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<h1 class="h-slideshow-title">Sustainable Livelihood Framework SR</h1>
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11. POVERTY </li></ul><ul><li>ItâØ ™s NOT the ONLY WAY </li></ul><ul><li>It needs
to be : </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Modified </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Adapted
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Made appropriate to local circumstances
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Made appropriate to local priorities
</li></ul></ul></li><li>Livelihood - Definitions <ul><li>The definition used by
Department of Foreign and International Development (DFID)
</li></ul><ul><li>incorporates these sentiments </li></ul><ul><li>'A
livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social
resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is
sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain
or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not
undermining the natural resource base' (Chambers, R. and G. Conway, 1992).
</li></ul><ul><li>The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) differentiates
between a job </li></ul><ul><li>and a livelihood, which are often used
interchangeably . </li></ul><ul><li>Jobs &quot;A job connotes one particular
activity or trade that is performed in exchange for payment. It is also a formal
agreement, as manifested by a contract, between an employer and employee...... . A
job can, however, comprise part of an overall livelihood, but does so only to
complement other aspects of a livelihood portfolio. </li></ul><ul><li>Livelihoods
&quot;A livelihood, on the other hand, is engagement in a number of activities
which, at times, neither require a formal agreement nor are limited to a particular
trade. Livelihoods may or may not involve money. Jobs invariably do. Livelihoods
are self-directing. .... </li></ul><ul><li>Livelihoods are based on income derived
from &quot;jobs&quot;, but also on incomes derived from assets and
entitlements. &quot; </li></ul><ul><li>&quot;a means of living or of
supporting life and meeting individual and community needs&quot;
</li></ul></li><li>Livelihood &quot;A livelihood, on the other hand, is
engagement in a number of activities which, at times, neither require a formal
agreement nor are limited to a particular trade. Livelihoods may or may not involve
money. Jobs invariably do. Livelihoods are self-directing. .... . Livelihoods are
based on income derived from &quot;jobs&quot;, but also on incomes derived
from assets and entitlements. &quot; Job &quot;A job connotes one
particular activity or trade that is performed in exchange for payment. It is also
a formal agreement, as manifested by a contract, between an employer and
employee...... . A job can, however, comprise part of an overall livelihood, but
does so only to complement other aspects of a livelihood portfolio. Livelihood
& Job </li><li>Principles <ul><li>People-centred : beginning by understanding
peoplesâo™ priorities and livelihood strategies. </li></ul><ul><li>Responsive and
participatory : responding to the expressed priorities of poor people.
</li></ul><ul><li>Multi-level: ensuring micro-level realities inform macro-level
institutions and processes. </li></ul><ul><li>Conducted in partnership: working
with public, private and civil society actors. </li></ul><ul><li>Sustainable:
environmentally, economically, institutionally, and socially.
</li></ul><ul><li>Dynamic: ensuring support is flexible and process-oriented,
responding to changing livelihoods. </li></ul><ul><li>Holistic: reflecting the
integrated nature ofpeopleâl™s lives and diverse strategies.
</li></ul><ul><li>Building on strengths: while addressing vulnerabilities .
</li></ul></li><li>Livelihoods Assets Financial Capital S avings Credit/debt
formal, informal, NGOs Remittances -Pensions - Wages Natural Capital Land and
produce Water & aquatic resources Trees and forest products Wildlife Wild
foods & fibres Biodiversity Env ironmental services <ul><li>Social Capital
</li></ul><ul><li>Networks and connections </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Patronage
Neighbourhoods kinship </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Relations of trust and mutual support
</li></ul><ul><li>Formal and informal roups </li></ul><ul><li>Common rules and
sanctions </li></ul><ul><li>Collective representation </li></ul><ul><li>Mechanisms
for participation in decision-making </li></ul><ul><li>Leadership
</li></ul><ul><li>Physical Capital </li></ul><ul><li>Infrastructure - transport -
roads, vehicles, etc. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>secure shelter & buildings water
supply & sanitation </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Energy communications
12. </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Tools and techology - tools and equipment for production s
eed , fertiliser, pesticides traditional technology </li></ul>Human Capital
Health, Nutrition, Education, Knowledge and skills Capacity to work & Capacity
to adapt The Poor </li><li>Financial Capital Human Capital Social Capital
Physical Capital Livelihood Assets Natural Capital Shrink Expand </li><li>Asset
composition of groups in non-irrigated and irrigated areas Small &Marginal
Farmers Non Irrigated Area Irrigated Area Rural Wage Laborers Non Irrigated Area
Irrigated Area Petty Traders Non Irrigated Area Irrigated Area Large Businessmen
Non Irrigated Area Irrigated Area </li><li>The Asset Mix <ul><li>D ifferent
households with different access to livelihood âtœassets/capitalâf
</li></ul><ul><li>Livelihoods affected by: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>diversity of
assets </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>amount of assets
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>balance between assets </li></ul></ul></li><li>The
asset mix of a <ul><li>Human capital </li></ul><ul><li>labour capacity
</li></ul><ul><li>no education </li></ul><ul><li>limited skills
</li></ul><ul><li>Natural capital </li></ul><ul><li>landless
</li></ul><ul><li>access to common property resources </li></ul><ul><li>Financial
capital </li></ul><ul><li>low wages </li></ul><ul><li>no access to credit
</li></ul><ul><li>Physical capital </li></ul><ul><li>poor water supply
</li></ul><ul><li>poor housing </li></ul><ul><li>poor communications
</li></ul><ul><li>Social capital </li></ul><ul><li>low social status
</li></ul><ul><li>descrimination against women </li></ul><ul><li>strong links with
family & friends </li></ul><ul><li>traditions of reciprocal exchange
</li></ul><ul><li>= an extremely reduced âtœlivelihood
</li></ul><ul><li>pentagonât </li></ul>Landless female agricultural labourer
Financial Capital Social Capital Physical Capital Human Capital Natural
Capital </li><li>â œ VulnerabilityâP Context <ul><li>SHOCKS - Illness, disaster,
economic, conflict, crop / livestock pests </li></ul><ul><li>&diseases,
Floods,droughts,cyclones,Deaths in the Family,Violence or civil unrest
</li></ul><ul><li>SEASONALITY- Rainfall,climate, prices, production, health,
employment </li></ul><ul><li>TRENDS AND CHANGES- L ong term trends that
undermine livelihood potential: population, </li></ul><ul><li>declining natural
resource base , climate change, inflation , currency devaluation, structural </
li></ul><ul><li>unemployment, poor governance, Environmental change,Technology,
Markets and </li></ul><ul><li>trade, Globalisation </li></ul>Vulnerability Context
Shocks Seasonality Trends Changes F P H N S The Poor </li><li>Vulnerability Context
Shocks Seasonality Trends Changes â
P H N S The Poor Vulnerability Context Shocks Seasonality Trends Changes
</li><li>Understanding vulnerability <ul><li>Moser characterizes vulnerability as
insecurity in the well being of individuals, households or communities in the face
of a changing environment </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Because people move in and out of
poverty the concept of vulnerability better captures processes of change that
poverty line measures </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Understanding vulnerability
</li></ul><ul><li>Chambers observes that vulnerability has two sides
</li></ul><ul><ul><li>An external side of risks, shocks and stress
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>An internal side of defenselessness due to lack of means
to cope with damaging loss </li></ul></ul></li><li>Policies, Institutions &
Processes <ul><li>Policies </li></ul><ul><ul><li>of government
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>of different LEVELS of government
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>of NGOs </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>of interational
bodies </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Institutions </li></ul><ul><li>Processes
</li></ul><ul><ul><li>political, legislative & representative bodies
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>executive agencies </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>judicial
bodies </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>civil society & membership organisations
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>NGOs </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>law, money
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>political parties </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>commercial
enterprises & corporations </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>the â> œrules of the
gameâp </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>decision-making processes
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>social norms & customs
13. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>gender, caste, class </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>language
</li></ul></ul></li><li>Policies of government of different levels of government of
NGOs of interational bodies Institutions political, legislative &
epresentative bodies -executive agencies -judicial bodies -civil society &
membership organisations -NGOs -law, moneypolitical parties âi “ commercial
enterprises & corporations Processes the âi
making processes social norms & customs gender, caste, class,language influence
Policies, Institutions & Processes F P H N S The Poor Vulnerability Context
Shocks Seasonality Trends Changes </li><li>Livelihood Strategies
W hat do people do? <ul><li>Combining: </li></ul><ul><li>the assets they can
access </li></ul><ul><li>Taking account of: </li></ul><ul><li>the vulnerability
context </li></ul><ul><li>Supported or obstructed by: </li></ul><ul><li>policies,
institutions and processes . </li></ul><ul><li>âd ¦ây ¦â< ¦ ..â/ ¦â> ¦âl ¦.. leading to
</li></ul><ul><li>Natural-resource based. Non-NR / off-farm activities. Migration /
</li></ul><ul><li>remittances. Pensions and grants. Intensification vs.
diversification. Short- </li></ul><ul><li>term vs. long-term.
</li></ul></li><li>Livelihood Outcomes W hat are people seeking to achieve?
<ul><li>Poverty - a âlœpoorâO livelihood outcome : </li></ul><ul><li>based on a
fragile or unbalanced set of livelihood assets </li></ul><ul><li>unable to sustain
to shocks, changes or trends </li></ul><ul><li>not supported, or actively
obstructed by policies, institutions and processes that do not allow assets to be
used as they might </li></ul><ul><li>livehood options combined in a â œbadâs or
unsustainable strategy </li></ul><ul><li>Livelihood Outcomes. W hat are people
seeking to achieve? </li></ul><ul><li>More sustainable use of the NR base
</li></ul><ul><li>More income </li></ul><ul><li>Increased well-being
</li></ul><ul><li>Protect rights </li></ul><ul><li>Recover dignity
</li></ul><ul><li>Reduced vulnerability </li></ul><ul><li>Improved food security </
li></ul></li><li>The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
Combining: the assets they can access Taking account of:the vulnerability
context Supported or obstructed by: policies, institutions and processes .
leading to..... Policies of government of different levels of government of NGOs
of interational bodies Institutions political, legislative & representative
bodies -executive agencies -judicial bodies -civil society & membership
organisations âv“ NGOs -law, money political parties âo “ commercial enterprises
& corporations Processes the âpœrules of the gameâ decision- making
processes social norms & customs gender, caste, class,language N
Vulnerability Context Shocks Seasonality Trends Changes influence LIVELIHOOD
OUTCOMES Poverty - a poorâ livelihood outcome : based on a fragile or
unbalanced set of livelihood assets unable to sustain to shocks, changes or
trends not supported, or actively obstructed by policies, nstitutions and
processes that do not allow assets to be used as they might livehood options
combined in a â œbadât or unsustainable strategy S F P H The Poor
</li><li>LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES - More income -Increased well being -Reduced
vulnerability -Improved food security -Use of NR base -Skill development
LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES - On-farm work - Off-farm work - Wage labour - Migration
Influence VULNERABILITY CONTEXT Institutions - GO / NGOs bodies - Private Sector -
Policies -Planning approach facilitating entitlement changers Human Physical
Financial Natural Social Processes Livelihood Framework Critical Trends External
Shocks Seasonality - land ownership -wage labor dependency -drought / water
scarcity -land degradation -off-farm jobs -low technology -indebtedness -social
insecurity -product prices fluctuation Influence </li><li>Expanding the asset base
<ul><li>Physical </li></ul><ul><li>Capital </li></ul>Human Capital Natural Capital
Social Capital Financial Capital </li><li>Scoones </li><li>Implications of
Livelihoods approach <ul><li>Livelihoods approach encourages thinking out of the
âi˜boxâo™ imposed by conventional development frameworks âe “ which often identify a
problem and attempt to find a solution </li></ul><ul><li>Forced to look at context
& relationships </li></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Vulnerability (inc. environment)
</li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Policies & Institutions
</li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><li>Development initiatives become more complex as a
14. result and more process focused </li></ul><ul><li>Mosse notes that this identifies
an important shift away from the focus on project inputs and outputs and the
assumed mechanical link between them </li></ul></li><li>Implications for policy and
practice <ul><li>Scoones, Mearns and Bebbington identify </li></ul><ul><ul><li>The
need for multiple entry points â “ to move beyond a homogenous âu ˜communityâl ™ view
and a narrow sectoral perspective </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The importance of
understanding institutions - mapping the institutional matrix, linking the micro to
the macro, the formal to informal </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The requirement for a
new style of policy appraisal âa“ moving beyond universalizing prescriptions to a
more context-specific approach that allows alternative, local perspectives to be
included in the policy process. </li></ul></ul></li><li>Murrayâe ™s assessment of
livelihoods approach Inequalities of power and conflicts of interest are not
sufficiently acknowledged It acknowledges the need to move beyond discrete and
narrow sectoral perspectives â “ urban and rural, industrial and agricultural,
formal and informal and rather emphasises seeing the linkages between different
sectors The notion of participation may disguise the fact that the enhancement of
the livelihoods of one group may undermine those of another The continuing
vagueness of the concept of livelihood sustainability and the criteria and means to
measure this over time It requires investigation of the relationships between
different activities that constitute household livelihoods and in the process
focuses attention on social relations within and between households There is an
implicit assumption that peopleât™s assets can be expanded in a generalised and
incremental fashion It explicitly advocates a creative tension between different
levels of analysis and emphasises the importance of micro macro linkages
Weaknesses Strengths Elements of the vulnerability context such as macro economic
trends, inflation, civil conflict and mass redundancy are underplayed It seeks to
understand changing combinations of modes of livelihood in a dynamic and historical
context </li><li>Social capital - issues <ul><li>Much debate centers on the
concept of social capital âa“ one of the key terms in the development lexicon and
the missing link in development â ˜the glue that holds society togetherâx ™
</li></ul><ul><li>Concept attributed to Putnam who identified three elements of
social relations </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Interpersonal trust, networks and shared
norms </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Where these elements function well they enable people
to act together more effectively, make decisions, formulate policy and gain access
to power and resources </li></ul><ul><li>Proposed that the major obstacle of
economic and social development in the â>˜third worldâ ™ is ineffective
institutions </li></ul><ul><li>For a discussion of social capital and associational
life in S.Africa (See Tapscott: 2001) </li></ul><ul><li>Key critiques of
Putnamâ ™s approach are that it </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Devalues political civil
society âs“ concentrates on âi˜apoliticalâ<™ institutions
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Romanticizes associational life
</li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Deterministic âs
you either have social capital or you donâs
repackaging of what social scientists have studied for years with new terms </li></
ul></ul><ul><li>For Harriss and Fine, social capital equals âi œBankspeakâs , a
term designed to neutralize and obscure problems and relations of power
</li></ul><ul><li>Counterpoints </li></ul><ul><li>Hilary argues that the concept of
social capital exposes the limitations of conventional economic approaches for
understanding economic and social processes
</li></ul></li><li> </li><li> </li><li>Applying an Assets / Vulnerability
Framework in urban setting Natural Governance Actions Which May Increase
Vulnerability of the Poor Zoning regulations and development standards which
prevent access by the poor. Minimum plot size regulations and construction
standards which are unattainable by the poor. Forced relocation and clearance of
informal housing areas. Upgrading projects which raise service levels and security
to the point where it becomes attractive to higher income groups. Failing to
control pollution and waste disposal âvœupstreamâr
Rent-seekingât by enforcement agencies on activities in poor areas such as waste
sorting, pollution from economic and domestic activities. Restrictions on urban
15. agriculture . Governance Actions Which May Enhance Assets of the Poor Ensuring
access to land which is affordable by the poor and with sufficiently secure tenure,
both for residential use and for economic activities. Effective environmental
controls on water and air pollution and waste disposal. </li><li>Applying an
Assets / Vulnerability Framework in urban setting Human Imposing fees (official and
unofficial) for primary education. Imposing fees (official and unofficial) for
primary health care. Universal, quality (primary) education. Ensuring equal
provision for girls. Involving parents in the management of schools. Skills
training related to real skills needs of the poor. Accessible health care
Food/nutrition support programmes. Public works programmes that absorb surplus
labour (& increase skills) </li><li>Applying an Assets / Vulnerability
Framework in urban setting Financial Refusing to recognise informal housing areas
or resolving tenure insecurities. Regulatory controls on informal sector trading.
Costly and cumbersome licensing requirements for traders. Harassment of informal
sector traders. Local taxes which impinge on the poor. Charges for services which
are not related to ability to pay. Unofficial charges and demands for bribes
Providing access to suitable housing
finance (e.g. community mortgage) Providing access to micro credit for informal
businesses. Provision of market facilities in suitable locations, with provision
for small, informal sector businesses. </li><li>Applying an Assets /
Vulnerability Framework in urban setting Physical Unsafe water which requires
boiling, and unreliable supplies which require storage, queuing, collection at
night. Enforcement action against illegal connections. Inadequate sanitation which
creates environmental hazards and increases vulnerability of women. Inadequate
waste disposal which creates environmental hazards. Privatisation which results
in poor areas being excluded. Regulation of waste collection/sorting/recycling
which reduces income earning opportunities for the poor and results in âc œrent-
seekingâd by enforcers. Provision of too high levels of vehicle access which
make areas attract to higher income groups. Displacement of poor households as a
result of upgrading. âhœ Rent-seekingâr
public transport without improving safety. Enforcement action against illegal
connections Providing access to safe, reliable water supplies, including
community provision (e.g. communal taps). Providing access to safe sanitation
(including community provision). Providing proper systems of waste disposal
(including community provision). Providing all-weather pedestrian access.
Providing vehicle access to within reach of area where the poor live. Providing
drainage systems to prevent flooding. Provision of public space for economic and
social activities in informal housing areas. Ensuring safe and reliable public
transport. Ensuring availability of electricity supplies </li><li>Applying an
Assets / Vulnerability Framework in urban setting Social Political Creating
dependence on external agents. Forced relocation (or relocation caused by
pressure from higher income groups) which destroys informal networks. Dependant
relations with local politicians. Service / resource providers not subject to
democratic accountability. Exclusion of certain groups. Co-option of leadership of
community organizations Helping to build community organisations among the
poor. Ensuring safety / security / freedom from fear of crime in poor areas.
Accessible, ward-based councillors who have influence. Mechanisms to make
decision- making and resource allocation more accountable and transparent.
Mechanisms for participation. Responsive systems. Supporting collective action by
the poor and enabling them to make demands </li><li>How the SL framework can
support project/program planning Helps to ensure that linkages are made between the
above elements and the achievement of positive livelihood outcomes. Livelihood
outcomes Helps to identify institutional and policy influences on poor peopleât ™s
livelihoods. Draws attention to the issue of poor peopleâu
structures and processes that can help to transform their livelihoods. Policies,
institutions and processes Helps identify the main sources of vulnerability
associated with certain livelihood strategies, which are not normally considered
systematically in planning processes Vulnerability context Helps identify the
principal assets needed to support different livelihoods. Looks beyond the
16. normally considered assets such as land, water and forest, and includes economic
assets such as employment opportunities, and social assets such as informal safety
nets. Livelihood assets Helps to identify groups of poor people according to
their main livelihood sources. Recognizes that households may pursue a range of
different livelihood strategies. Livelihood strategies </li></ol>
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