Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological disease that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to a decrease in dopamine in the basal ganglia, causing both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement features. Hypokinetic features include akinesia, bradykinesia, and decreased facial expressions. Hyperkinetic features include rigidity and tremors. Treatments include administering L-dopa to increase dopamine levels as well as drugs that inhibit dopamine breakdown like L-deprenyl. Fetal dopamine cell transplants can also be used but their effects are temporary.

1. Mohd. Akmal b. Rosli (060)
Nur Hanisah bt. Zainoren (062)

2. Overview
Causes
Features
Treatments

3. • Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurologic
disease.
• Degenerative = declining in quality
(Thus, the disease increases in severity over time)
• Neurologic = the nervous system.
• described by James Parkinson

4. • Parkinson’s Disease results from the
degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal
tract
• With age, there is progressive loss of
dopamine and dopamine receptors in the
basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen)

6. Primary or
idiopathic
(cause is not
exactly known)
Cerebral
arteriosclerosis
Use of drugs
such as
phenothiazine
which
blocks the D2
dopamine
receptors

9. Features
Hypokinetic
movements
(decreased bodily
movement)
Hyperkinetic
movements
(decreased bodily
movement)

10. Hypokinetic movements
• Difficulty in initiating movements and decreased
spontaneous movements
AKINESIA
• Slowness of movements
BRADYKINESIA
• Examples of associated movements:
-Swinging of arms during walking
-Facial expressions during speaking
DECREASED ASSOCIATED MOVEMENTS
Grossly diminished
in Parkinsonism
EXPRESSIONLESS FACE/MASK FACE

11. • Dopamine is secreted in the caudate nucleus
and putamen.
• It act as inhibitory transmitter
– In which destruction of dopaminergic neuron in
substansia nigra happen in Parkinson’s disease.
• This cause the caudate nucleus and the
putamen to be overly active
Hyperkinetic feature

12. • It also cause continuous output of excitatory
signal to the corticospinal motor control
system which lead to rigidity.

13. • Lead pipe
• increase in muscle tone
causing a sustained
resistance to passive
movement throughout
the whole range of
motion
• Cogwheel
• It is a combination of
lead pipe and tremor
• jerky resistance to
passive movement as
muscles tense and relax
Rigidity

14. • Involuntary tremor
• It is due to the high feedback gain after the
loss of inhibition lead to tremor of Parkinson’s
disease.
• This happen during all walking hours.
Tremor

15. • Administration of L-dopa
– It’s a drug that can cross blood brain barrier
– This will be converted in the brain into dopamine
– Restored the balance between inhibiton and
excitation of caudate nucleus and putamen
Treatments

17. • This drug inhibit monoamine oxidase which is
an enzyme that destroy dopamine.
• It will make dopamine remain longer in the
basal ganglia.
• Adminstration of L-dopa and L-deprenyl will
provide better treatment than just one drug
alone.
Treament with L-deprenyl

18. • This dopamine secreting cells is retrived from
the brain of aborted fetuses.
• It is transplanted into the caudate nucleus and
putamen.
• However this only lasted for few months
Treament by transplant of fetal
dopamine cells

21. • Parkinson’s disease is cause by the loss of
function of substansia nigra to produce
dopamine.
Conclusion

22. • Textbook of Physiology, Volume 2, Prof. A.K.
Jain
• Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prof GK Pal
• http://www.umm.edu/parkinsons/facts.htm