1. MAN MADE POLLUTION AND ITS
BIOREMEDIATION ASPECTS
Hareesha A S
Hareesha A S
PALB 3192
PALB 3192
Jr MSc (agri) environmental science
Jr MSc( agri ) Environmental science 1
Dept. Forestry and environmental science
Deportment of Forestry and Environmental science

2. Pollution
When there are some physical, chemical or biological changes
occur in our environment it is known as pollution.
The substances which brings these changes are known as
pollutants.
Man made pollution
When there are some physical, chemical or biological changes
occur due to man made activities in our environment it is
known as man made pollution.

3. Types of Environmental Pollution.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
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4. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
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5. 1.Air pollution
When some foreign particles enters the air and deteriorate its quality is
known as air pollution.
These particles can be produced naturally or man made
Sources of Air Pollution
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•
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Volcanic eruptions,
Dry soil erosion,
Forest fires,
Automobiles ,
Manufacturing exhaust,
• Burning of fossil fuels....
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6. 6

7. 1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution
4. Noise pollution
5. Thermal pollution
6. Plastic pollution
7. Radioactive Pollution
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8. 2.Water pollution
When some foreign particle, organic, inorganic or biological impurities are
added to the water so that it becomes unfit for use is known as water
pollution.
Sources of water pollution
Automobiles,
 Fertilizers,
 Animal waste ,
 Sewage waste,
 household cleaning products,
 Litter etc..

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9. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
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10. 3.Soil Pollution
• Soil, or land pollution, is contamination of the soil that prevents
natural growth and balance in the land whether it is used for
cultivation, habitation, or a wildlife preserve.
Sources soil pollution
• Hazardous waste from industries,
• Sewage waste,
• Improper farming practices, such as the heavy use of inorganic
fertilizers ,pesticides, herbicides …..
• Mining activity,
• deforestation,
• Household dumping and littering , etc…..
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11. Bioremediation of soil ,water and air
pollution
Bioremediation
• "Remediate" means to solve a problem.
• ―Bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an
environmental problem such as contaminated soil , air and
water.
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12. Types of bioremediation
• Phytoremediation
• Mycoremediation
• Bacterial remediation
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13. Phytoremediation
• Phytoremediation is a process of decontaminating soil or water by
using plants and trees to absorb or break down pollutants.
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14. Phytoremediation
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15. 1. Phytoextraction –
Uptake of substances from the environment, with storage in the plant
(also known as phytoaccumulation).
2. Phytostabilization –
Reducing the movement or transfer of substances in the
environment, for example, limiting the leaching of soil contaminants.
3. Phytostimulation –
Enhancement of microbial activity for the degradation of
contaminants, typically around plant roots.
4. Phytotransformation –
Uptake of substances from the environment, with degradation
occurring within the plant (phytodegradation).
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Cont….

16. 5. Phytovolatilization –
Removal of substances from the soil or water with release into the
air, possibly after degradation.
6. Rhizofiltration –
The removal of toxic materials from groundwater through root
activity.
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17. The role of genetics in phytoremediation
Genetic engineering is a powerful method for enhancing natural
phytoremediation capabilities, or for introducing new
capabilities into plants.
For example,
Genes encoding a nitroreductase from a bacterium were inserted
into tobacco and showed faster removal of TNT
(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene,) and enhanced resistance to the toxic
effects of TNT
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18. Examples of phytoextraction from
soils
• Arsenic, using the Sunflower a hyper
accumulator in its leaves and Chinese Brake
fern also stores in its leaves.
• Cadmium and zinc, using Alpine pennycress,
a hyper accumulator of these metals at levels
that would be toxic to many plants.
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19. 19

20. Advantages of phytoremediation
• the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of traditional
processes .
• the plants can be easily monitored
• the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals (by
companies specializing in “phyto mining”)
• it is potentially the least harmful method because it uses naturally
occurring organisms and preserves the environment in a more
natural state.
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21. Limitations of phytoremediation
 Phytoremediation is limited to the surface area and
depth occupied by the roots.
 Slow growth and low biomass require a long-term
commitment.
 With plant-based systems of remediation, it is not
possible to completely prevent the leaching of
contaminants into the groundwater
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22. Mycoremediation
• Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are
used to decontaminate the area.
• Certain strains of fungi have been reported to successfully
degrade the nerve gases sarin .
example: Nematophagous Fungi
Ligninolytic fungi. Fungi such as the white rot
fungus Phanaerochaete chrysosporium have the ability to d
egrade an extremely toxins present in the soil.
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23. 23

24. Bacteria
Aerobic bacteria recognized for their degradation are Pseudomonas,
Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium.
Thaismicrobes have often been reported to degrade pesticides and
hydrocarbons and polyaromatic compounds.
•
Kumar.A, Bisht.B.S, Joshi.V.D, Dhewa.T
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.6, 2011
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25. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
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26. 4.Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution refers to undesirable levels of noises
caused by human activity that disrupt the standard of
living in the affected area
Sources of noise pollution
•Traffic
•Airports
•Railroads
•Manufacturing plants
•Construction or demolition
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27. Effects of noise pollution
Hearing loss,
Wildlife disturbances, and
A general degradation of lifestyle.
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28. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
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29. 5.
Thermal pollution
• Thermal pollution is the discharge of waste heat via
energy dissipation into cooling water and subsequently
into nearby waterways.
Sources of thermal pollution
• Power plants creating electricity from fossil fuel
• Water as a cooling agent in industrial facilities
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30. Effects of Thermal pollution
• Thermal shock: Due to decrease in DO levels
there is suffocation of plants and animal species
which creates anaerobic conditions .The sudden
change in the temperature causes harm to the
aquatic organisms.
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31. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
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32. 6. Plastic pollution
•
The accumulation in the environment of manmade plastic products to the point where they
create problems for wildlife and their habitats as
well as for human populations.
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33. Plastic
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic
polymers ,that can be moulded into shape while soft, and then
set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
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34. 34

35. Plastics
Thermoplastic plastics are made of long chains of polymers which don‟t cross over
very often. When heated, the molecules slip easily over one another.
Thermosetting plastics also have lots of long chain molecules, but there are links
between them. These cross links prevent the molecules from moving over one another.
individual monomer molecule
individual monomer molecule
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36. Plastics
There are two main groups of plastics:
thermosetting plastics
thermoplastic plastics.
Thermoplastic plastics:
The word ‘plastic’
What does ‘easily
means the word
‘plastic’ mean?
shaped or moulded’.
Formed by heat
Soften when heated
Made of long polymer
chains with few cross
links
Can be reheated and
reshaped
Mostly recyclable
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37. Thermosetting plastics:
Initially set by heat
Consist of polymer
chains with strong bonds
between each chain
Strong and durable
Cannot be reshaped once
set
Common in powder or
resin forms
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38. What are the reasons responsible for Plastic Pollution in our
Community.
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
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
Waste of the households, Shops , etc.
Improper garbage system of the area.
Irregularity of the Pvt. Garbage contractors.
Ignorance of the people about the causes and effects of the plastic
pollution.
 Lack of proper knowledge about the plastic pollution and its effects.
 Lack of social responsibility and ownership.
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39. SOLUTIONS TO CONTROL PLASTIC
POLLUTION.
• Awareness campaigns- Stop using plastic bags.
Educate people about the plastic pollution and its effects on our
environment.
• Road show in regards “No to plastic bags”, and display of
banners on the walls of slums, colonies and societies areas.
• Hands with the Municipal Corporation to take the corrective
measures, to do timely inspections.
• Support NSS, NGOs, Volunteer agencies.
• Social responsibility, commitment and ownership by every
individual may control the problem.
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40. Bioplastics Vs Petroplastics
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41. Bioplastics
• A bio plastic is a form of plastic made from renewable
biomass and it is biodegradable , instead of traditional
plastics derived from petroleum
Examples of bioplastic polymers are
polylactic acid (PLA),
polycaprolactone (PCL),
polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBV), and
polyesteramide.
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42. Biodegradable bioplastic
Starch-based bioplastics.
Can be manufactured from either raw or modified starch.. Common starch sources
include maize, wheat, potatoes and cassava.
Cellulose-based bioplastics.
Chemically-modified plant cellulose materials such as cellulose acetate . Common
cellulose sources include wood pulp, hemp and cotton.
Lignin-based bioplastics
Contain wood (or lignocellulosic plant material) produced as a byproduct
of the paper milling industry.
Plant proteins bioplastics.
Such as maize „zein‟ can also be used to manufacture bioplastics.
Milk based bioplastic
Milk is used for preparation of bioplastic
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43. CORN BASED BIOPLASTIC
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Here is how to make corn-based plastic:
Materials
1 tablespoon cornstarch
2 drops corn oil
Zip-sealing plastic bag
1 tablespoon water
Food coloring
Microwave oven
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44. What to do
• Place the cornstarch in the plastic bag.
• Add corn oil. Add water. Seal the bag, and then mix the
ingredients by rubbing outside the bag with your fingers.
• Add two drops of any color food coloring to the mixture, seal and mix
again.
• Open the zip seal just a tiny bit and put the bag in a microwave oven.
Microwave on high 20–25 seconds. Be careful removing your plastic. It
will be hot!
• While the plastic is still warm, shape it into a ball. If you want to see
your ball degrade, just immerse it in water.
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45. How it works
• Before heating, the starch and water molecules
combine physically in a liquid mixture, but
do not permanently attach.
• Heating causes the water molecules to move fast
enough to penetrate and break up the starch
granules, which then tangle together to form
polymers. Because the polymers are weaker than commercial plastics,they
readily break apart in water.
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46. MILK BASED BIOPLASTIC
INGREDIENTS
• 1 cup of milk
• 2 tablespoons of vinegar for each cup of milk
• spoon for stirring
• fine strainer
• container (to strain the mixture)
• paper towels for clean up
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47. DIRECTIONS
• 1. Pour the milk into a pan and warm it on the stove. Be careful
not to boil.
2 .Move the pan from the heat.
3. Add vinegar to the warm milk and stir until it separates and
the curds are well formed (about 1–2 minutes).
4 .Strain the mixture through the fine strainer.
5. Wait for the strained curds to completely cool (2–3 minutes).
6 .Wrap the curds in the cloth , hold them between your hands
and squeeze out the extra liquid.
7 .The curds will be crumbly at first—press and knead them into
a solid plastic. (A drop or two of glycerin will help to
―plasticize‖ the mixture.)
8. Shape the plastic as you like—you may want to use cookie
cutters to cut shapes. Let dry overnight.
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48. Types of Environmental Pollution.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Plastic pollution
Radioactive Pollution
48

49. 7.
Radioactive Pollution
• Radioactive pollution can be defined as the release of
radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the
air, water, or earth as a result of human activity, either by
accident or by design.
Manmade Sources of radioactive pollution
1) nuclear weapon testing or detonation
2) the nuclear fuel cycle, including the mining, separation, and
production of nuclear materials for use in nuclear power plants
or nuclear bombs.
3) accidental release of radioactive material from nuclear power
plants.
Natural sources
Radon gas emitted from beneath the ground, are considered
pollutants when they become a threat to human health.
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50. Bioremediation for radioactive pollution
• Brassica juncea and Brassica chinensis grown in a Ucontaminated soil to remove the U.
Jianwei W. Huang ,* Michael J. Blaylock , Yoram Kapulnik , and Burt D. Ensley
Phytotech Inc., 1 Deer Park Drive, Suite I, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852
Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32 (13), pp 2004–2008
• Helianthus annuus in phytoremediation for uranium
Beate Huhle, Herman Heilmeier ,Broder Merkel
Book -Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology
•
Bacteria Clostridium is used for bioremediation for uranium
contaminated areas.
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51. • Water hyacinth for phytoremediation of
radioactive waste simulate contaminated with
caesium and cobalt radionuclide's
H.M. Saleh ,Radioisotope Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Dokki
12311, Giza, Egypt
• Sunflowers used as phytoremident for uranium
in the Chernobyl accident.
Francis A. J. 1997. Biotechnology of Radioactive Wastes
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52. “I have never in my life learned anything from any man who agreed with me“
- Dudley Field Malone
THANK YOU
11/13/2013
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