Presentation Slides

1. “JUST ANDY” - BY INKED
Members :
Rebecca Marie Tanduba 0322757
The Wei Hong 0323743
Joseph Soh 0323887
Isaac Chew Jian Chuen 0322030

2. • STEREOTYPING
• CONFIRMATION BIAS
• BIRGING
• SOCIAL LOAFING
• COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING

3. In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that
can be adopted about specific types of individuals
or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or
beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.
However, this is only a fundamental psychological
definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and
spanning across other disciplines, there are
different conceptualizations and theories of
stereotyping that provide their own expanded
definition. Some of these definitions share
commonalities, though each one may also harbor
unique aspects that may contradict the others.

5. Confirmation bias is the brain’s tendency to
look for information which supports your
initial hunch and ignores everything else that
contradicts it. Confirmation bias is a type of
cognitive bias and represents an error of
inductive inference toward confirmation of
the hypothesis under study. Confirmation
bias is a phenomenon wherein decision
makers have been shown to actively seek
out and assign more weight to evidence that
confirms their hypothesis, and ignore or
under weigh evidence that could disconfirm
their hypothesis. Your brain is so
judgemental.

6. You feel fantastic when your favourite football team or
tennis player has a great result. It’s as though you
have triumphed personally.
You wear your club’s shirt throughout the weekend,
read all the newspaper and internet match reports,
watch Match of the Day and initiate conversations
about the game with both fellow and rival fans.
This is known as ‘Basking in Reflected Glory’ (or
BIRGing). It is the process through which we let the
world know that we are associated with a successful
club while experiencing a warm glow as we mentally
revisit the experience.

7. In Social Psychology,
Social loafing is the phenomenon of people exerting less
effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group
compared to when they work alone.
Social loafing can be mainly explained by the “free-rider”
theory and the resulting “sucker effect”.
- “Free-rider” theory : An individual’s reduction in effort in
order to avoid pulling the weight of a fellow group
member.
- “Sucker effect” : People feel that others in the group will
leave them to do all the work while they take the credit.

8. Counterfactual thinking is a concept in
psychology that involves the human tendency to
create possible alternatives to life events that
have already occurred; something that is contrary
to what actually happened. Counterfactual
thinking is exactly as it states: "counter to the
facts." These thoughts consist of the "What if?"
and the "If I had only..." that occur when thinking
of how things could have turned out differently.
Counterfactual thoughts are things that could
never possibly happen in reality, because they
solely pertain to events that have occurred in the
past.