The document summarizes the hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland and the hormones produced by its anterior and posterior lobes. The posterior lobe produces ADH and oxytocin, which regulate water balance and labor, respectively. The anterior lobe produces GH, PRL, ACTH, MSH, TSH, LH, FSH, and beta-LPH, which regulate growth, lactation, skin pigmentation, and reproduction. The hypothalamus controls pituitary function through releasing and inhibiting hormones.

1. 腦下垂體生理學 ~ Pituitary ~ 1h 授課日期 : 2007/1/2 11:10-12:00 授課教師 : 許勤教授 生理及分子醫學所 連絡 : TEL: 2309 轉 17 E-mail: chinhsu@kmu.edu.tw

2. Learning issues Hypothalamic control of pituitary gland Hormones of the posterior lobe : Hormones of the anterior lobe : ADH and Oxytocin GH , PRL, ACTH, MSH , TSH, LH, FSH and Beta-LPH (Lipotropin)

3. Hypothalamic-hypophysial-axis Vander’s Human Physiology, p360

4. Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary

5. Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary (ADH) (Oxy)

6. Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis) Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis) SON PVN RH: Releasing hormone IH: Inhibiting hormone Hypothalamic control of pituitary gland

7. ADH (Vasopressin) : 1. Synthesis and storage Hormones of the posterior lobe Review of Medical Physiology, 21 eds, p246

12. “ Positive feedback loop” Oxytocin↑ Uterine contraction Cervix dilation Labor Oxytocin receptor ↑ x100 Estradiol ⊕ ⊕

14. Paraventricular nucleus Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Supraoptic nucleus Portal system Posterior pituitary TSH MSH GH Prolactin ACTH Gonadotropins FSH LH Hypothalamo- anterior pituitary portal vessels Hormones of the anterior lobe

15. Hormones of the anterior lobe

16. Physiological effects of prolactin (PRL): 1. Causes milk secretion 2. Increase production of casein & lactalbumin 3. Preventing ovulation in lactating women

17. Endocrinopathies Chromophobe adnomas of the anterior pituitary or prolactinoma -> hyperprolactinemia -> “ Galactorrhea” In women: blocking the action of gonadotropins on the ovaries -> hypogonadism -> infertility & amenorrhea and osteoporosis In men: 1. Hypogonadism 2. Decreased libido and impotence Treatment: surgical removal of tumor administration of bromocriptine (by stimulating DA receptor)

18. Hypogonadism Hypopituitarism: Infertility Pallor Low BMR Intolerance to stress

19. Galactorrhea A Color Atlas of Endocrinology p22

20. Control of gonadotropins (LH & FSH) secretion :

21. Physiological function of GH (somatotropin) : ↑ Linear growth ↑ Lean body mass Adipose tissue ↓ Glucose uptake ↑ Lipolysis ↓ adiposily Kidney, pancreas, intestine, islets, parathyroids, connective tissue, bone, heart, lungs ↑ Protein synthesis ↑ DNA,RNA synthesis ↑ Cell size and number ↑ Organ size ↑ Organ function Growth hormone ↑ Plasma FFA ↑ Plasma glucose ↓ Glucose amino acids ↓ Plasma urea Metabolism Condrocytes ↑ Amino acid uptake ↑ Protein synthesis ↑ DNA,RNA synthesis ↑ Chondroitin sulfate ↑ Cell size and number Muscle ↓ Glucose uptake ↑ Amino acid uptake ↑ Protein synthesis

22. Control of GH secretion SS GHRH GH IGF-1 Target tissue ⊕ ○ - ⊕ ⊕ - ○ Somatostatin: SS Somatotropin: GH Somatomedin: IGF-1

23. Actions mediated by GH and IGF-1 Review of Medical Physiology, 21 eds, p407

24. (C)39. 下列何者會促進第一型類胰島素生長因子 (insulin-like growth factor-1) 的分泌？ (A) 糖皮質激素 (glucocorticoid) (B) 胰島素分泌不足 (C) 生長激素 (growth hormone) (D) 氫基皮質酮 (cortisol)

25. D 21. 下列有關生長激素（ growth hormone ） 的作用，何者正確？ (A) 降低肝臟產生葡萄糖 (B) 降低血中游離脂肪酸濃度 (C) 增加骨骼肌對葡萄糖的攝取（ uptake ） (D) 血中生長激素濃度過高可能造成胰島素 阻抗 (insulin resistance ）現象

26. (B) 胰島素受體 (receptor) 在胰島素 標的細胞 (target cells) 的表現， 在下列何種情況會下降？ (A) 長期饑餓 (B) 肢端肥大症 (acromegaly) (C) 腎上腺皮質功能不足 (D) 糖皮質素 (glucocorticoid) 分泌太多

29. Acromegaly A Color Atlas of Endocrinology p15

31. Giantism

32. Giantism Vander’s Human Physiology, p384

33. Dimerization is essential for receptor activation Review of Medical Physiology, 21 eds, p404

34. Review of Medical Physiology, 21 eds, p46 Growth factor ( EGF, PDGF ) Ras Ras Cell membrane TF

35. GH has two binding sites for receptors Signal transction via the JAK-STAT pathway Review of Medical Physiology, 21 eds, p47

36. Hormones of the intermediate lobe Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Review of Medical Physiology, 21 eds, p402 NH 2 - -COOH Lipotropin *

38. Summary Hypothalamic control of pituitary gland Posterior lobe : Anterior lobe : ADH: ECF homeostasis Oxytocin: Labor GH: growth PRL: lactation MSH: skin pigmentation