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1. STATION

2. SPACE STATION
 Is a spacecraft capable of supporting a crew
which is designed to remain in space for an
extended period of time, and to which other
spacecraft can dock.
 Are used to study the effects of long-term
space flight on the human body as well as to
provide platforms for greater number and
length of scientific studies than available on
other space vehicles.
 A large artificial satellite designed to be
occupied for long periods and to serve as a
base (as for scientific observation).

3. SALYUT 1/SALUTE 1
It was the first space station of any
kind, launched by the Soviet Union
on April 19, 1971.
At launch, the announced purpose of
Salyut was to test the elements of
the systems of a space station and
to conduct scientific research and
experiments.

4. SALYUT 1/SALUTE 1
Structure:
20m in length,
 4m in maximum diameter,
 99m³ in interior space with an on-orbit
dry mass of 18,425 kg.
 Of its several compartments, three
were pressurized and two could be
entered by the crew.
Buffer chemical batteries
 Reserve supplies of oxygen and
water, and regeneration systems.
Externally mounted were two double
sets of solar cell panels that extended
like wings from the smaller
compartments at each end.
The heat regulation system's radiators
Orientation and control devices
Equipped with the Orion Space I
Observatory.

5. COMPARTMENTS
Transfer Compartment
 It was equipped with the only docking port of Salyut 1,
which allowed one Soyuz 7K-OKS spacecraft to dock.
Main Compartment
 The second, and main, compartment was about 4m in
diameter. Televised views showed enough space for
eight big chairs, several control panels, and 20
portholes.

6. AUXILIARY COMPARTMENTS
 The third pressurized compartment contained the
control and communications equipment, the power
supply, the life support system, and other auxiliary
equipment.
 The fourth, and final, unpressurized compartment
was about 2 m in diameter and contained the
engine installations and associated control
equipment.

7. SOYUZ 10
 Soyuz 10 was launched 22 April 1971 with the plan
to dock to Salyut 1.
 The spacecraft was the first of the upgraded Soyuz
7K-OKS, featuring the new "probe and drogue"
docking mechanism with internal crew transfer,
intended for visits of space stations.

8. Position Cosmonaut
Commander Vladimir Shatalov
Flight Engineer Aleksei Yeliseyev
Test Engineer Nikolai Rukanishkov

9. SOYUZ 10
 The cosmonauts were able to navigate their Soyuz
10 spacecraft to the Salyut 1 station, yet during
docking they ran into problems. While the Soyuz
crew was able to achieve "soft dock" with Salyut
though the "probe and drogue" docking
mechanism, it failed to achieve "hard dock" by
securing the docking collar – it was not possible for
the crew to enter the station safely.

10. SOYUZ 11
 Soyuz 11 required 3 h 19 min on June 7 to complete
docking.
 The crew transferred to Salyut and their mission was
announced as:
 Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and
equipment of the orbital piloted station.
 Testing the station's manual and autonomous
procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as
the control systems for maneuvering the space
complex in orbit.
 Studying Earth's surface geology and geography,
meteorology, and snow and ice cover.
 Studying physical characteristics, processes, and
phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in
various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Conducting medico-biological studies to determine
the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station
perform various tasks, and studying the influence of
space flight on the human organism. Soyuz 11 crew:
 Georgi Dobrovolski
 Viktor Patsayev
 Vladislav Volkov

11. ALMAZ STATIONS
 Two types:
Military Stations
 Salyut 2
 Salyut 3
 Salyut 5
Civilian Stations
 Salyut 6
 Salyut 7

12. ALMAZ STATIONS
 Salyut 2 was a Soviet space station which was
launched in 1973 as part of the Salyut programme.
 Salyut 2 was an Almaz military space station.
 It was the first Almaz military space station to fly.
 It was designated part of the Salyut programme in
order to conceal the existence of the two separate
space station programmes.
 Within two weeks of launch the station had lost
attitude control and depressurised, leaving it
unusable.
 It decayed from orbit by 28 May 1973, without any
crews having visited it.

13. SALYUT 2
 Structure:
 Salyut 2 was 14.55 meters (47.7 ft with a
diameter of 4.15 meters (13.6 ft)
 an internal habitable volume of 90 cubic
meters (3,200 cu ft).
 At launch it had a mass of 18,950
kilograms (41,800 lb).
 A single aft-mounted docking port was
intended for use by Soyuz spacecraft
carrying cosmonauts to work aboard the
station.
 Two solar arrays mounted at the aft end of
the station near the docking port provided
power to the station, generating a total of
3,120 watts of electricity.
 The station was equipped with 32 attitude
control thrusters, as well as two RD-0225
engines, each capable of generating 3.9
kilonewtons (880 lbf) of thrust, for orbital
maneuvers.

14. SALYUT 3
 Salyut 3 was a Soviet space station launched on
June 25, 1974.
 It was the second Almaz military space station and
the first such station to be launched successfully.
 It was included in the Salyut program to disguise its
true military nature.
 Due to the military nature of the station, the Soviet
Union was reluctant to release information about its
design, and about the missions relating to the
station.

15. SALYUT 3
Description:
Earth-Observation Cameras
 The work compartment was dominated
by the Agat-1 Earth-observation
telescope.
 The telescope was used in conjunction
with a wide-film camera, and was used
primarily for military reconnaissance
purposes.
 The cosmonauts are said to have
observed targets set out on the ground
at Baikonur.
 Secondary objectives included study of
water pollution, agricultural land,
possible ore-bearing landforms, and
Description:
On-board Guns
 The Salyut 3 station was equipped
with a"self-defence" gun, which
had been designed for use aboard
the station, and whose design is
attributed to Nudelman.
 Due to potential shaking of the
station, in-orbit tests of the weapon
with cosmonauts in the station
were ruled out.
 The gun was fixed to the station in
such a way that the only way to
aim would have been to change
the orientation of the entire station.

16. SALYUT 5
 Salyut 5 also known as OPS-3, was a Soviet space station.
Launched in 1976 as part of the Salyut programme, it was the
third and last Almaz space station to be launched for the
Soviet military.
 Two Soyuz missions visited the station, each manned by two
cosmonauts.
 A third Soyuz mission attempted to visit the station, but failed
to dock, whilst a fourth mission was planned but never
launched.
 The primary objective of the Soyuz 21 mission aboard Salyut
5 was to conduct military experiments, however scientific
research was also conducted, which included studying
aquarium fish in microgravity and observing the sun.

17. SALYUT 6
 Was a Soviet orbital space station
 Launched on 29 September 1977 by a Proton
rocket the station was the first of the 'second-
generation' type of space station
 These crews were responsible for carrying out the
primary missions of Salyut 6, including astronomy,
Earth-resources observations and the study of the
effect of spaceflight on the human body.

18. SALYUT6
Salyut 6
with
docked
Soyuz
and
Progress
spacecraf
t.

19. SALYUT 7
 Salyut 7 was the back-up vehicle for
Salyut 6 and very similar in equipment
and capabilities.
 Aside from the many experiments and
observations made on Salyut 7, the
station also tested the docking and use
of large modules with an orbiting space
station.
 The modules were called "Heavy
Kosmos modules" though in reality were
variants of the TKS spacecraft intended
for the cancelled Almaz military space
station. They helped engineers develop
technology necessary to build Mir.
 There were also four visiting missions,
crews which came to bring supplies and
make shorter duration visits with the
resident crews.
 Salyut 7 photographed following the
undocking of Soyuz T-13, 25 September

20. SKYLAB
 Skylab was a space station launched and operated by
NASA and was the U.S.'s first space station.
 Skylab included the Apollo Telescope Mount, which was
a multi-spectral solar observatory, Multiple Docking
Adapter (with two docking ports), Airlock Module with
EVA hatches, and the Orbital Workshop, the main
habitable volume. Electrical power came from solar
arrays, as well as fuel cells in the docked Apollo CSM.
 The rear of the station included a large waste tank,
propellant tanks for maneuvering jets, and a heat
radiator.

21.  Skylab was also equipped with two docking ports,
like second-generation stations, but the extra port
was never utilized.
 The presence of a second port on the new stations
allowed Progress supply vehicles to be docked to
the station, meaning that fresh supplies could be
brought to aid long-duration missions.

22. SKYLAB
Skylab as photographed by its departing final
crew.

23. MIR (1986 – 1998)
 A space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, at first
by the Soviet Union and then by Russia.
 The first modular space station and had a greater mass than that of any
previous spacecraft, holding the record for the largest artificial satellite
orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001
 Served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted
experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology
and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the
permanent occupation of space.
 The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's manned
spaceflight programme effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in
space.
 Was authorised in a decree made on 17 February 1976 to design an
improved model of the SalyutDOS-17K space stations.

24. MIR ON 9 FEBRUARY 1998 AS SEEN FROM
THE DEPARTING SPACE
SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR DURING STS-89

25. STATION ELEMENTS AS OF MAY 1996.

26. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) 1998
TO PRESENT
 The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable
artificial satellite in low Earth orbit.
 It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir stations as
the ninth space station to be inhabited.
 The ISS serves as a microgravity and space
environment research laboratory in which crew
members conduct experiments in biology, human
biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and other
fields.
 The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft
systems and equipment required for missions to the
Moon and Mars.

27. PURPOSE OF ISS
 According to the original Memorandum of
Understanding between NASA and RSA, the
International Space Station was intended to be a
laboratory, observatory and factory in space.
 It was also planned to provide transportation,
maintenance, and act as a staging base for
possible future missions to the Moon, Mars and
asteroids.
 In the 2010 United States National Space Policy,
the ISS was given additional roles of serving
commercial, diplomatic and educational purposes.

28. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
The International Space Station, as seen from
Space Shuttle Endeavour in May 2011.

29. TIANGONG
 Tiāngōng; literally "Heavenly Palace"
 Is a space station program of the People's Republic
of China, with the goal of creating a third generation
space station, comparable to Mir.

30. SPACE LABORATORY PHASE
 Chinese efforts to develop LEO space station
capabilities will begin with a space laboratory
phase, with the launch of three Tiangong space
modules.
 Tiangong 1 "target vehicle“
 Tiangong 2 "space laboratory“
 Tiangong 3 "space station"

31. TIANGONG 1 “TARGET VEHICLE"
 The Chinese docking target consists of a propulsion
(resource) module and a pressurized module for
experiments, with a docking mechanism at either end.
 The docking port of the experiment section supports
automated docking.
 Its length is 10.5 metres (34 ft), diameter is 3.4 metres
(11 ft), with a mass of 8,000 kilograms (18,000 lb).
 Launched on September 29, 2011, it is intended for
short stays of a crew of three.

32. TIANGONG 2 “SPACE LABORATORY"
 The Chinese Space Lab will be launched in 2013.
 Configuration is as follows:
 Crew Size: 3, with 20 days of life support
resources.
 Length: 14.4 metres (47 ft)
 Maximum Diameter: 4.2 metres (14 ft)
 Mass: 20,000 kilograms (44,000 lb)
 Two docking ports

33. TIANGONG 3 “SPACE STATION"
 As of March 2011, the Chinese Space Lab is
planned to be launched in the 2015 timeframe.
 40 days of living conditions for three astronauts.
 Evaluate regenerative life-support technology, and
verify orbital replenishment of propellant and air.

34. ARCHITECTURE
 A space station is a complex system
with many interrelated subsystems:
 Structure
 Electrical power
 Thermal control
 Attitude determination and control
 Orbital navigation and propulsion
 Automation and robotics
 Computing and communications
 Environmental and life support
 Crew facilities
 Crew and cargo transportation

35. LIST OF SPACE STATIONS
 The Soviet space stations came in two types, the civilian Durable Orbital Station (DOS), and the
military Almaz stations. (dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews)
 Salyut space stations (USSR, 1971–1986)
 Salyut 1 (1971, 1 crew and 1 failed docking)
 DOS-2 (1972, launch failure)
 Salyut 2/Almaz (1973, failed shortly after launch)
 Cosmos 557 (1973, re-entered eleven days after launch)
 Salyut 3/Almaz (1974, 1 crew and 1 failed docking)
 Salyut 4 (1975, 2 crews and 1 planned crew failed to achieve orbit)
 Salyut 5/Almaz (1976–1977, 2 crews and 1 failed docking)
 Salyut 6 (1977–1981, 16 crews (5 long duration, 11 short duration and 1 failed docking)
 Salyut 7 (1982–1986, 10 crews (6 long duration, 4 short duration and 1 failed docking)
 Skylab (USA, 1973–1979, 3 crews)
 Mir / (USSR/Russia, 1986–2000, 28 long duration crews)
 International Space Station (ISS) //// (Russia, United States, European Space Agency, Japan,
and Canada 2000–ongoing, 30 long duration crews as of April 2012)
 Tiangong (China, 2011–ongoing)
 Tiangong 1 (2011–ongoing, 1 crew as of June 2012)