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Meiosis (Core),[object Object],Stephen Taylor,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],1,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Meiosis,[object Object],A reduction division of nuclei to form haploid gametes. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],2,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Meiosis,[object Object],A reduction division of nuclei to form haploid gametes. ,[object Object],Somatic cell nuclei (body cells) are diploid (2n). ,[object Object],They contain an homologous pair of each chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromomes(n=23). ,[object Object],A diploid (2n) cell therefore contains 2x23 = 46 chromosomes.,[object Object],In this example cell we see two pairs of homologous chromosomes. ,[object Object],It is a diploid cell of n=2. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],3,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Meiosis,[object Object],A reduction division of nuclei to form haploid gametes. ,[object Object],Somatic cell nuclei (body cells) are diploid (2n). ,[object Object],They contain an homologous pair of each chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromomes(n=23). ,[object Object],A diploid (2n) cell therefore contains 2x23 = 46 chromosomes.,[object Object],These chromosomes replicate in the S-phase of interphase to make pairs of sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. ,[object Object],Each chromosome has replicated. ,[object Object],It is still diploid but now they are know as pairs of sister chromatids. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],4,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Meiosis,[object Object],A reduction division of nuclei to form haploid gametes. ,[object Object],Somatic cell nuclei (body cells) are diploid (2n). ,[object Object],They contain an homologous pair of each chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromomes(n=23). ,[object Object],A diploid (2n) cell therefore contains 2x23 = 46 chromosomes.,[object Object],These chromosomes replicate in the S-phase of interphase to make pairs of sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. ,[object Object],Meiosis is a process of two divisions. ,[object Object],Meiosis I separates the homologous pairs – this is the reduction division. ,[object Object],The homologous pairs have separated but the sister chromatids remain attached. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],5,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Meiosis,[object Object],A reduction division of nuclei to form haploid gametes. ,[object Object],Somatic cell nuclei (body cells) are diploid (2n). ,[object Object],They contain an homologous pair of each chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromomes(n=23). ,[object Object],A diploid (2n) cell therefore contains 2x23 = 46 chromosomes.,[object Object],These chromosomes replicate in the S-phase of interphase to make pairs of sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. ,[object Object],Meiosis is a process of two divisions. ,[object Object],Meiosis I separates the homologous pairs – this is the reduction division. ,[object Object],Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids. ,[object Object],The end product of meiosis from a single somatic diploid cell is four haploid gametes. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],6,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Homologous Chromosomes,[object Object],same structure,[object Object],Somatic cell nuclei (body cells) are diploid (2n). ,[object Object],They contain an homologous pair of each chromosome.,[object Object],One of the pair is paternal – inherited from the father. ,[object Object],The other is maternal – inherited from the mother.  ,[object Object],Homologous chromosomes are the same size and structure. They carry the same genes at the same loci. ,[object Object],Alleles carried at each locus may vary. ,[object Object],22 of the human chromosome pairs are homologous. The other pair, the sex chromosomes, are non-homologous. ,[object Object],Banding pattern,[object Object],Centromere position,[object Object],size,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],7,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Interphase,[object Object],In preparation for the reduction division of meiosis, the chromosomes replicate. ,[object Object],This occurs in the Synthesis phase (S-phase) of meiosis, through DNA Replication. ,[object Object],Each single chromosome becomes a pair of sister chromatids, physically joined at the equator. ,[object Object],The centromere is a junction between the sister chromatids. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],8,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Prophase I,[object Object],The homologous chromosomes associate with each other. ,[object Object],The nuclear membrane breaks down and centrioles migrate to the poles. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],9,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Prophase I,[object Object],The homologous chromosomes associate with each other. ,[object Object],Crossing-over between non-sister chromatids can take place. ,[object Object],The nuclear membrane breaks down and centrioles migrate to the poles. ,[object Object],This results in recombination of alleles and is a source of genetic variation in gametes.,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],10,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Metaphase I,[object Object],The bivalents (homologous pairs) line up at the equator. ,[object Object],Random orientation of these homologous pairs (the way they face) leads to massive genetic variation in the gametes. ,[object Object],There are 223 possible orientations in humans – well over 8 million!,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],11,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Anaphase I,[object Object],Spindle fibres contract.,[object Object],Homologous pairs are separated and pulled to opposing poles. ,[object Object],This is the reduction division. ,[object Object],Non-disjunction here will affect the chromosome number of all four gametes. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],12,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Telophase I,[object Object],New nuclei form and the cytoplasm begins to divide by cytokinesis. ,[object Object],The nuclei are no longer diploid. ,[object Object],They each contain one pair of sister chromatids for each of the species’ chromosomes. ,[object Object],If crossing-over and recombination has occurred then the sister chromatids will not be exact copies. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],13,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Interphase,[object Object],There is no Synthesis phase in Interphase II. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],14,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Prophase II,[object Object],The nuclei break down. ,[object Object],No crossing-over occurs. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],15,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Metaphase II,[object Object],Pairs of sister chromatids align at the equator. Spindle fibres form and attach at the centromeres. ,[object Object],Random orientation again contributes to variation in the gametes, though not to such an extent as in metaphase I. ,[object Object],This is because there is only a difference between chromatids where crossing-over has taken place. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],16,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Anaphase II,[object Object],Spindle fibres contract and the centromeres are broken. ,[object Object],The pairs of sister chromatids are pulled to opposing poles. ,[object Object],Non-disjunction here will lead to two gametes containing the wrong chromosome number. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],17,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Telophase II,[object Object],New haploid nuclei are formed. ,[object Object],Cytokinesis begins, splitting the cells. ,[object Object],The end result of meiosis is four haploid gamete cells. ,[object Object],Fertilisation of these haploid gametes will produce a diploid zygote.,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],18,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Outline the Process of Meiosis,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],19,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Outline the Process of Meiosis,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],20,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Outline the Process of Meiosis,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],21,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Normal meiosis produces,[object Object], four haploid gametes. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],22,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Normal meiosis produces,[object Object], four haploid gametes. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],Meiosis II,[object Object],Meiosis II,[object Object],Separation of sister chromatids,[object Object],n,[object Object],n,[object Object],n,[object Object],n,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],23,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],24,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],25,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],26,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],Meiosis II,[object Object],Meiosis II,[object Object],Separation of sister chromatids,[object Object],n-1,[object Object],n-1,[object Object],n+1,[object Object],n+1,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],27,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],28,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],29,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction can occur anaphase I or anaphase II.  ,[object Object],In anaphase, a chromosome or pair of sister chromatids can be pulled to the wrong pole. ,[object Object],Meiosis I,[object Object],Reduction division,[object Object],Meiosis II,[object Object],Meiosis II,[object Object],Separation of sister chromatids,[object Object],n+1,[object Object],n,[object Object],n,[object Object],n-1,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],30,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction,[object Object],Non-disjunction leads to changes in chromosome number.,[object Object],Non-disjunction in Meiosis II,[object Object],Non-disjunction in Meiosis I,[object Object],Animation from BioStudio:,[object Object],http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Meiotic%20Nondisjunction%20Meiosis%20II.htm,[object Object],Animation from BioStudio:,[object Object],http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Meiotic%20Nondisjunction%20Meiosis%20I.htm,[object Object],Half of gametes affected. ,[object Object],All gametes affected. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],31,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction & Trisomy Disorders,[object Object],Non-disjunction produces gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. ,[object Object],Fertilisation adds the homologous chromosomes…,[object Object],n,[object Object],n+1,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],32,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Non-disjunction & Trisomy Disorders,[object Object],Non-disjunction produces gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. ,[object Object],Fertilisation adds the homologous chromosomes…,[object Object],n,[object Object],n+1,[object Object],Resulting in a zygote and somatic cells with a trisomy of one chromosome. This can be fatal or cause disorders. ,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],33,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Down Syndrome,[object Object],Trisomy 21,[object Object],Non-disjunction in anaphase I or II ,[object Object],leads to an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the gamete (usually the egg). ,[object Object],Fertilisation by a sperm adds the homologous chromosome 21, leading to trisomy. ,[object Object],Down Syndrome has very distinctive physical characteristics and patients have a slightly shortened life expectancy, learning difficulties and a generally happy nature. ,[object Object],Computer-enhanced karyogram (adapted):,[object Object],http://www.smd.lt/bureliu_upload/genetika/karyogram.gif,[object Object],NSW Down Syndrome Video:,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDjnNDRP_2o,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],34,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Maternal Age and Down Syndrome,[object Object],Risk of Down Syndrome is strongly correlated with maternal age. ,[object Object],Use this graph to generate your own data analysis questions. ,[object Object],http://ibis.health.utah.gov/indicator/view/BrthDefDownSyn.BrthPrevAge.html,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],35,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Maternal Age and Down Syndrome,[object Object],Girls are born with the precursors to all the eggs they’ll ever need in their ovaries. Beginning with puberty, these eggs start to mature and go through meiosis. This continues until menopause. ,[object Object],Mother’s age is a high risk factor in Down Syndrome. Think about how long those eggs might have been there! However, many cases of Down Syndrome are with younger mothers. ,[object Object],Generally women over the age of 40 are advised to have a karyotype of their fetus analysed. This can give the woman information she needs to decide whether to continue the pregnancy and if she decides to continue, how to prepare.,[object Object],There is some risk to the pregnancy of carrying out the tests. This is outlined on the chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis page.  ,[object Object],Risk of Down Syndrome is strongly correlated with maternal age. ,[object Object],Use this graph to generate your own data analysis questions. ,[object Object],http://ibis.health.utah.gov/indicator/view/BrthDefDownSyn.BrthPrevAge.html,[object Object],Ethics and Discussions:,[object Object],[object Object]
What are the ethical issues regarding pre-natal testing and abortion?
“Forewarned is forearmed,” Discuss. 4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],36,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Karyotyping,[object Object],Pre-natal test used to check for gender and trisomy disorders. ,[object Object],Extract fetal cells by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. ,[object Object],Culture cells and stimulate mitosis.,[object Object],Stop division in metaphase. ,[object Object],Banding pattern,[object Object],Take a photograph under the light   ,[object Object],      microscope or scan with a computer.,[object Object],Arrange chromosomes in homologous pairs based on size, banding patterns and centromere positions. ,[object Object],6.   Check for gender (XX or XY) or trisomy disorders. ,[object Object],Centromere position,[object Object],size,[object Object],Karyotype animation:,[object Object],http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/,[object Object],Step-by-step animation:,[object Object],http://www.mwit.ac.th/~bio/assets/karyotype_mutation.swf,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],37,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Chorionic Villus Sampling or Amniocentesis?,[object Object],Amniocentesis animation from:,[object Object],http://www.medindia.net/animation/amniocentesis.asp,[object Object],Chorionic villus sampling animation from:,[object Object],http://video.about.com/pregnancy/Chorionic-Villus-Sampling.htm,[object Object],Amniocentesis:,[object Object],[object Object]
Via abdomen
Risk of miscarriage: around 1 in 1,000Chorionic Villus Sampling:,[object Object],[object Object]
Via cervix or abdomen
Risk of miscarriage: up to 1 in 100Find out more: what are the differences between 12-week and 15-week fetuses and how might this affect the mother’s decision making?,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],38,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Nuchal Translucency Scans,[object Object],Non-syllabus,[object Object],Amniocentesis and CVS cell extraction run a risk of miscarriage. ,[object Object],The non-invasive nuchal translucency scan allows doctors to determine whether there is need for a karyotype. ,[object Object],If the nuchal fold is large and fluid-filled, it can be an indicator of Down Syndrome. If it is normal, Down Syndrome is very unlikely. ,[object Object],Nuchal translucency scan – is it positive or negative?,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jt3cX2vuMyM,[object Object],Find out more about Down Syndrome and screening from the UK’s NHS: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2008/11November/Pages/DownssyndromeQA.aspx,[object Object],Can you see the difference between these two scans? What advice would the doctor give?,[object Object],http://www.babycentre.co.uk/pregnancy/antenatalhealth/scans/nuchalscan/,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],39,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Explain how inheritance of chromosome 21 can lead to Down Syndrome. ,[object Object],3 marks,[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],40,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]
Explain how inheritance of chromosome 21 can lead to Down Syndrome. ,[object Object],3 marks,[object Object],“…inheritance of chromosome 21”,[object Object],[object Object]
This is when a homologous pair of chromosome 21 fail to separate (anaphase I) or a pair of sister 21 chromatids fail to separate (anaphase II).
It can occur in anaphase I or II.
The resulting gamete will contain two copies of chromosome 21 instead of one. “…lead to Down Syndrome”,[object Object],[object Object],4.2 Meiosis (Core),[object Object],41,[object Object],http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com,[object Object]

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Meiosis (Core)

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  • 37. What are the ethical issues regarding pre-natal testing and abortion?
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  • 43. Via cervix or abdomen
  • 44.
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  • 48. This is when a homologous pair of chromosome 21 fail to separate (anaphase I) or a pair of sister 21 chromatids fail to separate (anaphase II).
  • 49. It can occur in anaphase I or II.
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