#(.,/!(&!+(;!!
!
V&%.-!&/!()#!#+5)(!%&/%#6(.3$!-)+*(-!()3(!)3K#!+/*$.#/%#0!()#!23=!3$%&)&$!
6,&4$#'-!3,#!300,#--#01!3-!2#$$!3-!&/!()#!0+-%.--+&/!&*!fE&/(#7(.3$!I--.#-h;!
<38#!/&(#!&*!<34$#!AH;A!&/!635#!FSa1!+/!2)+%)!()#!3.()&,-!0#-%,+4#!(),##!
$#K#$-!&*!6#,-6#%(+K#!&/!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-?!()#+,!'&0#$!*&%.-#-!&/!()#!meso &,!
'+00$#!$#K#$!6#,-6#%(+K#;!<)+-!6#,-6#%(+K#!+'6$+#-!()3(!&/#!-)&.$0!fj*k&%.-!&/!
63,(+%.$3,!#6+-&0#-!&*!0,+/8+/5!+/!2)+%)!+/0+K+0.3$-!&,!%&''./+(=!3,#!)3,'#0!
&,!6$3%#0!3(!,+-8h!^>&%)#!`!NK3/-1!AaaP?!FSa_;!<)#!-#%(+&/!&/!f<)#!E&/(+/.3!
&*!>+-8h!6,#-#/(-!()#+,!'&0#$1!2)+%)!+-!-##/!3-!f3$(#,/3(+K#!&,!%&'6$#'#/(3,=h!
(&!()#!(,30+(+&/3$!'&0#$!^>&%)#!`!NK3/-1!AaaP?!FTS_;!!
!!
>&%)#1!:;!Y;!`!NK3/-1!];!>;!^AaaP_;!E)!AH!J!<)#!I'6$+%3(+&/-!&*!M,+/8+/5!G3((#,/-!*&,!G,+'3,=!
G,#K#/(+&/1!N0.%3(+&/1!3/0!9%,##/+/5;!I/!Y;![,3/(!`!R;!R+(K38!^#0-_;!Drinking Patterns and
Their Consequences.!C9:?!I/(#,/3(+&/3$!E#/(,#!*&,!:$%&)&$!G&$+%+#-?!FSHJFUT;!9##!66!HATJ
HHP!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
!
!


!
Task 2 – Using a complementary model to measure alcohol problems !
!
3_! 9.''3,+-#!()#!%&/%#6(.3$!-)+*(-!+/!0#-%,+4+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!2)+%)!3,#!
%&K#,#0!+/!()+-!636#,?!2)3(!0&#-!#3%)!+'6$=!34&.(!()#!03(3!2#!%&$$#%(!(&!
0#-%,+4#!&,!'#3-.,#!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-i!!
4_! ")3(!0&!=&.!4#$+#K#!(&!4#!()#!K3$.#!&*!()#!'#-&!$#K#$!6#,-6#%(+K#!2)#/!
0#3$+/5!2+()!3$%&)&$!,#$3(#0!6,&4$#'-i!
%_! ")3(!-&,(!&*!03(3!'.-(!4#!%&$$#%(#0!+/!()#!f,+-8!$#K#$h!'&0#$!6,#-#/(#0!4=!()#!
3.()&,-i!

FEEDBACK
!
O#,#!+-!-&'#!-#$#%(+K#!*##043%8?!
3_! "#!)3K#!-.''3,+-#0!()#!%&/%#6(.3$!-)+*(!(#,'#0!f:$%&)&$!3-!3/!
N7%#6(+&/!(&!G&6.$3(+&/!O#3$()!E&/(,&$!E&/%#6(-h;!:$%&)&$1!4#%3.-#!&*!+(-!
/3(.,#1!^+/(&7+%3(+/51!34$#!(&!6,&0.%#!0#6#/0#/%#!+/!-&'#!+/0+K+0.3$-_1!
0&#-!/&(!*+(!()#!.-.3$!G.4$+%!O#3$()!366,&3%)!&*!30K&%3(+/5!,#0.%(+&/!3(!
()#!6&6.$3(+&/J2+0#!$#K#$?!+/-(#30!&*!53()#,+/5!03(3!&/!3K#,35#!&,!(&(3$!
%&/-.'6(+&/1!()+-!-)+*(!+'6$+#-!()3(!63((#,/-!&*!.-#!3/0!0,+/8+/5!&%%3-+&/-!
-)&.$0!4#!0#-%,+4#0;!
4_! <)#!'#-&!$#K#$!6#,-6#%(+K#!*&%.-#-!&/!63((#,/-!&*!%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!
0,+/8+/5!&%%3-+&/-1!()#,#4=!300,#--+/5!()#!-6#%+*+%!,+-8-!%3.-#0!4=!()+-!
63,(+%.$3,!-.4-(3/%#;!!!!!
%_! W&.!2+$$!*+/0!()#-#!03(3!$+-(#0!3(!()#!4&((&'!&*!635#!FTS;!
!!!!
I/!&,0#,!(&!0#-%,+4#!63((#,/-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!+/!3!%&''./+(=!&,!-&%+#(=1!2#!
/##0!(&!6&-#!3!-#,+#-!&*!@.#-(+&/-!,#$3(+/5!(&!()#!when, where, who, how,
what, 3/0 why!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#;!<)#!(,#/0-!+/!3$%&)&$!.-#!()3(!-)+*(!&K#,!(+'#!
%3/!3$-&!4#!(,3%#0!(),&.5)!3/-2#,+/5!()#-#!@.#-(+&/-!*&,!0+**#,#/(!0#%30#-;!
>#30!()#!-)&,(!%)36(#,!4=!O#3()!(&!./0#,-(3/0!()#!%&/(,+4.(+&/!&*!@.3$+(3(+K#!
03(3!+/!()#!./0#,-(3/0+/5!&*!3$%&)&$!63((#,/-;!
!
!
!! READING?!O#3()1!M;!Z;!^FQQQ_;!Drinking Occasions: Comparative Perspectives on
! Alcohol and Culture.!C9:?!I/(#,/3(+&/3$!E#/(,#!*&,!:$%&)&$!G&$+%+#-?!AaAJAaP;!9##!
! 66!ASaJATS!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
!
!
<)#!0+$#''3!3-!(&!2)+%)!'&0#$!+-!'&,#!.-#*.$!&,!2)#()#,!()#=!-)&.$0!4#!
.-#0!+/!%&'4+/3(+&/!2+$$!4#!0+-%.--#0!353+/!+/!C/+(!Fn!4.(!8##6!+(!+/!'+/0!
2)#/!,#30+/5!34&.(!()#!'#3-.,#-!%.,,#/($=!4#+/5!.-#0!(&!@.3/(+*=!3$%&)&$!
.-#1!3/0!()#+,!%&/-#@.#/%#-;!<)#!/#7(!+'6&,(3/(!%&/%#6(!()3(!2#!2+$$!0+-%.--!
+-!()#!3$%&)&$!%&/(#/(!+/!0+**#,#/(!0,+/8-;!!
!
!


!
3.2 Alcohol Content and Risky Drinking

Absolute alcohol content!^&,!6.,#!3$%&)&$_!+-!3!@.3/(+(=!'#3-.,#0!3-!3!
6#,%#/(35#!&*!3!K&$.'#!&*!3/!3$%&)&$+%!4#K#,35#;!M+**#,#/(!%&./(,+#-!.-#!
-$+5)($=!0+**#,#/(!'#3-.,#-!*&,!3!f-(3/03,0!0,+/8h;!<)#!3'&./(!&*!3$%&)&$!6#,!
-(3/03,0!0,+/8!^.-.3$$=!3!%&''&/$=!.-#0!-+b#!*&,!-#,K+/5!#3%)!(=6#!&*!
4#K#,35#_!+-!%3$%.$3(#0!3-!3!6#,%#/(35#1!3/0!3-!3/!34-&$.(#!3'&./(!+/!5,3'-!
^,3/5+/5!4#(2##/!U5!3/0!AU5!&*!6.,#!3$%&)&$1!4.(!'&,#!.-.3$$=!3,&./0!AA5!&,!
AF5_;!<)#!,3/5#!&*!0+**#,#/(!3$%&)&$!%&/(#/(-!+-!0#(3+$#0!+/!()#!(34$#!4#$&2;!!

HOW MUCH ALCOHOL IS THERE IN ONE DRINK?
Drink Average alcohol Size of one drink Absolute alcohol
content (%volume) (typical serving) content (g)
Y3$(!4##,!^$35#,_! To! HSQ'$! AF!
9&,5).'!4##,! Ho! TQQ'$! AF!
E+0#,! Uo! HSQ!'$! AU!
E&&$#,!m!5,36#!! TJAQo! HSQ'$! AF!
"+/#! AFo! AFQ'$! AA!
9)#,,=! Aeo! TQ'$! e!
R+@.#.,! HQo! FT'$! U!
Z,3/0=1!2)+-8=1! SHo! FT'$! AA!
5+/1!K&0831!%3/#!
^:036(#0!*,&'!G3,,=!`!Z#//#((-1!AaaP?!AFa_!
!
<&!@.3/(+*=!()#!3'&./(!&*!34-&$.(#!3$%&)&$!(38#/!4=!3!6#,-&/1!()#!(=6#!&*!
0,+/8!3/0!()#!/.'4#,!&*!standard drinks!/##0-!(&!4#!,#%&,0#0;!:!%3$%.$3(+&/!
%3/!()#/!4#!0&/#!(&!*+/0!()#!absolute alcohol intake1!#;5;!(2&!5$3--#-!^AFQ'$_!
&*!2+/#!^AA5_!p!F!7!AA5!p!FF5!&*!3$%&)&$;!!
!
")#/!blood alcohol concentration (Z:E_!+-!'#3-.,#01!+(!+-!#76,#--#0!+/!5m'$;!
<)#!$#53$!$+'+(!*&,!0,+K+/5!+/!9&.()!:*,+%3!+-!Q;QT5mAQQ'$!&,!TQ'5mAQQ'$;!<)+-!
+-!,&.5)$=!()#!$#K#$!3*(#,!0,+/8+/5!(2&!4##,-1!&,!(2&!5$3--#-!&*!2+/#1!&,!3!
0&.4$#!(&(!&*!-6+,+(-;!
!
Risky drinking!%3/!4#!./0#,-(&&0!3-?!*+K#!^T_!&,!'&,#!-(3/03,0!0,+/8-!*&,!
'3$#-!&/!3/=!&/#!&%%3-+&/1!3/0!(),##!^H_!&,!'&,#!-(3/03,0!0,+/8-!*&,!*#'3$#-!
&/!3/=!&/#!&%%3-+&/;!O&2#K#,1!0#6#/0+/5!&/!()#!-3*#(=!&*!()#!#/K+,&/'#/(!
3/0!()#!(&$#,3/%#!&*!()#!+/0+K+0.3$1!/#53(+K#!%&/-#@.#/%#-!%&.$0!3,+-#!3*(#,!
#K#/!*#2#,!0,+/8-!#;5;!:!'3/!0&+/5!-%.43!0+K+/5!%&.$0!)3K#!+'63+,#0!
.05#'#/(!3*(#,!&/$=!(2&!0,+/8-1!,#-.$(+/5!+/!)+-!0,&2/+/5;!
!
3.3 Sources of Data

I(!+-!/#%#--3,=!(&!.-#!K3,+&.-!-&.,%#-!&*!03(3!2)#/!0#-%,+4+/5!$#K#$-!3/0!
63((#,/-!&*!%&/-.'6(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$;!<)#-#!-&.,%#-!'3=!4#!43-#0!&/!,&.(+/#!
03(3!%&$$#%(+&/!-.%)!3-!6&$+%#!-(3(+-(+%-1!&%%3-+&/3$!-.,K#=-1!&,!)#3$()!-#,K+%#!
,#%&,0-1!(,#3('#/(!%#/(,#-!3/0!'&,(.3,+#-;!I/#K+(34$=!'3/=!&*!()#-#!-&.,%#-!
'#3-.,#!()#!%&/-#@.#/%#-!&*!3$%&)&$!34.-#!3/0!&/$=!+/0+,#%($=1!()#!3'&./(!


&*!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'#01!#;5;!Y#3-.,+/5!()#!4$&&0!3$%&)&$!$#K#$!&*!4&0+#-!+/!3!
'&,(.3,=!5+K#-!3/!+/0+%3(+&/!&*!()#!$#K#$!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!4#*&,#!0#3();!
!
")+$#!+(!+-!6&--+4$#!(&!53()#,!+/*&,'3(+&/!&/!3$%&)&$+%!4#K#,35#!-3$#-!*,&'!()#!
*&,'3$!$+@.&,!%&'63/+#-!3/0!(&!%3$%.$3(#!%,.0#!6#,!%36+(3!3$%&)&$!.-#!&K#,!3!
-6#%+*+%!6#,+&0!&*!(+'#1!()+-!0&#-!/&(1!3-!2#!)3K#!-##/1!5+K#!-.**+%+#/(!
+/*&,'3(+&/!&/!()#!/3(.,#!&*!0,+/8+/5!)34+(-1!/&,!&/!()#!%&/-#@.#/%#-!&*!
)3,'*.$!0,+/8+/5;!
!
<&!5#(!3!4,&30#,!&K#,K+#2!&*!()#!,3/5#!&*!-&.,%#-!&*!03(31!,#30!()#!3,(+%$#!4=!
G3,,=!#(!3$!^FQQF_!2)+%)!6,#-#/(-!()#!*+/0+/5-!&*!3!-(.0=!&*!3$%&)&$!.-35#!+/!
9&.()!:*,+%3!&K#,!3!*&.,!=#3,!6#,+&0;!V&%.-!&/!()#!@.#-(+&/-!+/!<3-8!H!3-!=&.!
,#30;!!

READING:!G3,,=1!E;!M;!O;!#(!3$;!^FQQF_;!:$%&)&$!C-#!+/!9&.()!:*,+%3?!V+/0+/5-!*,&'!
()#!9&.()!:*,+%3/!E&''./+(=!N6+0#'+&$&5=!c#(2&,8!&/!M,.5!C-#!^9:ENcMC_!
G,&#%(;!Journal of Studies on Alcohol1!UH!^S_?!SHQJSHT;!9##!66!FaeJHQS!+/!()#!
>#30#,;!
!
!
!
TASK 3 – Limitations in various methods of describing alcohol use.

:-!=&.!,#30!()#!3,(+%$#!4=!G3,,=!#(!3$!^FQQF_1!(,=!(&!3/-2#,!()+-!@.#-(+&/?!
To what extent is SACENDU able to provide an accurate picture of alcohol
consumption and its effects in South Africa?
! !C-#!()#-#!-.4J@.#-(+&/-!(&!0&!=&.,!3/3$=-+-?!
3_! I0#/(+*=!3$$!()#!-(.0+#-!3/0!-&.,%#-!,#*#,,#0!(&!+/!()+-!636#,1!()#!'#()&0-!.-#0!
3/0!()#!6&6.$3(+&/!2)+%)!*3$$-!+/(&!()#!-3'6$#-;!
4_! ")+%)!-&.,%#-!)3K#!+/)#,#/(!4+3-#-!+/!()#'1!3/0!2)+%)!3,#!$#--!4+3-#0i!
%_! :,#!()#,#!&()#,!-&.,%#-!&,!'#()&0-!2)+%)!=&.!()+/8!%&.$0!6,&K+0#!4#((#,!
+/*&,'3(+&/!&/!2)+%)!(&!43-#!6&$+%+#-!3/0!+/(#,K#/(+&/-i

FEEDBACK
!
E)#%8!=&.,!,#-6&/-#-!(&!@.#-(+&/-!^3_!3/0!^4_!)#,#;!
3_! <)#!'3+/!-&.,%#-!&*!+/*&,'3(+&/!,#*#,,#0!(&!+/!()+-!636#,!3,#?!
A;! <)#!9&.()!:*,+%3/!M#'&5,36)+%!3/0!O&.-#)&$0!9.,K#=;!!
F;! :/!#6+0#'+&$&5+%3$!-(.0=!&/!*&#(3$!3$%&)&$!-=/0,&'#!^V:9_;!
H;! :!-(.0=!&*!()#!0,+/8+/5!)34+(-!&*!3!5,&.6!&*!6#&6$#!+/!3+$;!!
S;! :BM!^:$%&)&$!3/0!&()#,!0,.5-_!(,#3('#/(!%#/(,#-L!6,&*+$#!&*!()#+,!
63(+#/(-;!
T;! c3(+&/3$!D+&$#/%#!3/0!I/.,=!9.,K#+$$3/%#!-(.0=;!
U;! 9.,K#=!&*!)+5)!-%)&&$!-(.0#/(-L!0,+/8+/5!)34+(-;!
e;! 9(.0=!&*!()#!4$&&0!3$%&)&$!%&/(#/(!+/!3!-3'6$#!&*!6#&6$#!3,,#-(#0;!


!
4_! R+'+(3(+&/-!3/0!6&--+4$#!4+3-#-!+/!()#!-(.0+#-?!
:!'3&,!+--.#!+/!3/=!4#)3K+&.,J,#$3(#0!-(.0=!+-!()#!.-#!&*!self reported!
+/*&,'3(+&/;!M,+/8+/5!3$%&)&$!+-!3!4#)3K+&.,!()3(!+-!$+8#$=!(&!4#!./0#,!
,#6&,(#01!&2+/5!(&!()#!-(+5'3!&*!0,+/8+/5!(&&!'.%)1!&,!/&(!4#+/5!+/!
%&/(,&$!&*!&/#L-!4#)3K+&.,;!I(!+-!3$-&!0+**+%.$(!(&!@.3/(+*=!3$%&)&$!+/(38#!
4#%3.-#!&*?!0+**#,+/5!3$%&)&$!%&/(#/(!+/!0+**#,#/(!4#K#,35#-!^,3/5+/5!
*,&'!Ho!(&!Sao_1!-(=$#-!&*!0,+/8+/5!^#;5;!63--+/5!3!K#--#$!3,&./0_1!3/0!
()#!-+b#-!&*!5$3--#-!&,!&()#,!K#--#$-!.-#0;!<)#!-(.0+#-!2)#,#!4$&&0!
3$%&)&$!$#K#$!+-!'#3-.,#01!&,!3!4,#3()3$=-#,!+-!.-#01!5+K#!3!'&,#!
3%%.,3(#!6+%(.,#!&*!()#!6#,-&/L-!%.,,#/(!3$%&)&$!+/(38#!4.(!%3//&(!4#!
.-#0!(&!0#-%,+4#!()#!63((#,/!&*!0,+/8+/5!&*!()#!+/0+K+0.3$;!
!
<)#!'3&,+(=!&*!()#!-(.0+#-!*&%.-!&/!()#!'3&,!%+(+#-!3/0!()#,#*&,#!
#7%$.0#!'&-(!&*!()#!,.,3$!6&6.$3(+&/;!I/!-&'#!6,&K+/%#-1!()#!,.,3$!
6&6.$3(+&/!+-!)+5)#,!()3/!()#!.,43/1!3/0!()#,#*&,#!3!-+5/+*+%3/(!-#%(+&/!
&*!()#!6&6.$3(+&/!+-!/&(!,#*$#%(#0!+/!()#!-(.0+#-1!#;5;!+/!()#!N3-(#,/!
E36#!3/0!R+'6&6&!G,&K+/%#-;!
!
:/&()#,!+--.#!+-!2)#()#,!()#!03(3!&/!(,#3('#/(!+/!3!63,(+%.$3,!=#3,!+-!
,#6,#-#/(3(+K#!&*!3!6&6.$3(+&/;!:$()&.5)!(,#3('#/(!%#/(,#-!,#6&,(!
K3,+&.-!(,#/0-!+/!()#!(=6#-!&*!0,.5-!.-#01!35#-!&*!63(+#/(-1!#(%1!&/#!
/##0-!(&!%&/-+0#,!%,+(+%3$$=!2)3(!63,(!&*!()#!6&6.$3(+&/!5#(-!30'+((#0!(&!
(,#3('#/(!%#/(,#-1!&,!.-#-!3/!&.(63(+#/(!*3%+$+(=;!G&&,#,!6#&6$#1!2&'#/!
2+()!0#6#/0#/(-!3/0!6#&6$#!+/!&.($=+/5!3,#3-!3,#!$+8#$=!(&!#76#,+#/%#!
6,&4$#'-!+/!3%%#--+/5!()#-#!-#,K+%#-;!9&!353+/1!()#!(,#/0-!-)&.$0!4#!
K+#2#0!2+()!%3.(+&/!3-!()#=!0&!/&(!,#6,#-#/(!3$$!()&-#!who may!need!
(,#3('#/(1!4.(!&/$=!those who!have accessed!(,#3('#/(;!!
!
")3(!0+0!=&.!%&/%$.0#!34&.(!()#!9:ENcMC!+/+(+3(+K#i!!
I/!()#!34-#/%#!&*!03(3!()3(!+-!%&$$#%(#0!+/!3!-=-(#'3(+%!3/0!-(3/03,0+-#0!23=1!
3/0!4#3,+/5!+/!'+/0!()#!$+'+(3(+&/-!&*!#3%)!&*!()#!03(3!-&.,%#-!%&/(,+4.(#0!3(!
9:ENcMC!'##(+/5-1!()#!+/*&,'3(+&/!%3/!4#!.-#0!(&!./0#,-(3/0!&/$=!some!
(,#/0-1!3/0!+/*&,'!6&$+%=!&/!some specific problems;!!
!
3.4 Screening for Alcohol Problems and Alcohol Dependence
!
Z=!/&2!=&.!2+$$!)3K#!,#3$+-#0!()3(!3!6#,-&/!%3/!)3K#!6,&4$#'-!3-!3!,#-.$(!&*!
.-+/5!3$%&)&$!2+()&.(!/#%#--3,+$=!4#+/5!0#6#/0#/(!&/!+(!^&,!4#+/5!%$3--+*+#0!3-!
3/!f3$%&)&$+%h_;!!

<)#!E:[N!-%,##/+/5!(&&$!^2)+%)!-(3/0-!*&,!C.((+/5!0&2/1!A//&=3/%#!3(!
%,+(+%+-'1!G.+$(=!*##$+/5-!3/0!.-#!&*!E=#J&6#/#,-_!+-!%&''&/$=!.-#0!+/!()#!
-%,##/+/5!&*!6#&6$#!(&!0#(#%(!6&--+4$#!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!&,!0#6#/0#/%#;!:-!
%3/!4#!-##/!+/!()#!3,(+%$#!4=!E$33-#/!^Aaaa_1!()#!(&&$!%3/!3$-&!4#!.-#0!3-!63,(!
&*!3!-.,K#=!(&!53()#,!+/*&,'3(+&/!3(!()#!$#K#$!&*!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!+/!3!
63,(+%.$3,!%&''./+(=;!


READING:!E$33-#/1!X;!c;!^9#6(;!Aaaa_;!<)#!Z#/#*+(-!&*!()#!E:[N!3-!3!9%,##/+/5!
<&&$!*&,!:$%&)&$+-'!+/!3!E$&-#0!>.,3$!9&.()!:*,+%3/!E&''./+(=;!South African
Medical Journal,!Pa!^a_?!aeUJaea;!9##!66!TeJUF!+/!()#!>#30#,;!

")#/!%&'4+/#0!2+()!3!*#2!&()#,!@.#-(+&/-1!()#!E:[N!-%,##/+/5!(&&$!%3/!
6,&K+0#!3!%$#3,#,!6+%(.,#!&*!()#!6$3%#1!(+'#1!3'&./(1!3$%&)&$!&*!%)&+%#!3/0!
%&'63/=!+/!2)+%)!6#&6$#!0,+/8;!<)#-#!63((#,/-1!3-!2#$$!3-!()#!#7(#/(!&*!
6,&4$#'3(+%!0,+/8+/51!%&.$0!4#!#-(34$+-)#0!(),&.5)!()+-!-&,(!&*!%,&--!-#%(+&/3$!
-.,K#=1!4#3,+/5!+/!'+/0!()#!0+**+%.$(=!&*!5#((+/5!)&/#-(!3/-2#,-!*,&'!6#&6$#;!!
!
B()#,!%&''&/$=!.-#0!-%,##/+/5!(&&$-!3,#!()#!Y:9<!^Y+%)+53/!:$%&)&$+-'!
9%,##/+/5!<#-(_!3/0!()#!:CMI<!^:$%&)&$!C-#!M+-&,0#,-!I0#/(+*+%3(+&/!<#-(_;!
Z&()!&*!()#-#!.-#!,#-6&/-#-!(&!3!/.'4#,!&*!@.#-(+&/-!,#$3(#0!(&!3!6#,-&/L-!
0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-;!<)#!-%&,+/5!+-!0#-+5/#0!(&!5+K#!()#!%$+/+%+3/!&,!,#-#3,%)#,!3!
-#/-#!&*!()#!$#K#$!&*!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!+/!(#,'-!&*!6&(#/(+3$!)3,'!(&!()#!+/0+K+0.3$!
&,!&()#,-!3,&./0!()#';!<)#!Y:9<!+-!'&,#!.-#*.$!+/!+0#/(+*=+/5!0#6#/0#/(!
0,+/8#,-!2)+$#!()#!:CMI<!+-!.-#0!*&,!%3(#5&,+-+/5!$#K#$-!&*!6,&4$#'!0,+/8+/5;

4 IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF DRINKING

:!%,+(+%3$!63,(!&*!./0#,-(3/0+/5!3$%&)&$!.-#!+-!3/3$=-+/5!03(3!43-#0!&/!-6#%+*+%!
5,&.6-!&*!6#&6$#!2)&!$+K#1!2&,8!&,!/3(.,3$$=!%&/5,#53(#!(&5#()#,;!Y&-(!-.%)!
-(.0+#-1!*&%.-+/5!&/!+/0+K+0.3$!4#$+#*-!3/0!4#)3K+&.,!,#53,0+/5!3$%&)&$1!
#/535#!-6#%+*+%!35#!5,&.6-!&,!()&-#!+/!63,(+%.$3,!-#((+/5-1!3/0!+/K&$K#!()#!
-.,K#+$$3/%#!&*!3$%&)&$!63((#,/-!3/0!%&/-#@.#/%#-;!!
!
I/!()+-!-#%(+&/1!2#!2+$$!#76$&,#!(2&!-(.0+#-1!&/#!&*!2)+%)!*&%.-#-!&/!0,+/8+/5!
63((#,/-!2+()+/!3!63,(+%.$3,!35#!%&)&,(!^V$+-)#,!#(!3$1!FQQA_1!2)+$#!()#!&()#,!
^R&/0&/!#(!3$1!FQQA_!%&/%#/(,3(#-!&/!3!63,(+%.$3,!-#((+/51!3!*,.+(!*3,'!+/!()#!
"#-(#,/!E36#;!
!
I*!()#!=&./5!6#&6$#!+/!()#!V$+-)#,!-(.0=!3/0!()#!*3,'!2&,8#,-!+/!()#!R&/0&/!
-(.0=!)30!&/$=!4##/!3-8#0!34&.(!()#+,!3K#,35#!2##8$=!%&/-.'6(+&/1!+(!+-!$+8#$=!
()3(!/&!6,&4$#'3(+%!0,+/8+/5!2&.$0!)3K#!4##/!+0#/(+*+#0;!I(!+-!()#!4+/5#!/3(.,#!
&*!0,+/8+/5!6,3%(+-#0!4=!4&()!()#-#!5,&.6-!()3(!,#-.$(-!+/!)+5)!$#K#$-!&*!,+-8=!
0,+/8+/5;!I(!+-!()#,#*&,#!/#%#--3,=!(&!%&$$#%(!+/*&,'3(+&/!()3(!0#-%,+4#-!how
much is drunk in one occasion!3/0!how frequent these occasions are;!<)#!
factors encouraging more risky drinking!3,#!3$-&!&*!+/(#,#-(!+*!'#3/+/5*.$!
6,#K#/(+K#!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!3,#!(&!4#!'30#;!
!
4.1 Measuring Usage by Age Group
!
I/!0#K#$&6+/5!%&./(,+#-1!2#!3,#!63,(+%.$3,$=!%&/%#,/#0!34&.(!()#!4#$+#*-!3/0!
4#)3K+&.,-!&*!=&./5!6#&6$#!,#53,0+/5!3$%&)&$;!<)#!*3%(&,-!+/*$.#/%+/5!()#!


#76#,+'#/(3(+&/!3/0!,#5.$3,!.-#!&*!3$%&)&$!3'&/5-(!=&.()!3,#!%&'6$#7!3/0!
/##0!(&!4#!#73'+/#0!*,&'!K3,+&.-!3/5$#-;!
!
<)#!636#,!4=!V$+-)#,!#(!3$!^FQQA_!0#'&/-(,3(#-!)&2!%$3--,&&'!43-#0!-.,K#=-!
%3/!4#!.-#0!(&!53.5#!()#!8/&2$#05#1!4#$+#*-!3/0!6,3%(+%#-!&*!-%)&&$J5&+/5!
=&.();!I*!,#6#3(#0!#K#,=!*#2!=#3,-1!()#!(,#/0-!&*!age of first use of
substances1!*,#@.#/%=1!3'&./(!%&/-.'#0!3/0!5#/0#,!0+**#,#/%#-!%3/!()#/!
%&/(,+4.(#!(&!()#!0#-+5/!&*!#0.%3(+&/3$!3/0!$+*#!-8+$$-!6,&5,3''#-;!:66,&6,+3(#!
6&$+%+#-!3,&./0!3%%#--!(&!3/0!%&/(,&$!&*!()#!3'&./(!&*!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'#01!3/0!
()#!#/*&,%#'#/(!()#,#&*1!%&.$0!3$-&!4#!'30#!'&,#!,#3$+-(+%;!
!
V3%(&,-!-.%)!3-!3%%#--!(&!'&/#=1!,#$+5+&.-!/&,'-!3/0!()#!-(35#!&*!-&%+#(3$!
0#K#$&6'#/(!3,#!3$$!.-#0!(&!#76$3+/!()#!0+**#,#/%#-!4#(2##/!()#!,3(#-!&*!.-#!
&*!-.4-(3/%#-!+/!()#!(),##!%+(+#-!+/!V$+-)#,!#(!3$L-!636#,1!+;#;!E36#!<&2/1!
O3,3,#1!3/0!M3,!#-!93$33'1!3/0!()#!0+**#,#/%#!&*!.-#!4#(2##/!()#!-#7#-;!I(!
'.-(!4#!/&(#01!)&2#K#,1!()3(!-+/%#!()#!-(.0+#-!*&,!#3%)!%+(=!2#,#!/&(!+0#/(+%3$1!
3/0!()#!3/3$=-+-!*&,!()+-!636#,!+-!43-#0!&/!#7(,36&$3(+&/1!()#!,#-.$(-!3,#!
0+**+%.$(!(&!5#/#,3$+-#!4#=&/0!()#-#!63,(+%.$3,!%+(+#-!&,!.,43/!3,#3-;!

READING:!V$+-)#,1!:;!X;!#(!3$;!^FQQA_;!9.4-(3/%#!C-#!4=!9(.0#/(-!+/!9&.()!:*,+%31!
!<3/b3/+3!3/0!d+'4342#;!African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, A!^F_?!PAJae;!
9##!66!AFAJAHQ!+/!()#!>#30#,;

!
TASK 4 – Measures of alcohol consumption

:*(#,!,#30+/5!()+-!636#,!&/!-.4-(3/%#!.-#!4=!-(.0#/(-1!3/-2#,!()#!*&$$&2+/5!
@.#-(+&/-?!
! FEEDBACK
3_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!'#3-.,#-!&*!-.4-(3/%#!.-#!+/!()#!@.#-(+&//3+,#-i
4_! ")3(!0&!()#!0+**#,#/(!(+'#!6#,+&0-!+'6$=i
%_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!%&/%$.-+&/-!&*!()#!-(.0=!3/0!)&2!2&.$0!()+-!+/*&,'!
6,#K#/(+&/!6,&5,3''#-!+/!()&-#!6$3%#-i

4.2 Measuring Usage in Relation to Setting
!
:/&()#,!+'6&,(3/(!23=!(&!%&/0.%(!,#-#3,%)!&/!6#&6$#!2)&!0,+/8!+-!(),&.5)!3!
*&%.-!&/!()#!&%%.63(+&/3$!-#((+/5;!<)+-!3,(+%$#!4=!R&/0&/!#(!3$!^FQQA_!
0#-%,+4#-!3!-(.0=!3--#--+/5!()#!&%%.63(+&/3$!)3b3,0-!*&,!3!5,&.6!&*!'3$#!*,.+(!
*3,'!2&,8#,-!+/!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#;!:$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!23-!*&./0!(&!4#!3/!
+'6&,(3/(!%&J*3%(&,!+/!6&&,!/.(,+(+&/1!,3(#!&*!)#30!+/.,+#-!3/0!#76&-.,#!(&!
6#-(+%+0#-;!V&%.-!&/!<3-8!T!2)+$#!=&.!,#30!+(;!!
!
READING:!R&/0&/1!R;1!c#$$1!D;1!<)&'6-&/1!YJR!`!Y=#,-1!X;N;!^AaaP_;!O#3$()!
! 9(3(.-!:'&/5!V3,'!"&,8#,-!+/!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#!l!E&$$3(#,3$!NK+0#/%#!*,&'!3!
9(.0=!&*!B%%.63(+&/3$!O3b3,0-;!South African Medical Journal,!PP!^a_?!AQaUJAAQA;!
9##!66!APeJAaS!+/!()#!>#30#,;!


!
!
!
TASK 5 – Assessing further measures of alcohol consumption

")+$#!,#30+/5!()+-!636#,1!2)+%)!+/%$.0#-!3!*&%.-!&/!3$%&)&$!.-#!4=!'3$#!*3,'!
2&,8#,-1!3/-2#,!()#!*&$$&2+/5!@.#-(+&/-?!
3_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!'#3-.,#-!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!+/!()#!-(.0=i!
4_! :,#!()#!03(3!%&$$#%(+&/!(&&$-!'&,#!,#$+34$#!()3/!()#!@.#-(+&//3+,#-!.-#0!+/!()#!
! 6,#K+&.-!-(.0=i!")=i
!%_! ")3(!0&#-!()#!+/*&,'3(+&/!34&.(!()#!$#/5()!&*!(+'#!-6#/(!2&,8+/5!+/!()#!
VNNMZ:E]!
35,+%.$(.,3$!-#((+/5!(#$$!.-i!
>#-6&/0!(&!^0_i!
0_! ")3(!,&$#!%&.$0!()#!63((#,/-!,#K#3$#0!+/!()+-!-(.0=!6$3=!+/!5.+0+/5!3!O#3$()!
!
G,&'&(+&/!+/(#,K#/(+&/!+/!()+-!%&/(#7(i!
!

4.3 Measuring Drinking Patterns with Surveys & Self-reported Habits
!
<)#!3,(+%$#!4=!E,&7*&,0!`!D+$&#/!+/(,&0.%#-!=&.!(&!3!-.,K#=!'#()&0!&*!
3--#--+/5!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-1!43-#0!#/(+,#$=!&/!-#$*J,#6&,(#0!03(3n!+(!3$-&!
+/(,&0.%#-!()#!6)#/&'#/&/!&*!*&#(3$!3$%&)&$!-=/0,&'#!^V:9_;!!
!
!
! READING:!E,&7*&,01!X;!`!D+$&#/1!M;!^9#6(;!Aaaa_;!:$%&)&$!E&/-.'6(+&/!4=!
G,#5/3/(!"&'#/!+/!"#-(#,/!E36#;!South African Medical Journal,!Pa?!aUFJaUT;!
! 9##!66!UHJUP!+/!()#!>#30#,;!
!
!
<)#!-(.0=!,#6&,(#0!+/!()#!3,(+%$#!3+'#0!(&!3--#--!3$%&)&$!.-#!4=!6,#5/3/(!
2&'#/!+/!(),##!./0#,J,#-&.,%#0!3,#3-!&*!()#!"#-(#,/!E36#!l!(2&!&*!()#'!
-'3$$!(&2/-!3/0!&/#!2+()+/!()#!E36#!Y#(,&6&$#;!<)#!-3'6$#!&*!UHU!2&'#/!
23-!0,32/!*,&'!Ae!3/(#/3(3$!%$+/+%-!3%,&--!()#!(),##!3,#3-1!3/0!#3%)!2&'3/!
23-!+/(#,K+#2#0!&/%#!&/$=;!I/!()+-!-(.0=1!()#!%&$$#%(+&/!&*!0#'&5,36)+%!
+/*&,'3(+&/!23-!+'6&,(3/(!+/!&,0#,!(&!#-(34$+-)!2)#()#,1!3'&/5-(!()#-#!
6,#5/3/(!2&'#/1!()#,#!3,#!-.45,&.6-!^*&,!#73'6$#!43-#0!&/!35#1!-&%+&J
#%&/&'+%-!&,!5#&5,36)+%3$!$&%3(+&/_!()3(!0,+/8!'&,#!)#3K+$=!()3/!&()#,-;!
!
<)#!,#-.$(-!6,&K+0#!3!.-#*.$!0#-%,+6(+&/!&*!2&'#/!3((#/0+/5!%$+/+%-!+/!
6,#0&'+/3/($=!coloured 3,#3-;!<)#!0&'+/3/(!%)3,3%(#,+-(+%-!&*!()#!5,&.6!
2#,#?!4#(2##/!FQ!J!HQ!=#3,-!&*!35#n!-+/5$#!^Teo_n!E),+-(+3/!^eF;Po_n!2+()!
*&,'3$!#0.%3(+&/!4#(2##/!PJAQ!=#3,-;!:-!)+5)!3-!SF;Po!30'+((#0!(&!K3,=+/5!
0#5,##-!&*!3$%&)&$!+/5#-(+&/!0.,+/5!6,#5/3/%=!2+()!4##,!4#+/5!()#!0,+/8!&*!
%)&+%#!^aA;To_n!()#!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/!23-!&*!3!f4+/5#h!/3(.,#;!9'&8+/5!23-!
,#6&,(#0!4=!ST;Uo!3$(&5#()#,1!3/0!Fa;Uo!30'+((#0!(&!-'&8+/5!3/0!0,+/8+/5;!
<)+-!$#*(!&/$=!SA;F!o!&*!2&'#/!.-+/5!/#+()#,!3$%&)&$!/&,!%+53,#((#-;!
!
<)+-!+-!+'6&,(3/(!03(3!&/!2)+%)!(&!43-#!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!(&!,#0.%#!0,+/8+/5!+/!
6,#5/3/%=1!3/0!%3/!3$-&!-#,K#!3-!3!43-#$+/#!(&!%&'63,#!(&!3*(#,!3!*#2!=#3,-;!


I(!+-!3$-&!3$3,'+/5!(&!,#3$+-#!*,&'!()#!03(3!()3(!.6!(&!a;To!&*!()#!2&'#/!2#,#!
3(!,+-8!&*!)3K+/5!3!%)+$0!2+()!V:9!&,!3!'+$0#,!K#,-+&/!()#,#&*!^:>cM!l!3$%&)&$!
,#$3(#0!/#.,&$&5+%3$!0#*#%(-_;!

NK#/!()&.5)!)&/#-(=!+-!3/!+--.#!2)#/!+(!%&'#-!(&!-#$*J,#6&,(#0!03(3!,#$3(+/5!
(&!3$%&)&$!.-#!3/0!-'&8+/51!()#!3.()&,-!,#6&,(!()3(!+(!-##'#0!/&(!(&!4#!3!
%&/%#,/!+/!()+-!-(.0=;!
!
!
5 NORMS FOR DRINKING
!
B/#!&*!()#!+--.#-!()3(!#K#,=!,#-#3,%)#,!-)&.$0!4#!323,#!&*!2)#/!'#3-.,+/5!
3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!+-!()#!%&/%#6(!&*!2)3(!+-!,#53,0#0!3-!normal drinking in
a particular community;!<)#!,#$3(+&/-)+6!4#(2##/!3$%&)&$!3/0!%.$(.,#1!3/0!
-6#%+*+%3$$=!2)3(!+-!K+#2#0!3-!normal!3/0!not-normal!0,+/8+/51!0+**#,-!2+0#$=!+/!
0+**#,#/(!3,#3-!&*!()#!2&,$0;!I(!+-!3$-&!+'6&,(3/(!(&!,#%&5/+-#!()3(!6#&6$#!3,#!
-(,&/5$=!+/*$.#/%#0!4=!-.%)!/&,'-1!#;5. We keep spirits for special occasions
like dances, and people get very drunk.

<)#!,#30+/5!4=!Z#//#((!#(!3$!^AaaH_!6,&K+0#-!3/!+/-+5)(!+/(&!f)&2!6#&6$#!*,&'!
0+**#,#/(!%.$(.,#-!0+**#,#/(+3(#!4#(2##/!/&,'3$!3/0!63()&$&5+%3$!0,+/8+/5h!
^Z#//#((1!AaaH?!AaQ_1!2)+%)!+-!+/!+(-#$*!3!'3&,!+/*$.#/%#!&/!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-;!!

READING:!Z#//#((1!R;!:;1!X3/%31!:;1![,3/(1!Z;!V;!`!93,(&,+.-1!c;!^AaaH_;!
Z&./03,+#-!Z#(2##/!c&,'3$!3/0!G3()&$&5+%3$!M,+/8+/5?!:!E,&--JE.$(.,3$!
E&'63,+-&/;!Alcohol Health & Research World, Ae!^H_?!AaQJAaT;!9##!66!HaJSU!+/!
()#!,#30#,;!
!
!
<)#!636#,!3$-&!-.''3,+-#-!2)3(!2#!%&K#,#0!+/!&.,!0+-%.--+&/!&*!63((#,/-!&*!
%&/-.'6(+&/;!:$()&.5)!()#,#!3,#!/&!-+'6$#!#76$3/3(+&/-!&,!0#-%,+6(+&/-!&*!
0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-!*&,!3/=!%&''./+(=1!()#!3.()&,!5+K#-!-&'#!'#3/-!(&!
3/-2#,+/5!()#!when, where, who, how, what!3/0!why!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#;!:-!=&.!
,#30!+(1!(,=!(&!3/-2#,!()#!@.#-(+&/-!+/!<3-8!T;!

TASK 6 – The effects of alcohol: descriptors used in your community.

:*(#,!,#30+/5!()+-!636#,1!%&/-+0#,!()#!*&$$&2+/5!@.#-(+&/-?!
!
3_! ")3(!3,#!()#!'3+/!@.#-(+&/-!()3(!)3K#!4##/!3-8#0!+/!()+-!636#,!&/!()#!#**#%(-!
&*!3$%&)&$i!!
4_! :66$=!()#!-3'#!@.#-(+&/-!(&!'#'4#,-!&*!=&.,!&2/!%&''./+(=!3/0!2,+(#!0&2/!
=&.,!,#-6&/-#-!+/!3!-+'+$3,!23=!(&!()#!,#-.$(-!+/!(34$#-!F!3/0!H;
%_! ")+%)!%&''./+(=!+/!()#!-(.0=!+-!'&-(!-+'+$3,!(&!=&.,!%&''./+(=!3/0!2)=!0&!
=&.!()+/8!()+-!+-!-&i
0_!!!")3(!3,#!-&'#!&*!()#!*3%(&,-!2)+%)!+/*$.#/%#!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-i!


FEEDBACK

")#/!0&+/5!3!-+(.3(+&/3$!3/3$=-+-!+/!&,0#,!(&!6$3/!3/=!+/(#,K#/(+&/!,#$3(#0!(&!
3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-1!+(!+-!#--#/(+3$!(&!)3K#!3!-#/-#!&*!()#!6,#K3+$+/5!/&,'-!
3,&./0!0,+/8+/5!3$%&)&$;!I*!6#&6$#!+/!()#!%&''./+(=!0&!/&(!K+#2!,+-8=!0,+/8+/5!
+/!()#!-3'#!23=!3-!=&.!0&1!=&.!2+$$!)3K#!0+**+%.$(=!+/K&$K+/5!()#'!+/!3/=!
6,#K#/(+&/!&,!)3,'!,#0.%(+&/!6,&5,3''#;!:/=!+/(#,K#/(+&/-!/##0!(&!4#3,!+/!
'+/0!()#!-(3(.-!&*!()#!0,+/8#,-!3-!2#$$!3-!()#!*3%+$+(3(+/5!3/0!+/)+4+(+/5!*3%(&,-!
+/!,#$3(+&/!(&!who drinks where!3/0!how much!&/!3/=!&%%3-+&/;!
!

6 SESSION SUMMARY
!
!
I/!()+-!-#--+&/1!2#!)3K#!$&&8#0!3(!3!,3/5#!&*!03(3!-&.,%#-!3/0!'#()&0-!*&,!
'#3-.,+/5!3/0!0#-%,+4+/5!3$%&)&$!.-#1!(),&.5)!3!/.'4#,!&*!-(.0+#-;!O&6#*.$$=!
=&.!)3K#!,#%&5/+-#0!()3(!()#,#!3,#!$+'+(3(+&/-!+/!3$$!()#!-&.,%#-!&*!03(31!4.(!
()3(!(&5#()#,!()#=!%3/!6,&K+0#!@.3/(+(3(+K#!3/0!@.3$+(3(+K#!+/*&,'3(+&/!(&!
./0#,-(3/0!()#!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!3/0!6&--+4$#!6,#K#/(+&/!6&--+4+$+(+#-;!!
!
O&6#*.$$=!=&.!3,#!%&/K+/%#0!()3(!+(!0&#-!/&(!)#$6!(&!.-(!'&/+(&,!()#!3K#,35#!
%&/-.'6(+&/!&*!3!6&6.$3(+&/!3-!()+-!(#$$-!.-!/&()+/5!34&.(!()#!where, when,
how much!3/0!why!&*!+/0+K+0.3$!3/0!5,&.6!0,+/8+/5!)34+(-;!I/!()+-!,#53,01!
,#'#'4#,!()3(!'&,#!)3,'!+-!%3.-#0!4=!0,+/8#,-!2)&!&%%3-+&/3$$=!4#%&'#!
+/(&7+%3(#0!^,+-8=!0,+/8#,-_!()3/!0#6#/0#/(!0,+/8#,-;!!
!
W&.!'3=!)3K#!%&/%$.0#0!()3(!4&()!@.3/(+(3(+K#!'#3-.,#'#/(-!3/0!@.3$+(3(+K#!
0#-%,+6(+&/-!3,#!/#%#--3,=!+/!&,0#,!(&!)3K#!3!*.$$!6+%(.,#!&*!3$%&)&$!.-#!
63((#,/-!+/!3/=!%&''./+(=!&,!(3,5#(!35#!5,&.6;!W&.!2+$$!6&--+4$=!3$-&!)3K#!
/&(#0!()3(!-&'#!'#()&0-!3,#!'&,#!3%%.,3(#!()3/!&()#,-1!4.(!()3(!()#=!'3=!
%3,,=!()#!0+-30K3/(35#!&*!%&-(!&,!-8+$$!,#@.+,#0!(&!.-#!()#'1!#;5;![3''3J
5$.(3'=$(,3/-*#,3-#!^[[<_!(#-(-;!
!
W&.!)3K#!3$-&!-(3,(#0!(&!366$=!-&'#!,#-#3,%)!@.#-(+&/-!(&!=&.,!&2/!
%&''./+(=!3/0!-)&.$0!)3K#!4#5./!(&!4.+$0!3!6+%(.,#!&*!()#+,!63((#,/-!&*!
3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/;!I/!300+(+&/1!=&.!-)&.$0!4#!34$#!(&!+0#/(+*=!()#!#%&/&'+%!
*&,%#-!()3(!&6#,3(#!+/!()3(!%&/(#7(1!*,&'!()#!+/*&,'3(+&/!+/!()#!6,#K+&.-!
-#--+&/;!
!
I/!()#!*+/3$!-#--+&/!&*!C/+(!A1!2#!+/(,&0.%#!=&.!(&!()#!0#43(#-!3,&./0!
3$%&)&$+-'!3/0!()#!#**#%(!()3(!0+**#,#/(!'&0#$-!&*!./0#,-(3/0+/5!6#&6$#!2+()!
3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!)3-!&/!&.,!6,#K#/(+&/!3/0!(,#3('#/(!366,&3%)#-;!


7 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
!
! :'#,+%3/!G-=%)+3(,+%!:--&%+3(+&/;!ÂaaS_;!Diagnostic and statistical
manual mental disorders1!*&.,()!#0+(+&/;!"3-)+/5(&/1!ME?!:'#,+%3/!
G-=%)+3(,+%!:--&%+3(+&/;!
! The Public Health Bush Book: A Resource for Working in Community
Settings in the Northern Territory.!Âaaa_;!M3,2+/?!c&,()#,/!<#,,+(&,=!
O#3$()!9#,K+%#-;!
! G3,,=1!M;!O;!E;!`!Z#//#((-1!:;!R;!ÂaaP_;!Alcohol Policy and Public Health
in South Africa;!E36#!<&2/?!B7*&,0!C/+K#,-+(=!G,#--;!!
! "OB;!Âaaa_;!Global Status Report on Alcohol.![#/#K3?!9.4-(3/%#!:4.-#!
M#63,('#/(1!9&%+3$!E)3/5#!`!Y#/(3$!O#3$()1!"OB;


Unit 1 - Session 3
Theories of Alcohol Use and
Addiction
Introduction
:$()&.5)!'&-(!&*!()+-!'&0.$#!*&%.-#-!&/!'&0#,3(#!3$%&)&$!.-#!%&/-.'#0!+/!3!
,+-8=!63((#,/1!+(!+-!3$-&!+'6&,(3/(!(&!0+-%.--!%&/-.'6(+&/!2)+%)!&%%.,-!3-!3!
,#-.$(!&*!3!0#6#/0#/%=!,#$3(+&/-)+6!4#(2##/!3/!+/0+K+0.3$!3/0!3$%&)&$;!!
!
Y.%)!&*!()#!#'6)3-+-!+/!()#!63-(!23-!&/!f()#!3$%&)&$+%h1!2)+$#!$+(($#!#'6)3-+-!
23-!6$3%#0!&/!&()#,!%&/-.'#,-;!Z#*&,#!=&.!,#30!3/=!*.,()#,1!%)&&-#!()#!
0#-%,+6(+&/!&*!3$%&)&$+-'!2)+%)!=&.!4#$+#K#!(&!4#!%&,,#%(?!
!
!
:!6#,-&/!2)&!+-!300+%(#0!(&!3$%&)&$!^3/!3$%&)&$+%_?!
-! )3-!3!0+-#3-#!%3$$#0!f3$%&)&$+-'h!&,!!
-! )3-!0#K#$&6#0!3!)34+(!()3(!%3//&(!4#!%&/(,&$$#0;!
!
!
<)+-!@.#-(+&/!,#'3+/-!0#43(34$#1!-&!,#30!()#!+/(#,#-(+/5!3,(+%$#-!()3(!*&$$&2!
3/0!()#/!,#*$#%(!&/!=&.,!&2/!./0#,-(3/0+/5!&*!3$%&)&$!300+%(+&/;!
!
")+$#!2#!3,#!*&%.-+/5!&/!+/0+K+0.3$!3$%&)&$!.-#1!2#!2+$$!3$-&!366$=!(2&!&*!()#!
2#$$J#-(34$+-)#0!()#&,+#-!&*!O#3$()!Z#)3K+&.,1!+/!&,0#,!(&!./0#,-(3/0!()#!
+/(#,,#$3(+&/-)+6!&*!K3,+&.-!*3%(&,-!+/!()#!0#%+-+&/!(&!0,+/8!3/0!()#!$#K#$!&*!
0,+/8+/5;!
!
Contents
!
A! R#3,/+/5!&.(%&'#-!&*!()+-!-#--+&/!
F! >#30+/5-!!
H! Y&0#$-!*&,!./0#,-(3/0+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-! !
S! <)#&,+#-!&*!O#3$()!Z#)3K+&.,!
T! 9#--+&/!-.''3,=!
U!! V.,()#,!,#30+/5!

I/!()+-!-#--+&/!()#,#!+-!&/$=!&/#!(3-81!3/0!()#!(3-8!,#@.+,#-!=&.!(&!-(3,(!
300,#--+/5!+--.#-!+/!=&.,!$&%3$!%&/(#7(;!<)#,#!3,#!3$-&!*&.,!*3+,$=!$&/5!
,#30+/5-!(&(3$$+/5!UH!635#-;!:$$&2!3(!$#3-(!*&.,!)&.,-!(&!%&'6$#(#!()#!-#--+&/;!!




! N76$3+/!3/0!366$=!()#!0+**#,#/(!()#&,+#-!&*!300+%(+&/!3/0!0#6#/0#/%#1!+;#;!()#!
'#0+%3$1!6-=%)&$&5+%3$!3/0!-&%+&%.$(.,3$!()#&,+#-;
! M#-%,+4#!)&2!()#-#!()#&,+#-!+/*$.#/%#!6,#K#/(+&/!3/0!(,#3('#/(!366,&3%)#-;!
! :66$=!-#$#%(#0!()#&,+#-!&*!O#3$()!Z#)3K+&.,!(&!3$%&)&$!.-#;
! M#'&/-(,3(#!+/-+5)(!+/(&!6&--+4$#!#76$3/3(+&/-!*&,!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-;

2 READINGS
!
!
W&.!2+$$!4#!,#*#,,#0!(&!()#!*&$$&2+/5!,#30+/5-!+/!()#!%&.,-#!&*!()+-!-#--+&/;
Author/s Publication details Page numbers in the
Reader

V+/53,#((#1!O; ÂaPP_;!E)!H!J!")3(!E3.-#-!:$%&)&$+-'i!I/!! 95-108
Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a
Disease.!Z#,8#$#=1!E3$+*&,/+3?!C/+K#,-+(=!&*!
E3$+*&,/+3!G,#--?!SPJUa;
N023,0-1![;1! Âaae_;!E)!AA!J!M,+/8+/5!G,&4$#'-!3/0!()#! 79-86
Y3,-)3$$1!N;!X;!`! R+*#!E&.,-#;!I/!Treatment of Drinking
E&&81!E;!E;!O; Problems: A Guide for the Helping
Professions.!E3'4,+05#1!C]?!E3'4,+05#!
C/+K#,-+(=!G,#--?!AeTJAPT;!
<&/#-1!Z;!];!`! !^FQQA_;!E)!F!J!9#$#%(+/5!I/0+%3(&,-!&*! 437-446
<+$*&,01!9; 9.%%#--?!<)#!I'6&,(3/%#!&*!<)#&,+#-!&*!
E)3/5#;!I/!Health Promotion: Effectiveness,
Efficiency and Equity.!E)#$(#/)3'1!C]?!
c#$-&/!<)&,/#-?!eSJaH;!!
Y&,&#$#1!c; Âaae_;!E)!AF!J!:0&$#-%#/(!:$%&)&$!Y+-.-#;!I/! 257-270
E;!0#!$3!>#=1!c;!M./%3/!`!<;9)#*#,!`!:;!K3/!
c+#8#,8!^#0-_;!Contemporary Issues in
Human Development. A South African Focus.!
X&)3//#-4.,5?!I/(#,/3(+&/3$!<)&'-&/?!FQeJ
FHF;

3 MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING ALCOHOL PROBLEMS

Y3/=!3%30#'+%!'&0.$#-!&/!-.4-(3/%#!34.-#!2&.$0!4#5+/!2+()!()#!()#&,=!&*!
3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!3/0!3$%&)&$+-'!3-!+(!366$+#-!(&!+/0+K+0.3$-;!I/!()+-!'&0.$#!
2#!)3K#!6.,6&-#$=!%&K#,#0!()#!environmental approach!^'#3/+/5!-&%+&J


6&$+(+%3$1!%.$(.,3$!3/0!#%&/&'+%!+--.#-_!(&!300,#--+/5!3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-!*+,-(;!
<)#!,#3-&/-!*&,!()+-!2+$$!4#%&'#!%$#3,#,!3-!2#!6,&%##0!(),&.5)!()#!./+(-;!
O&2#K#,1!()#!'3+/!,#3-&/!+-!()3(!2#!3,#!(38+/5!3!O#3$()!G,&'&(+&/!366,&3%)1!
*&%.-+/5!&/!3$%&)&$!.-#!3/0!6,&4$#'-!*,&'!3!,+-8=!0,+/8+/5m)3,'!,#0.%(+&/!!
6#,-6#%(+K#!3/0!43$3/%+/5!()#!#/K+,&/'#/(3$!K3,+34$#-!2+()!+/0+K+0.3$!*3%(&,-;!!!
!
I(!+-1!)&2#K#,1!/#%#--3,=!(&!./0#,-(3/0!()#!()#&,+#-!2)+%)!3,#!366$+#0!(&!
3$%&)&$!6,&4$#'-?!()+-!2+$$!#/34$#!=&.!(&!%)&&-#!2)+%)!'&0#$!=&.!6#,-&/3$$=!
3%%#6(!3-!()#!'&-(!.-#*.$!#76$3/3(+&/!*&,!3$%&)&$!0#6#/0#/%#1!3/0!(&!+0#/(+*=!
()#!'&-(!$+8#$=!-#(!&*!*3%(&,-!+/*$.#/%+/5!()+-!4#)3K+&.,;!!
!
>#30!()#!%)36(#,!4=!V+/53,#((#!ÂaPP_!+/!2)+%)!()#!3.()&,!@.#-(+&/-!()#!
K3,+&.-!#76$3/3(+&/-!&*!3$%&)&$+-'n!()#/!,#K+#2!=&.,!3/-2#,!(&!()#!@.#-(+&/!
2#!3-8#0!2)#/!2#!4#53/!()+-!-#--+&/;!
!
!
READING: V+/53,#((#1!O;!ÂaPP_;!E)!H!J!")3(!E3.-#-!:$%&)&$+-'i!I/!Heavy
Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease.!Z#,8#$#=1!E3$+*&,/+3?!C/+K#,-+(=!&*!
E3$+*&,/+3!G,#--?!SPJUa;!9##!66!aTJAQP!+/!()#!>#30#,;!

!
")#()#,!=&.!4#$+#K#!+/!()#!%&/%#6(!&*!an alcoholic,!3/0!()3(!+(!+-!3!0+-#3-#!
2+()!5#/#(+%!+/*$.#/%#!3/0!6)=-+&$&5+%3$!#76$3/3(+&/-1!2+$$!0+,#%($=!+/*$.#/%#!
=&.,!366,&3%)!(&!6,#K#/(+&/!3/0!(,#3('#/(;!Y3/=!(,#3('#/(!6,&5,3''#-1!
+/%$.0+/5!()#!:$%&)&$+%-!:/&/='&.-!&,53/+-3(+&/1!43-#!()#+,!366,&3%)!&/!()#!
6,#'+-#!()3(!+*!3!6#,-&/!)3-!)30!()#!6,&4$#'!&*!3$%&)&$!0#6#/0#/%#1!()#=!2+$$!
,#'3+/!3/!f3$%&)&$+%!+/!,#%&K#,=h!*&,#K#,;!<)+-!+-!2)3(!2#!%3$$!()#!M+-#3-#!
Y&0#$?!+(!(#/0-!(&!*&%.-!&/!()#!+/0+K+0.3$!3/0!()3(!f63()&$&5=h!(&!()#!#7%$.-+&/!
&*!()#!%.$(.,#!3/0!%&/(#7(!+/!2)+%)!()#!6#,-&/!0,+/8-;!
!
:/!3$(#,/3(+K#!6#,-6#%(+K#!+-!(&!K+#2!3$%&)&$!%&/-.'6(+&/!&/!3!%&/(+/..'1!
2)#,#!3/=&/#!'3=!0,+/8!3(!3!$+5)(1!'&0#,3(#!&,!)#3K=!$#K#$1!&%%3-+&/3$$=!&,!
,#5.$3,$=;!:.()&,-!-.%)!3-!V+/53,#((#!6,#*#,!(&!#76$3+/!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/-!*,&'!3!
-&%+3$!3/0!%.$(.,3$!6#,-6#%(+K#!3/0!,##%(!()#!/&(+&/!&*!3!./+K3$#/(!0+-#3-#;!
V&,!()#'!()#,#!+-!/&!-+/5$#!%3.-3$!#76$3/3(+&/;!<)+-!+-!%3$$#0!()#!9&%+&%.$(.,3$!
Y&0#$!3/0!-.55#-(-!()3(!)#3K=!0,+/8#,-1!2)&-#!0,+/8+/5!+-!%3.-+/5!6,&4$#'-1!
/##0!(&!4#!+/0+K+0.3$$=!./0#,-(&&0!3/0!/&(!3.(&'3(+%3$$=!%$3--+*+#0!3-!
f'#/(3$$=!+$$h!2+()!3$%&)&$+-';!!
!
:!%&'4+/3(+&/!&*!()#!6-=%)&$&5+%3$!)=6&()#-+-!3/0!()#!-&%+&%.$(.,3$!
#76$3/3(+&/!+-!'&-(!$+8#$=!(&!$#30!(&!3!(,#3('#/(!366,&3%)!()3(!43$3/%#-!()#!
/#%#--+(=!*&,!+/0+K+0.3$!%&./-#$+/5!2+()!'38+/5!%)3/5#-!+/!()#!/&,'-!()#!
6#&6$#!./0#,!(,#3('#/(!3%%#6(!3/0!()#!%&/(#7(!&*!()#+,!0,+/8+/5;!!

<)#!M9Y!ID!E,+(#,+3!*&,!'38+/5!3!0+35/&-+-!&*!3$%&)&$!0#6#/0#/%#!3,#!-(3(#0!
+/!()#!,#30+/5!4=!Y&,&#$#!Âaae?!FAH_;!<)+-!%$3--+*+%3(+&/!-=-(#'!*&,!'#/(3$!
)#3$()!6,&4$#'-!3((#'6(-!(&!3+0!%$+/+%+3/-!3/0!,#-#3,%)#,-!(&!0+35/&-#!
6,&4$#'-!+/!3!-(3/03,0+-#0!23=;!Z.(!3-!Y&,&#$#!-.55#-(-!+/!()#!3,(+%$#!=&.!
2+$$!,#30!$3(#,!+/!()+-!-#--+&/1!()#!%$3--+*+%3(+&/!-=-(#'!+-!/&(!3$23=-!366$+%34$#!


(&!30&$#-%#/(-;!I(!'3=!3$-&!/&(!4#!366$+%34$#!(&!()&-#!&*!&()#,!35#-!+/!
6&6.$3(+&/-!&.(-+0#!&*!"#-(#,/!0#K#$&6#0!%&./(,+#-;!:-!=&.!,#30!34&.(!()#!
M9Y!ID!E,+(#,+31!%&/-+0#,!()#!#73'6$#!&*!3/!./#'6$&=#0!'3/!2+()!/&!63((#,/!
&*!03+$=!3%(+K+(+#-?!)#!6,&434$=!0&#-!/&(!0,+K#!3/0!0&#-!/&(!&2/!3/=()+/5!
-.4-(3/(+3$;!Y&-(!&*!()#!%,+(#,+3!3,#!/&(!366$+%34$#!(&!)+'1!0#-6+(#!()#!*3%(!()3(!
)#!-6#/0-!3!$&(!&*!(+'#!0,+/8+/5!#K#,=!03=1!3/0!+-!3(!,+-8!&*!0#K#$&6+/5!$&/5J
(#,'!)#3$()!6,&4$#'-;!

READING: N023,0-1![;1!Y3,-)3$$1!N;!X;!`!E&&81!E;!E;!O;!^Aaae_;!E)!AA!J!M,+/8+/5!
G,&4$#'-!3/0!()#!R+*#!E&.,-#;!I/!Treatment of Drinking Problems: A Guide for the
Helping Professions.!E3'4,+05#1!C]?!E3'4,+05#!C/+K#,-+(=!G,#--?!AeTJAPT;!9##!
66!eaJPU!+/!()#!>#30#,;!

!
!
M#-6+(#!()#,#!4#+/5!$+(($#!%&/-#/-.-!4#(2##/!K3,+&.-!*&$$&2J.6!-(.0+#-!&*!
6#&6$#!2+()!3$%&)&$!0#6#/0#/%#1!N023,0-!6,&6&-#-!-&'#!*3%(&,-!2)+%)!%&.$0!
4#!.-#0!(&!+/0+%3(#!6&(#/(+3$!*&,!,#%&K#,=!+/!()#!$&/5!(#,'?!()#-#!+/%$.0#!
43-#$+/#!%)3,3%(#,+-(+%-1!3%%#6(3/%#!&*!3!(,#3('#/(!5&3$1!(,#3('#/(!3/0!::!
-.66&,(!3/0!/3(.,3$!6,&%#--#-!&*!,#%&K#,=;!>3()#,!()3/!-.66&,(+/5!3/=!
+/(#/-+K#!(,#3('#/(1!N023,0-!6,&6&-#-!()3(!fg!+(!+-!()#!/.05+/5!&*!()#!6#,-&/!
(&23,0-!3!'&,#!%&/-(,.%(+K#!23=!&*!-##+/5!()+/5-1!()#!#/%&.,35#'#/(!&*!-#$*J
3%(.3$+-3(+&/!3/0!()#!#/)3/%#'#/(!&*!-#$*J#**+%3%=1!)#$6!2+()!%)&+%#!&*!
366,&6,+3(#!5&3$1!3/0!()#!3$$+3/%#!4#(2##/!()#,36#.(+%!+/(#,K#/(+&/!3/0!
/3(.,3$!6,&%#--#-!&*!%)3/5#1!()3(!,#-#3,%)!-.55#-(-!3,#!+/!()#!$&/5J(#,'!()#!
'&-(!6&(#/(!%&/(,+4.(+&/-!2)+%)!(,#3('#/(!%3/!'38#!(&!,#%&K#,=h!^N023,0-1!
Aaae?!APF_;!"#!2+$$!,#K+-+(!()+-!366,&3%)!+/!C/+(!S1!2)#/!2#!0+-%.--!()#!,&$#!&*!
-#,K+%#!6,&K+0#,-!+/!%3,,=+/5!&.(!fZ,+#*!I/(#,K#/(+&/-h!2+()!6#&6$#!2+()!3$%&)&$!
6,&4$#'-;!

4 THEORIES OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR

")#()#,!=&.,!+/(#,#-(!+/!3$%&)&$!3/0!)#3$()!+-!3(!()#!+/0+K+0.3$!$#K#$!&,!()#!
4,&30#,!6&6.$3(+&/!$#K#$1!+(!+-!/#%#--3,=!(&!4#!34$#!(&!0#-%,+4#!()#!*3%(&,-!()3(!
6,&'&(#!3/0!+/)+4+(!3$%&)&$!.-#!3(!()#!+/0+K+0.3$!$#K#$;!9+/%#!3$%&)&$!.-#!%3/!
K3,=!-&!'.%)!*,&'!&/#!6#,-&/!(&!()#!/#7(1!&/#!/##0-!(&!4#!34$#!(&!0#-%,+4#!
()#-#!+/0+K+0.3$-!3-!63,(!&*!3!-.4J5,&.61!3/0!)3K#!3/!./0#,-(3/0+/5!&*!2)3(!
()#!%,+(+%3$!*3%(&,-!3,#!()3(!+/*$.#/%#!()#+,!0,+/8+/5!63((#,/1!+/!&,0#,!(&!6$3/!
366,&6,+3(#!+/(#,K#/(+&/-;!
!
:/!+'6&,(3/(!-(35#!+/!()#!0#K#$&6'#/(!&*!3!O#3$()!G,&'&(+&/!,#-6&/-#!(&!
3$%&)&$!,#$3(#0!6,&4$#'-!+-!(&!)3K#!3!()#&,=!(),&.5)!2)+%)!(&!./0#,-(3/0!()#!
./0#,$=+/5!*3%(&,-!&,!0#(#,'+/3/(-;!D3,+&.-!)#3$()!4#)3K+&.,!'&0#$-!2#,#!
0#3$(!2+()!+/!()#!Health Promotion II!'&0.$#!3/0!2+$$!/&(!4#!,#K+-#0!)#,#;!
O&2#K#,1!I!)3K#!*&./0!()#!O#3$()!:%(+&/!Y&0#$!6,&6&-#0!4=!<&/#-!3/0!
<+$*&,0!(&!4#!.-#*.$!2)#/!0#-%,+4+/5!()#!*3%(&,-!+/*$.#/%+/5!3$%&)&$!.-#1!3/0!
./0#,-(3/0+/5!6&--+4$#!6&+/(-!*&,!+/(#,K#/(+&/;!
!


<)+-!%)36(#,!4=!<&/#-!3/0!<+$*&,0!^FQQA_!23-!3$-&!+/%$.0#0!+/!()#!Health
Promotion II!'&0.$#1!-&!=&.!'3=!,#%&5/+-#!+(;!:$()&.5)!+(!+-!@.+(#!0#/-#$=!
2,+((#/1!3/0!+-!/&(!-6#%+*+%!(&!3$%&)&$!+--.#-1!()#!,#*#,#/%#-!(&!0,.5!.-#!%3/!4#!
366$+#0!#@.3$$=!2#$$!(&!3$%&)&$!.-#;!:*(#,!$&&8+/5!3(!()#!0+35,3'!&/!635#!eP1!
*&%.-!=&.,!,#30+/5!&/!()#!f<)#&,=!3(!3!'+%,&!$#K#$h!&/!635#-!PSJaH1!3/0!()#!
%,+(+@.#!()#,#&*!&/!635#!ee!./0#,!f[3+/+/5!+/-+5)(-!+/(&!%$+#/(!%)3,3%(#,+-(+%-h;!!
!
READING: <&/#-1!Z;!];!`!<+$*&,01!9;!^FQQA_;!E)!F!J!9#$#%(+/5!I/0+%3(&,-!&*!
9.%%#--?!<)#!I'6&,(3/%#!&*!<)#&,+#-!&*!E)3/5#;!I/!Health Promotion:
Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity.!E)#$(#/)3'1!C]?!c#$-&/!<)&,/#-?!eSJaH;!
! 9##!66!SHeJSSU!+/!()#!>#30#,;
!
Z#$&2!+-!3/&()#,!K#,-+&/!&*!()#!O#3$()!:%(+&/!Y&0#$!^O:Y_!2)+%)!23-!
6,#-#/(#0!3(!3!-)&,(!%&.,-#!3(!C"E!4=!9=$K+3!<+$*&,0!+/!FQQF;!!

!
!
!
<+$*&,01!9;!^FQQF_;!O#3$()!:%(+&/!Y&0#$;!9$+0#!*,&'!9%)&&$!&*!G.4$+%!O#3$()!Winter
School,C"E;!
!
<)#!/#7(!,#30+/5!)3-!4##/!+/%$.0#0!4#%3.-#!Y&,&#$#!^Aaae_!5+K#-!-&'#!
#76$3/3(+&/!3/0!()#&,#(+%3$!3,5.'#/(!*&,!-.4-(3/%#!.-#!4=!30&$#-%#/(-1!3/0!
+(-!6&(#/(+3$!)3,'*.$!%&/-#@.#/%#-;!I/!300+(+&/!(&!,#30+/5!()#!%&/(#/(!&*!2)3(!
-)#!2,+(#-1!(38#!/&(#!()3(!()+-!636#,!6,&K+0#-!3/!#73'6$#!&*!)&2!(&!366$=!


Alcohol problems guide - 2010

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Ähnlich wie Alcohol problems guide - 2010

Ähnlich wie Alcohol problems guide - 2010 (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Alcohol problems guide - 2010