1. BRASS
PRESENTED BY:
AAQUIB MAHFOOZ
MOHD KHALID RAZA
SHAHBAZ KHAN
MAAZ AKBAR
MD AAMIR KHAN
MD HASHIM

2. • Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
• The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range
of brasses with varying properties.
• It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like appearance
• for applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears,
bearings,
• Brass is often used in situations where it is important
that sparks not be struck, as in fittings and tools around explosive
gases.
INTRODUCTION

3. • First produced by ancient metalworkers in the area now known as
Syria or eastern Turkey as early as 3000 B.C.
• They knew how to melt copper with tin to make a metal called
bronze but sometimes they also made brass without knowing it
• By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from
metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process
and variations on this method continued until the mid-19th century
• It wasn't until 1746 that a German scientist named Andreas
Sigismund Marggraf (1709-1782) identified zinc and determined its
properties.
• The process for combining metallic copper and zinc to make brass
was patented in England in 1781.
HISTORCAL DEVELOPMENT

4. CLASSIFICATION

5. • Alloys - (up to 35% Zn) - single phase
– Cold working alloys
• + Alloys - (35 - 40% Zn) - two phase (duplex
brasses)
– Hot working alloys
NB Copper alloys containing 5% zinc, tin and lead are
known in the USA as “red brass” but in the UK are
classified as leaded gunmetal
TYPES OF BRASS

6. Alloys
• Brasses containing a minimum of 63% copper are termed
alpha brasses or cold working brasses .
• They are highly ductile at room temperature, and are readily
deformed by cold rolling, deep drawing, bending, spinning
cold heading, thread rolling etc.
• Alloys with a higher copper content (80%-90%) and which are
gold in colour are used extensively for decorative
metalwork, costume jewellery, badges and buttons

7. + Alloys
• Brasses containing 35%-45% zinc are known as alpha-beta or
duplex brasses because they contain a mixture of the original
solid solution (alpha phase) and a new solid solution of higher
zinc content (beta phase)
• Their ability to be deformed at room temperature (cold
worked) is limited.
• They and are ideal for extruding into complex solid and hollow
shapes and hot forging.

8. ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTY IMPROVED
Lead 1.0 to 4.0% High-speed Machining Brass Machinability
Manganese
Aluminium
Silicon
Nickel
Iron
0.75 to 2.5% High Tensile Brasses Yield strength up to
500MN/m²
Aluminium
Arsenic
Tin
0.4 to 1.5%
Aluminium Brasses
Dezincification-resistant Brass
Naval Brasses
Corrosion resistance
especially in sea water
Other Alloying Elements Added

9. PROPERTIES

10. • Excellent Machinability
– Sets the standard by which other materials are judged
– Slight reduction in ductility when lead is present
• Good Strength
– Yield Strength 250 to 500 MPa
• Corrosion Resistance
– No plating or painting required
PROPERTIES OF BRASS

11. • Conductivity
– Electrical
– Thermal
• Non sparking
• Attractive colours
• Strength at cryogenic temperatures
• Wear Resistance
• Recyclable
• No loss of properties at temperatures up to 200°C
• Good impact resistance (toughness)

12. CuZn5 4-6 % Zn
CuZn10 9-11% Zn
CuZn15 14-16% Zn
CuZn20 19-20% Zn
CuZn30 29-31% Zn
CuZn33 32-34% Zn
CuZn36 34.5-36.5% Zn
CuZn37 36-38% Zn
CuZn40 39.5-41.5% Zn
COLOURS

13. MANUFACTURING

14. Hot Forging
During hot forging, the temperature reaches above the recrystallization point
of the metal. This kind of extreme heat is necessary in avoiding strain
hardening of the metal during deformation. In order to prevent the oxidation
of certain metals, like super alloys, a type of hot forging called isothermal
forging is a good choice. In isothermal forging, the metal deformation occurs
within a highly controlled atmosphere, similar to that of a vacuum
Advantages
Production of discrete parts
Scale Formation
Low stresses or low work hardening
Homogenized grain structure
Increased ductility
Elimination of chemical incongruities
Disadvantages
Less precise tolerances
Possible warping of the material
during the cooling process
Varying metal grain structure
Possible reactions between the
surrounding atmosphere and the
metal

15. Hot Forging
• Extrusion
• Hot stamping/forging
• Hot rolling

16. Hot Stamping
Open Die Stamping
Closed Die Stamping

17. Cold Forming -
Cold forming is a process in the manufacture of industrial products. This
provides for tool life, high quality, lower per piece cost, service, accuracy and
prototype capabilities.
Advantages
Improved reproducibility
Increased dimensional control
Handles high stress and high die loads
Produces net shape or near-net shape
parts
Disadvantages
The metal is less ductile
Residual stress may occur
Heavier and more powerful equipment
is needed
Stronger tooling is required

18. Cold Forming
• Drawing (Sections, Wire, Tube)
• Heading
• Rolling
• Stamping/Pressing
• Deep Drawing
• Spinning
• Machining

19. FABRICATION
• Brass can easily be joined to itself and all
other copper alloys, by soft soldering and
brazing.
• This makes the fabrication of intricate
brasswork much easier than with some other
metals and
• also contributes to cleaner lines due to the
omission of rivets, straps and brackets.

20. APPLICATIONS

21. SECURITY HARDWARE AND
IRONMONGERY
• Brass offers freedom from corrosion,
• Fine tolerances in machining,
• Smooth operation of moving Parts
• And a general requirement for a long,
trouble free life without maintenance or
replacement.

22. ORNAMENTAL DOOR FURNITURE
• Finger plates,
escutcheon plates, lever
handle and ball handle
door sets, are typical of
the many items which
can be manufactured in
architectural brass,
using a variety of
different processes.

23. HANDRAILS AND BALUSTRADES
The ease with which brass
can be extruded to almost
any profile makes it the
ideal metal for handrails.
whereas intricate
balustrade designs can be
cast, formed or fabricated
using brazing and soft
soldering techniques.

24. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
Brass is well suited to the
manufacture of the
numerous components in
plugs, switches and
industrial fuse gear, where
good electrical conductivity
is essential.
It can also be used
decoratively in the
manufacture of domestic
light switches, socket outlet
plates and light
fittings

25. DECORATIVE AND PROTECTIVE FINISHES
• Brass is one of the few
metals that can be
successfully polished to
either a high gloss or
mirror finish.
• any desired colour from
a gold-like
yellow, through dull
yellows and amber
browns, to chocolate
brown and black.

26. PLUMBING
T MEMBERUNIONS

27. FACADE TREATMENT
Aberdeen Square: Brass Building
Architect: Alison Brooks
Medway Building at University of Kent

28. Parish Church in La vez

29. MAJOR PRODUCTS

30. • Brass Door Hardware
Brass Door Knockers
Brass Door Knobs
Brass Door Hinges
Brass Door Pull
• Brass Fittings
Brass Rods
Brass Inserts
Brass Tubes
Brass Elbow
• Brass Builder Hardware
Brass Cabinet
Brass Spring
Brass Bolts
Brass Anchors

31. • Brass Electrical Accessories
Brass Cable Glands
Brass Coils
Brass Wires
Brass Neutral Links
• Brass Crafts
Brass Ashtray
Brass Coaster
Brass Figures
Brass Key Chain
• Antiques & Nautical Instruments
Brass Artifacts
Brass Collectibles
Brass Telescope
Brass Trumpet

32. - BRASS HINGES - BRASS TOWER BOLTS
- BRASS LATCHES - BRASS GLASS FITTINGS
- BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS - BRASS DOOR FITTINGS
BRASS PRODUCTS

33. BRASS HINGES
BRASS BUTT HINGES :
THICKNESS 1/16" (1.5
MM-2.7 MM
BRASS RAILWAY HINGES
: THICKNESS 3/32" (2
MM-4.6MM
THICKNESS 5/32" (3.6 MM-
4.6MM)
THICKNESS 1/8 " (2.7
MM-3.6)
Thickness (3mm-
5MM)

34. BRASS BOLTS

35. BRASS GLASS FITTINGS

36. BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS
SIZE IN INCH
6”-9”
SIZE IN INCH 6”SIZE IN INCH 6.5”-8”
SIZE IN INCH 2”-8”

37. BRASS DOOR FITTINGS
• Brass Aldrops
• Brass Door Stopper
• Brass Door Eye
• Brass Door Chain
ROD DIMETER 1/2" (12 MM-25MM)
SIZE IN MM85-100
175 mm

38. OTHER BRASS FITTINGS

39. BRASS LATCHES
SIZE IN INCH 2-4”
SIZE IN INCH 6-12”
SIZE IN INCH 4-24”
SIZE IN INCH 2-4”

40. Duct Covers
• Contemporary
Classic

41. FORMS IN WHICH BRASS IS AVAILABLE
StripsFoils
PipesSheets
Bars Wires

42. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

43. Brass Bronze COPPER STEEL
Composition: Brass is any alloy
of copper and
zinc
Brass is any alloy
of copper and
tin
Copper is a base
metal
STEEL
is any alloy
Properties
Higher
malleability
than zinc or
copper.
Low melting
point (900 c)
corrosion
resistant.
Good conductor
Not as hard as
steel.
Melts at 950
centigrade.
Melts at 950 c
Bronze resists
corrosion
a better
conductor of
heat and
electricity
Hard and brittle
high level of
electrical and
thermal
conductivity
1083c
corrosion
resistant.
Good conductor
Copper is softer
and easier to
Steel structures
have more
fatigue life and
strength.
1050c
resists corrosion
Conductor
Hard and brittle

44. Color: Muted yellow,
somewhat
similar to gold,
but duller.
Reddish brown. reddish-orange greyish
Rates 380-450/kg 400-450/kg 45-60/kg

45. • Superb colour and texture
• Will accept a mirror-like polish
• Will not corrode
• Can be manufactured as rod, profile, tube, plate, sheet, foil and wire
• Good strength and ductility
• Easily processed by casting, extruding, rolling, drawing and hot
stamping
• Excellent machining qualities
• No degradation in sunlight
• Will not soften in high temperatures (up to 200oC)
• Will not embrittle in sub-zero temperatures (down to -100 oC)
ADVANTAGES

46. • Brass is cost-effective
• No plating or painting required
• Brass also has excellent thermal conductivity making it a first
choice for heat exchangers (radiators).
• Brasses have a range of attractive colours ranging from red to
yellow to gold to silver.
• Pathogens, which can be spread by touch, die in a few hours on
brass surfaces.
• It is a metal ideally suited to the production of almost every
item of architectural hardware
including mortice locks, lever handle and ball handle sets, finger
plates, escutcheon plates,
window furniture and many other products
• Brass is recyclable
– Without loss of properties
– The recycling infrastructure is already in place

47. DISADVANTAGES
• Brass requires a good deal of maintenance since it is
prone to a blackish tarnish.
Disadvantages of Brass Doors
• These doors can be scratched or dented which gives
bad look.
• Brass doors are suitable for only interiors as they fade
away in harsh weather conditions.
• They require polishing to protect their surface.
• Color of brass doors fades with the passage of time.
• These doors have warm feeling in summer and cold in
winter when they are touched.

48. • http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=product%20of%20brass%20ppt&sourc
e=web&
• http://www.starmfg.com
• http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/brass
• http://www.kme.com/en/arkita_brass_and_bronze_for_architecture
• http://www.venus-ind.com/
• http://dominobrass.com.au/
• Wikipedia
BOOKS
• Materials hand book
• Engineering materials
• W.c.mackay
BIBLIOGRAPHY