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oral mucosal diseases 2010
1. Common Oral Mucosal Diseases
Wen-Chen Wang, DDS, MS, Ph.D
Assistant professor of Dept. of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, College of
Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Head of Dental Dept., Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail: wcwang@kmu.edu.tw
Wen-Chen Wang
2. Oral mucosa
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Definition:
-Moist lining of the intestinal tract, nasal passages
and other body cavities that communicate with the
exterior
Oral mucosa:
Oral mucous membrane
Wen-Chen Wang
Ref: Antonio Nanci: Ten Cate’s Oral Histology, Development, structure, and function 6th ed
3. Oral mucosa
STRUCTURE OF ORAL
MUCOSA
B.V.
N.
--Similar to skin
Epithelium………………
..epidermis
* Epithelial ridges, rete pegs
Lamina propria………...
..dermis
Submucosa……………...
..subcutaneous
Wen-Chen Wang
Ref: BJ Orban:Orban’s oral histology and embryology,9th ed.
4. Oral mucosa
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
OF ORAL MUCOSA
Keratinized areas
…Masticatory mucosa
hard palate & gingiva
vermilion border
Nonkeratinized areas
…Lining or reflecting mucosa
lip, cheek, alveolar mucosa, vestibular fornix,
mouth floor, soft palate, ventrum of tongue
Specialized mucosa
dorsum of tongue
Wen-Chen Wang
5. Oral mucosa
FUNCTIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA
Protection
Sensation
Secretion
Thermal regulation
Wen-Chen Wang
6. METHODS OF ORAL DIAGNOSIS
History taking
Inspection
Oral examination
-Palpation
-Percussion
-Aspiration,
-Auscultation
Radiographic examination
Laboratory examination Wen-Chen Wang
7. History Taking
What, where, when, how
Chief complaints
Present illness
Past medical history
Family history
Social history
Occupational history
Dental history
Review of symptoms by system
Wen-Chen Wang
8. Chief Complaints
Pain Bad taste
Soreness Halitosis
Burning sensation Parthesia and anesthesia
Bleeding Recent occlusal problem
Loose teeth Too much saliva
Dry mouth Delayed tooth eruption
Swelling
Wen-Chen Wang
9. Onset and Courses
1. Masses increase in size just before
eating
ex. salivary retention phenomena,
sialolithiasis
2. Slow-growing masses (duration of
months to years)
1) Reactive hyperplasia
2) Chronic infection
3) Cysts
4) Benign tumors Wen-Chen Wang
10. 3. Moderately rapid-growing masses
(weeks to about 2 months)
1) Chronic infection
2) Cysts
3) Malignant tumors
Wen-Chen Wang
24. 2) Rough surface
-except due to
trauma, infection
and maligancy,
originates in the
epithelium
ex: papilloma, VH
V.ca, ulcerative &
exophytic SCC
Ref: NK wood, PW Goaz: Differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions 5th ed
Wen-Chen Wang
27. Palpation
--A third eye of clinical examination
Anatomic regions & planes involved
Mobility
Extent
Consistency
Painless, tender or painful
Unilateral or bilateral
Solitary or multiple
Wen-Chen Wang
28. Anatomic Regions & Planes Involved
Locates a firm mass, superficial or deep
Difficult if swelling or painful
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29. Mobility
1. free movable
2. fixed to skin but not to the
underlying tissue
3. free movable to the skin but
fixed to the underlying tissue
Wen-Chen Wang
30. 4. bound to both skin or mucosa
and to the underlying tissue
1) fibrosis-after a previous inflammation.
2) malignant- from skin or mucosa invade
to underlying tissue
3) malignant- from deeper tissue invade to
surface epithelium
4) malignant- from loose CT to both the
superficial & the deeper layers
Wen-Chen Wang
31. Extent
Whether a mass has well defined,
M-D or P-D borders will depend
on :
-Border of the mass
-Consistency of surrounding tissue
-Thickness of overlying tissue
-Sturdiness of underlying tissue
Wen-Chen Wang
34. Painless, Tender or Painful
Pain
1.inflammation-- mechanical trauma or
infection
2.painful tumors--some neural tumors
3.sensory nerve encroachment
Tenderness
Low-grade inflammation & internal
pressure, chronic infection
Wen-Chen Wang
35. Unilateral or bilateral
Solitary or multiple
•Solitary : A local benign or early
malignancy
•Multiple : Systemic, disseminated
diseases or syndrome
Wen-Chen Wang
39. Ulcerative Lesions
Ulcer-epithelium loss caused by any
reason
Trauma, burn, infection, oral cancer…
Most of traumatic ulcers would be healed
within 2 weeks spontaneously, otherwise,
a further evaluation should be necessary.
Wen-Chen Wang
40. Traumatic Ulcer
A definite trauma history and clinical
features can be traced
Usually occur at the soft tissue regions
which can be bitted or hit by teeth , ex.
Lower lip, tongue and buccal area
Ill-fitted dentures
Improper oral habits, ex,
lip biting, tongue biting etc.
Wen-Chen Wang
A traumatic ulcer of the author
41. Burn
Chemicals or drugs, thermal
Suicide, psychiatric problems,
Placement an aspirin tablet in oral to relieve
toothache
Phenol, H2O2, NaHOCl used in dental practice
Wen-Chen Wang
43. Patients Can Be Grossly Classified
As :
1.Primary immune dysregulation
-genetic, stress, congenital or acquired
immunal disease (leukopenia, AIDS, endocrine
etc. )
2.Decreased mucosal barrier
-Trauma, blood diseases, nutritional
defficiency(Vit.B12、follic acid, iron)
3. Increased antigenic expose
-Bacteria, virus, etc.
Wen-Chen Wang
44. Treatment of RAU
Topical steroid or NSAID therapy, local
cauterization
Underline diseases or any possible
etiology should be evaluated if suffered
severely and recurred very often
Wen-Chen Wang
45. Tuberculosis (TB)
Worldwide, chronic infectious disease,
airborne droplets
Crowded or unsanitary environment
Opportunity infection, 5-10% progress
into active disease
Immunocompromised patients, ex. DM,
HIV infection
Wen-Chen Wang
46. Oral Tuberculosis
Primary and secondary
Exposure to infected sputum or
hematogeneous spread
Indurated, chronic painless ulcer
Enlarged regional lymph nodes
Wen-Chen Wang
47. Herpes Simplex Virus
Infection (HSV type 1)
Airborne droplets or direct contact
Primary and recurrent
Most primary HSV infections are
asymptomatic, some suffered from
primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Usually in children and young adults
Wen-Chen Wang
48. Clinical Characters of HSV Infection
Primary-upper respiratory tract infection
oral symptoms,small vesicles/tiny
ulcers Latency
Secondary- reactivation of latent virus
after trauma, menstruation, systemic
upsets, etc.
Wen-Chen Wang
49. Secondary HSV Infection
A discrete collection of vesicular
swellings rupture erosion crusted
The commonest recurrent lesion is herpes
labialis.
Attached gingiva, hard palate
Heal within 1-2 weeks without scarring
Wen-Chen Wang
52. Lichen Planus
Reticular type (lace-like network of white lines,
Wickham’s striae)
Erosive type
Asymptomatic or burning irritation in reticular type,
symptomatic in erosive type
Middle-aged, F:M=3:2
Idiopathic, stress
Topical or systemic steroid therapy
Malignant potential is controversial
Wen-Chen Wang
59. Oral Cancer is-
Any cancer found in oral cavity
A cancer of the oral epithelial
origin, ex. squamous cell
carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma
Wen-Chen Wang
60. Who is in high risk ?
Contributing
factors of oral
cancer?
Wen-Chen Wang
61. Contributing Factors
of Oral Cancer
--In betel nut (betel quid) consumption areas
Betel nut chewing habit ( 80% in Taiwan)
Others are:
1. smoking 2. alcoholism
3. radiation exposure 4. improper nutrition
5. syphilis 6. candidiasis
7. mutation of gene 8. immunodeficiency
9. improper denture
Wen-Chen Wang
62. Oral Cancer
Early: may be a leukoplakia or
erythroplakia
Tumor cells invade into connective
tissue or grow exophytically
Clinical features: reddish or whitish
ulcerative surfaces with induration,
delayed healing process
Wen-Chen Wang
63. Oral Cancer
Locations:
In Taiwan : buccal mucosa is the most
common, followed by lateral border of
tongue, retromolar, lower lip, palate and
gingiva
In the world: lateral border of tongue is
the most common
Wen-Chen Wang
69. Leukoplakia
White lesions which cannot be characterized by lichen
planus, oral candidosis etc.
Malignant change 4~5%
Homogeneous leukoplakia and non-homogeneous
leukoplakia
Wen-Chen Wang
71. Verrucous Hyperplasia
Exophytic, papillary or
cauliflower-like
appearance
White, or pink to
reddish, resulted from
varied keratosis
Wen-Chen Wang
72. Oral Submucous Fibrosis
(OSF)
20-40 y/o, male
Sites: oral mucosa, oropharynx, esophagus
Clinical characteristics:
-Dense collagen bundles, decreased vascularity,
epithelium atrophy, whitening of the mucosa
-Trismus
-Epithelium atrophy→ decreased protection,
sensitive to spicy foods
Wen-Chen Wang
75. Managements of OSF
Mouth opening exercise
Local cortical steroid injection
Surgical treatment combined with skin
graft
Prognosis is not good in the severe OSF
patients
Wen-Chen Wang
78. Clinical Features of BMS
Middle aged female or elder male
Burning sensation, esp. tongue and
tongue tip; taste change
Normal appearance and color
Diagnosis and treatment depend on
the etiology
Wen-Chen Wang
81. Blood Diseases
Anemia-
pale mucosa
Hemophilia-
hematoma or petechiae
Coagulation problems
associated with impaired liver function
Wen-Chen Wang
84. Go for an oral and
dental examination
every 6 months!
Wen-Chen Wang
85. Kaohsiung Medical University
References
1. Antonio Nanci: Ten Cate's Oral Histology,
Development, structure, and function 6th ed.
2. BJ Orban:Orban's oral histology and
embryology,9th ed.
3. NK wood, PW Goaz: Differential diagnosis of oral
and maxillofacial lesions 5th ed.
4. BW Neville, DD Damm, CM Allen,JE Bouquot: Oral &
Maxillofacial pathology. 2nd ed.
Acknowledgement
Clinical pictures were fully supported by Dept. of
Oral Pathology, Kaohsinug Medical University
http://www.kmu.edu.tw/media/photos/001.jpg
Wen-Chen Wang