5. In the “Real World”
You cannot afford to not do a front-
end analysis
Something is better than nothing
Do the best you can
Need to have a theoretical base
Key skill: Focus your questions
6. Needs Assessment Definition
A needs assessment is the process
of identifying performance
requirements and the "gap" between
what performance is required and
what presently exists.
7. Macro vs. Micro
Macro Micro
aligned with initiated by
strategic goals performance
three levels problems or change
organizational assessment done to
clarify problem,
occupational determine if training
individual is the solution,
analyze performance,
and characteristics of
trainees
9. Why ISD?
On the job GAP Classroom or
performance other type of
training or
intervention
10. Analyze
What is the
problem? Problem Analysis
Is it a training
problem? Performance Analysis
What skills and
knowledge should Task/Competency
be included in the Analysis
training program?
Who needs to be Learner Analysis
trained?
11. What is Problem and
Performance Analysis?
Clearly defining the
problem or opportunity
A formal procedure used to
analyze defined needs to
determine their causes and
identify appropriate
solutions.
12. Robert Mager
1. Define the problem?
2. Determine the importance
Is it worth solving?
3. Determine the cause(s)
4. Identify training vs. non-training
solutions
5. Select the best (most cost-effective)
solutions
13. Step 1: Define the problem
Describe Discrepancy
DESIRED PERFORMANCE (Optimals)
- ACTUAL PERFORMANCE (Actuals)
= POSSIBLE TRAINING NEED
14. Step 2: Is it important?
Why is it important?
What if you did nothing?
How big is it? (Quantify if possible)
Who cares?
“Is the cost of the discrepancy
high enough that it seems worth
pursuing a solution?”
16. Step 3: Determine Cause(s)
Is it a problem of skill
or
a problem of will?
I don’t
I don’t
wanna!
wanna! I don’t know
how.
17. Yes, it is a skill deficiency
Arrange Formal no Used to
Training do it?
yes
Arrange Practice
no
Used
often?
Arrange
Feedback yes
18. Other questions
Change the
Job Simpler
way?
Arrange on-
the-job
training
Potential
Transfer or
?
terminate
19. If a skill deficiency..
Provide training
Provide practice
Provide feedback
Simplify the task
Develop a job aid
OJT
Transfer
Terminate
20. P. 37
Yes, it is a problem of will...
Remove
Performance
punishing? Punishment
Non-performance Arrange
rewarded? Positive
Consequences
Arrange
Does performance consequences
matter?
21. And one last question...
Obstacles? Remove
Obstacles
22. Step 4: To train or not to P. 39
train?
Calculate cost
First determine
cause(s) Select best
solution(s)
Only then look at
possible solutions
Implement
Seek integrated
solution systems that
get to the root of the
problem
23. To solve a performance
issue
Training may not be the answer
Training may not be the only answer
24. P. 39
Cause Solution
If skill or knowledge……….training
If lack feedback……………..feedback, standards
If not motivated…………….rewards, consequences
If unclear expectations…..std, measure, discuss
If job environment…………change environment
If potential……………………change personnel
25. P. 40
If training is the answer….
Formal training
Self study
Technology based
Job related/workplace
approaches
26. P. 42
Outcomes of Problem and
Performance Analysis
More complete picture of problem
Is it training? Is it training plus…
Make solid recommendations
If is training or job aid….on to task or
competency analysis!
27. Task/Competency Analysis
“What do learners need to learn?”
Task Analysis Competency Analysis
For more skill Soft skills training
oriented jobs such as mgmt,
When need consistent supervision
set of training Professional jobs
requirements Career pathing
Leadership
development
28. Steps in Task Analysis
Break job into major
functions
Break functions into
major tasks
Break tasks into steps
Identify training
outcomes
30. Competency Analysis
What are competencies?
Enduring characteristics of a person that
result in superior on-the-job performance
Areas of personal capability that enable
employees to successfully perform their jobs
by achieving outcomes or successfully
performing tasks
31. What is a competency
model?
Identifies the competencies necessary for
each job as well as the knowledge, skills,
behavior, and personality characteristics
underlying each competency.
32. What do you want to P.
61
know?
General
characteristics
Specific knowledge
and skill
Learning styles
Special needs
33. Information is Used in
Three Important Ways
To help determine
where to begin the
content of the
training program
To determine how to
present the content
To get buy-in
36. Final Exam
Why do we bother with needs analysis?
Where does TNA fit in the ISD process?
T or F: Training is the solution to most
performance problems.
What are at least 4 methods of collecting
data?
What is the key skill one must use in
conducting an effective needs analysis?