1. Special Issues in Nutrition
Option A: Human Nutrition & Health
Stephen Taylor
Image: ’I can drink by myself!’
Copyright, Stephen Taylor

2. Assessment Statements Obj.
A2.1
Distinguish between the components of human milk and artificial milk for
bottlefeeding babies.
2
A2.2 Discuss the benefits of breastfeeding. 3
A2.3 Outline the causes and symptoms of type II diabetes. 2
A2.4
Explain the dietary advice that should be given to a patient who has
developed type II diabetes.
3
A2.5
Discuss the ethical issues concerning the eating of animal products,
including honey, eggs, milk and meat.
3
A2.6
Evaluate the benefits of reducing dietary cholesterol in lowering the risk of
coronary heart disease (CHD).
3
A2.7
Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing
foods to minimize food miles.
3
Assessment statements from: Online IB Biology Subject Guide
Command terms: http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/command-terms/

3. Breast-milk Formula
Colostrum
Present in first feeds. Stimulates
newborn digestion.
Not present
Antibodies
Present in colostrum in high doses,
and subsequent milk.
Not present
Protein
Lower, but more easily digested
and absorbed. Human.
Higher, but harder to digest and absorb.
Bovine sources.
Carbohydrates
Higher in lactose, linked to brain
development.
Lower in lactose. May come from
glucose.
Fatty acids Human fatty acids. Palm oil or alternatives .
Vitamins and minerals May be lower, but easier to absorb. Higher, but harder to absorb.
Image: 'bottle V'
http://www.flickr.com/photos/21524179@N08/3668580431
Found on flickrcc.net
Breast is Best
How does human milk compare to formula milk?

4. Breast is Best
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/index.html
Benefit Effect
Immunity Colostrum and early breastmilk contain high concentrations of
antibodies, protecting the infant from infections.
Digestive function Colostrum stimulates digestive tract function and eases
defecation. Easier to digest than formula milk.
Cost Breastmilk is free and readily available as long as the mother
remains healthy
Bonding Aids in mother-child bonding and communication
Nutrition More complete than formula and changes in composition to
match the needs of the infant
Mother’s health Aids in weight-loss, reduces risk of breast cancer, type II
diabetes and post-partum depression.

5. Type II Diabetes
What are the symptoms and causes?
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057873
http://notunlikeresearch.typepad.com/something-not-
unlike-rese/2011/07/new-cdc-report-on-physical-
inactivity-obesity-and-diabetes.html

6. Type II Diabetes
What dietary advice would a patient receive and why?
Advice Scientific Reason

7. Eating Animals
What are the ethical issues associated with animal products?

8. Reducing Cholesterol
What are the health benefits and where is the evidence?

9. Food Miles
What is the footprint of your food?

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@IBiologyStephen
Image: ’I can drink by myself!’
Copyright, Stephen Taylor