This document provides an overview of non-living natural resources with a focus on water resources. It discusses how water is a renewable but limited resource and describes the water cycle. It also discusses challenges facing water resources like pollution and overdrawing of supplies. The document concludes by discussing land use, soil erosion, food production, and challenges of desertification.
3. NON RENEWABLE and RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
• Nonrenewable Resources cannot be replaced by
nature
– Example: Fossil fuels, Minerals (copper, iron, etc)
• Renewable resources can be replaced by nature
– Example: Wood, Water, Soil (forma;on is an extremely
slow process)
– Scenario on how slow: Nature can take anywhere
from 500 years to 1000 years to replace every 2.5cm
of topsoil lost
4.
5. WATER RESOURCES
• Even though water is a renewable resource, there
is a limited supply of fresh water
– No life could ever exist in its absence (e.g. 65‐70% of
human body is composed of water)
– Biological importance: universal solvent
– Environmental importance: water cycle
• Most of the Earth’s water, 97%, is in the oceans
• Primary Concern: to maximize availability and
reduce loss
7. • CLASS SA
– PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH
(COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)
• CLASS SB
– RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING,
SKINDIVING)
– FISHERIES (BANGUS)
• CLASS SC
– RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.)
– SUSTENANCE FISHING
– MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
• CLASS SD
– INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)
8. • CLASS AA
– PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
– REQUIRES APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY
• CLASS A
– COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION,
SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION)
• CLASS B
– PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING)
• CLASS C
– PROPAGATION OF FISH
– BOATING
– MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT
• CLASS D
– IRRIGATION
10. • DEVELOPMENT-RELATED CHANGES
– URBANIZATION
– OVERGRAZING
– OVERCULTIVATION
– DEFORESTATION
• POLLUTING THE WATER CYCLE
– EMMISIONS AND SOLID WASTES
• OVERDRAWING WATER RESOURCES
– DIMINISHING WATER SURFACE
– SALT WATER INTRUSION
11. NEW SOURCES OF FRESHWATER
• Most of the Earth’s water resources are in
oceans, lakes, rivers and streams
• Desalina;on
– process by which salt is removed from ocean water
– may supply 20 million liters of fresh water daily.
• Icebergs/Glaciers
– could possible be moved to large coastal ci;es and
mined for fresh water
– not sure of the environmental effects the movement
of glaciers might have
12. GROUNDWATER
• More than 300 billion liters of groundwater are taken
out of the ground daily for use on farms and in
factories.
– EXAMPLE: Half the drinking water supply comes form
groundwater.
• It takes hundreds of years for groundwater to
accumulate.
– In many areas of the country it is being used faster than it
is being replaced.
• The levels of groundwater are dropping and lakes and
rivers may dry up.
18. LAND USE
• One‐third of the Earth’s • Land is needed for building
surface is covered by land. ci;es to house the
– Only a small amount of this increasing human
land can be used for farming popula;on.
or for living space.
– All land is not suitable for all
uses. • Land is also needed for
farming and industry.
• Land is used for ci;es, – These needs have to be
carefully weighed and
highways, forests, farms and balanced.
pastures. – If too much is used for cites,
then not enough will be le_
for farms.
• Even though the popula;on
– Both uses are important.
con;nues to grow, land is a
limited resource.
19. • LAND: AN ECOSYSTEM
– FOOD BASE
– CRUCIAL LIFE-SUPPORT
SYSTEM
• LAND CULTIVATION:
DEVELOPED
TO MEET FOOD
NEEDS
• PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS
20. • GRASSLANDS
• 14.2 M HECTARES – HIGHEST RATE OF SOIL LOSS (268
TONS/HEC/YEAR)
SUITABLE FOR
CROP CULTIVATION • RP GROSS EROSION RATE
– 2, 046 M METRIC TONS/YEAR
– GRASSLANDS (76.34%)
– AGRICULTURE (22.34%)
• 4% OF TOTAL RP – WOODLANDS (1.32%)
LAND AREA
• TOP SOIL LOSS
– LOSS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
AND MOISTURE- HOLDING CAPACITY
• 5.2M HECTARES • CAUSES INCREASED RUN-OFF
SEVERELY ERODED • REDUCED INFILTRATION
• POORER SEEDBED QUALITIES
21. EROSION AND LAND CONVERSION
• ECOLOGICAL/ECONOMIC
– SOIL EROSION ON SITE
– SEDIMENTATION: OFF SITE
• DEFORESTATION
– MAJOR CAUSE OF SOIL
EROSION AND LAND
DEGRADATION IN UPLAND
AREAS
• IMPROPER LAND USE
– DESTRUCTIVE PRACTICES
– LAND CONVERSION
– LAND MANAGEMENT
22. FOOD PRODUCTION
• An increasing popula;on requires an increase in
food produc;on.
– New and improved crop varie;es must be developed.
– Farms must be made more produc;ve with beaer
growing methods.
• Land that is unusable for farming must be made
fer;le.
– Irriga;on is one way to do this.
• Land is also needed for raising animals and to
produce food for the animals.
23. FARM MANAGEMENT
• Crops use up nutrients in the soil.
– When one type of crop is grown on the same land for too long,
deple;on may result.
• Farmers need to alternate crops that extract different
nutrients.
– This is known as crop rota;on.
• Contour plowing involves plan;ng crops across the face of a
slope of land.
• In strip cropping, farmers plant strips of low cover crops
between strips of other crops.
– This holds down the soil.
24. CHALLENGE: DESERTIFICATION
• Regions too dry to support crop growth can
support grasslands.
– These grasslands have tradi;onally been used for
grazing.
– Too many animals on the land results in overgrazing.
• Overgrazing leaves the topsoil exposed to wind
erosion.
• Dry grasslands then become deserts.
• Deser;fica;on is taking place all over the world.
25. LAND AND SOIL RECLAMATION
• Some;mes land is disturbed to reach valuable
minerals.
– It may be possible for the land to be reclaimed, or
restored to its original condi;on.
• Land reclama;on involves several steps.
– First, the valuable topsoil is carefully removed and
stored.
– Then the less valuable layers below are stripped away.
• The needed minerals are removed and shipped.
• The disturbed soil must be protected from erosion and
pollu;on.
• Then the layers are put back.
– The final step is seeding and plan;ng the land.
26.
27. MINERAL RESOURCES
• A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring
chemical substance found in soil.
– Minerals are used to make a variety of products, from
silver jewelry to aluminum cans.
– Minerals are nonrenewable resources.
– Minerals are either metallic or non metallic.
• Metallic minerals include copper, iron and
aluminum.
• Nonmetallic minerals include quartz, limestone
and sulfur.
28. ORES
• To obtain a useful mineral, the minerals must
be mined or removed from the Earth.
• Deposits of minerals that can be mined at a
profit are called ores.
– If the percentage of a mineral in an ore is high, the
ore is called a high‐grade ore.
– Ore are found all over the Earth.
• The Earth’s crust is a storehouse of minerals.
29. IRON
• Iron is the most widely used metal extracted from
metallic ores.
• Other substances can be added to iron to make
steel.
– Steel is an alloy, or a substance made of two or more
metals.
• Chromium is added in the steel making process to
provide resistance to rus;ng.
31. MINING AND PROCESSING OF ORES
• Once mineral deposits have been located, they
must be mined.
• Open‐pit mining can have disastrous effect on
land and groundwater resources.
• Mining the ore is the first step.
– To extract the mineral from the ore, impuri;es in the
ore are removed.
– A purified mineral remains.
– The mineral is then processed and sent to the plant to
make the final product.
32. MINING THE OCEANS
• The minerals in the Earth’s crust have been formed over millions or
billions of years.
– The Earth contains a limited amount of mineral.
– The present rate of mining cannot con;nue or the supply will be
exhausted.
• One answer is to reuse or recycle minerals.
– Another is to find new materials to take their place.
– Another possibility is the ocean floor.
• Many minerals such as manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper have
been found on the ocean floor.
• If these deposits can be mined economically, they may provide a
valuable new source of mineral.
33. RP REMAINS IN THE WORLD’S UPPER
BRACKET IN TERMS OF MINERAL
RESOURCES
MINERAL SECTOR : TOP EARNER DUE TO
NUMEROUS PROPOSALS FROM FOREIGN
COMPANIES
MINING INDUSTRY : ALSO ONE OF THE
MOST PROBLEMATIC AS FAR AS THE
ENVIRONMENT IS CONCERNED
34.
35. • INVOLVES EXTENSIVE
VEGETATION CLEARING
• EARTH MOVING
• REPUTATION : MAJOR
POLLUTER OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
– Effluent generation
• MAJOR DILEMMA:
– BALANCE BETWEEN
UTILIZATION AND
CONSERVATION
– SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
38. • CORROSIVE • REACTIVE
– E.G. ACIDS – E.G. CHLORINE BLEACH AND
– CAN EAT THROUGH METAL AMMONIA
– CAN EXPLODE OR CREATE
– BURN SKIN ON CONTACT POISONOUS GAS WHEN
– GIVES OFF VAPORS THAT COMBINED WITH OTHER
BURN THE EYES CHEMICALS
• IGNITABLE • TOXIC
– E.G. PESTICIDES, WEED
– E.G. GASOLINE, KILLERS, HOUSEHOLD
FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT CLEANERS
– CAN BURST INTO FLAMES – CAN POISON PEOPLE, AND
EASILY OTHER LIFE FORMS
– CAN IRRITATE EYES, SKIN – CAN CAUSE ILLNESS OR
AND LUNGS DEATH IF SWALLOWED OR
ABSORBED THROUGH THE
– GIVE OFF HARMFUL SKIN
VAPORS
39. • RE-USE AND RECYCLE
• SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
(STORING IN LINE PONDS)
• INCINERATION (CONTROLLED
BURNING)
• DEEP WELL INJECTION
(PUMPING INTO
UNDERGROUND WELLS)
• INNOVATIVE TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
40. • INHALATION
– VAPORS
• INGESTION
– THROUGH CONTAMINATED WATER OR FOOD
• DERMAL EXPOSURE
– SKIN ABSORPTION
• ACUTE EXPOSURE
– SINGLE EXPOSURE FOR A SHORT TIME
– SYMPTOMS APPEAR IMMIDEATELY
• CHRONIC EXPOSURE
– OCCURS OVER A MUCH LONGER PERIOD OF TIME
– CANCER, LIVER FAILURE, SLOWED GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
41.
42.
43. RESSING
P
CONCERN ABOUT
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