The document discusses plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates results in geologic processes like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building at plate boundaries. It describes the three types of plate boundaries where plates converge, diverge, or move past each other, and the associated stress, faulting, and landforms produced at each. The document also provides details on the formation and types of volcanoes, earthquakes, and related geologic hazards.

1. Name_________________ Mountains, Earthquakes, andVolcanoes
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is
formed.
c. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.
 Plate Boundaries
3 Kinds of Plate Boundaries
o _______________
o _______________
o _______________
Stress
Due mostly to plate movements, the earth’s crust is under a lot of stress.
There are 3 types:
o “A” occurs where plates pull apart, divergent
boundaries, and is called _____________________
o “B” occurs where plates converge, and is called
___________
o “C” occurs where plates move past each other, at
transform fault boundaries and is called
____________________
Strain
Stress leads to strain on the crust which bends it. If it is warm, under the ground, it
can bend. The features are called _________.
Upturned folds are _________________ while downturned folds are ___________.
Label

2. Or the rock may break, if it is brittle. This causes _____________ –breaks of the
earth.
Different faults
Faults move in different ways, depending on the type of stress on them. Remember “3”
types form.
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
Plate Tectonic and Mountain Formation
The most common types of mountains:
1. ____________________: from when rock layers are squeezed together
and pushed upward –Ural Mountains (Russian)
2. ____________________: form when tension causes land to drop down –
Teton Range (USA)
3. ____________________: molten material rises to the Earth’s surface
and erupts on the surface - Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa)
Mountain Formation
Mountains can be a result of:
1. ___________________________ (Himalayan Mountains; Alps in Europe)
2. ______________________ (Mount Kilimanjaro-Africa; Parícutin-Mexico)
3. ______________________ (Mauna Kea- Hawaiian Islands)
4. ______________________ (Andes Mountains)
5. ______________________ (Mt. Oraefajokull -Iceland: Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
Continent-Continent Collision
When ____________________ crust pushes against ____________________
crust both sides of the convergent boundary have the same properties.

3. Neither side of the boundary wants to sink beneath the other side, and as a result the
two plates ________________________________ and the crust buckles and
cracks, __________________ (and down into the mantle), forming ____________
__________________________________
Examples: 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
Basic Earthquake Facts
Mostly happen along/on _____________________________
____________________ can record earthquakes from all over the world
above 2.5-3 on magnitudescale
___________________________________________________
Earthquakes
_____________________ – The shaking and trembling that results from the
sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust
Scientists predict over ________________________ earthquakes happen
each year
________________________ is most common reason for Earthquakes
Fukushima’s Earthquake
An earthquake shook Fukushima in 11th March 2011. It caused a _______________.
Tsunamis
Also called _________________________
Large ocean waves caused by an ________________________________
Ocean floor _______________________________________________.
Can also be caused by a ______________________________________.
Remember this huge wave is caused ________________________________
They can travel at speeds of _____________________- MPH

4. They can reach heights of ____________ (the height of a 6 Story Building)
Seismic Waves
Earthquake waves are known as ___________________________
____________- The point beneath the Earth’s surface where rocks break and
move
The focus is the point of origin for the earthquake
______________________- Directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface
Earthquake waves reach the epicenter first
__________________________-
“P-waves”: Seismic waves that travel the __________________
They arrive at a given point before any other type of wave
They travel through: _____________, ____________, ____________
They move through the Earth differently depending on the material they are
traveling through
As they move deeper into the Earth, where it is more dense, they move faster
They are _________________________________
Secondary Waves
___________________ – Seismic waves that do not travel through the Earth as fast
as P-waves do
S-waves arrive at a given point after P-waves do
S-waves travel through ____________________ but not liquids and gases
Surface Waves
 L-waves: They are the ____________________________________
They ___________________________________________________________

5.  They start at the epicenter and move along the Earth’s surface
 Earth’s surface _____________________________ like water waves do
 They ___________________________ to the Earth because they bend
and twist the surface
Seismograph
____________________ – An instrument that detects and measures seismic waves
Consists of:
A weight attached to a spring or wire
A pen attached to the weight that records the movement of the Earth on a paper, that
is wound tightly around a constantly moving drum
________________________________ – Scientists who study earthquakes
They can determine the strength of an earthquake by studying the height of the
waves
They look at a ____________________________
They match the seismogram to a chart called the _______________________
o Invented in 1935
o The scale is from one to ten, with any earthquake above 6 being very
destructive
List one of the major world Earthquakes ________________
Earthquakes may cause:
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ___________________________
These can also result from earthquake ___________________________

6. Volcanoes
 ________________________________________________________.
o Caused by ________________________ along boundaries.
o Occur at both ________________________________________.
Formation
____________________: Rock deep within Earth
High temperature
High Pressure
Liquid State
Found in pockets called __________________________
_______________________ constantly moves and works its way through cracks
toward the surface by _________________________________
_____________________ – Magma that has reached the Earth’s Surface
The place where magma becomes lava is called a _________________________
The opening through which lava erupts is called a ____________________
Volcanoes can have more than one vent
Lava will poor from the sides of a volcano as well as the top
All ___________________form from an expulsion of materials from deep within the
earth in the form of enormous amounts of _________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
All are not Alike
Some are ________________________
Lava oozes from a vent

7. Others are _______________________
With lava and other material hurled hundreds of feet in the air
Gases and earth material mix to be seen from miles away
The opening through which lava erupts is called a ____________________
Volcanoes can have more than one vent
Lava will poor from the sides of a volcano as well as the top
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Two factors determine the type of eruption:
 Amount of __________________________________in the magma
 The ___________________________________ of the magma
Eruptions
During eruptions many rock fragments are blown into the air
Smallest = ______________________
Medium = ______________________
Largest = _______________________
Small volcanic bombs the size of golf balls are called _____________
_______________ (_______________): mixture of ash, eroded land, and water
flowing down river valleys
________________:_______________, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, chlorine
Types ofVolcanoes
Different types of volcanic eruptions form different types of volcanoes
1. ______________________ - made mostly of ______________ and other
rock particles that have been blown into the air
Form from explosive eruptions
Cones are not high
Narrow base & steep sides

8. 2. _______________________ – composed of mostly quiet lava flows
Gently sloping, domed shaped mountain forms
3. _____________________ – Built up of alternating layers of rock particles and
lava
First is a violent eruption
Then a quiet eruption
After many alternating eruptions a cone shape is formed
Volcano Visuals
______________________– volcanic cone made up of layers of hardened lava
______________________– volcanic cone made up of rock particles, dust and ash.
______________________– volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and
rock particles.
Volcano Anatomy
At the top of a funnel-shaped pit or depression is a pit: ___________________
If it becomes to large it is called a ____________________
______________: the above ground structure built from lava and/or tephra

9. _________________: a smaller secondary volcano built on the side of or near
the main volcano, but sharing the same conduit to the magma chamber
_____________: a secondary vent that emitsonly gases
_______________: the path that magma takes from the magma chamber to the vent
__________________: a long fissure (crack) from which lava flows
Scientists study the makeup of the lava that spews from the __________________
to gain knowledge about the interior magma
Label
Types of Lava
Dark-colored/ Water
Light-colored/ little Water
Chemical composition of both
Large amounts of gases
Steam and carbon dioxide

10. 3 Types of Lava
1. _______________________:
 Hot, thin, fast flowing
 harden with a relatively smooth surface
 Often has a ropy or wrinkled appearance
2. ________________________:
 Cooler, thicker, slow moving
 Hardens with a rough, jagged, sharp edge surface
3. ________________________:
 Lava suddenly cooled by water
 shows sack-like segments (stuffed pillows)
Ring of Fire
A chain of volcanoes located in the _____________ Ocean
Hot Spots
A part of the mantle is REALLY hot and magma is forced up to the surface
Creates islands.(Example: Hawaiian Islands)
Magma that may originate in the ___________________________________,
breaking the surface and forming a volcano, they are independent of plate boundaries
and a chain of volcanoes may form as the _______________________________.
Three Major Zones
Nearly all the way around the edge of the Pacific Ocean: ________________
Near the Mediterranean Sea: ______________________
Third Extends through Iceland to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
______________________ – Long ridge of volcanoes

11. Volcano Activity Levels (Stages)
1. ________________ (awake): Has erupted within recent time and can erupt
again at any time.
Pre-eruption activities:
Increase in _________________________- under the cone
increase in temperature of cone,
__________________________-of ice/snow in the crater
swelling of the cone
__________________________________
__________________________________
2. __________________ (sleeping):
_______eruption within recent times, but there is record of past eruptions
Can become ___________________________after a “wake up” period
Example: Mt. Rainier
3. ______________________:
 _________________________within recorded history
 _______________________________________________
 Example: Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)
Make the Plate Boundary Chart.
1. Fill in the types of boundaries;
2. The faults associated with each;
3. The type of stress;
4. The results