bio101

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. regulator gene promoter operator structural genes DNA RNA polymerase RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter. mRNA enzymes inactive repressor a. Tryptophan absent. Enzymes needed to synthesize tryptophan are produced. DNA inactive repressor b. Tryptophan present. Presence of tryptophan prevents production of enzymes used to synthesize tryptophan. tryptophan active repressor 5  3 

5. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

7. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

8. The trp Operon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. When the repressor binds to the operator, transcription is prevented. active repressor structural genes regulator gene promoter operator

9. The trp Operon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. regulator gene promoter operator structural genes DNA RNA polymerase RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter. mRNA enzymes inactive repressor a. Tryptophan absent. Enzymes needed to synthesize tryptophan are produced. DNA inactive repressor b. Tryptophan present. Presence of tryptophan prevents production of enzymes used to synthesize tryptophan. tryptophan active repressor 5  3 

11. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

12. The lac Operon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. regulator gene promoter operator structural genes DNA RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter. RNA polymerase can bind to promoter. active repressor active repressor mRNA enzymes active repressor inactive repressor b. Lactose present. Enzymes needed to take up and use lactose are produced only when lactose is present. a. Lactose absent. Enzymes needed to take up and use lactose are not produced. lactose DNA 5  3 

13. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

14. Action of CAP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. DNA inactive CAP inactive CAP active CAP a. Lactose present, glucose absent (cAMP level high) b. Lactose present, glucose present (cAMP level low) DNA cAMP promoter CAP binding site RNA polymerase binds fully with promoter. RNA polymerase does not bind fully with promoter. promoter operator operator CAP binding site

15. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

17. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

18. Regulation of Gene Expression: Levels of Control in Eukaryotes functional protein plasma membrane polypeptide chain Posttranslational control Posttranscriptional control Transcriptional control Translational control nuclear pore mRNA pre- mRNA intron exon histones nuclear envelope Chromatin structure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3  5  3  5 

20. Chromatin Structure Regulates Gene Expression Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. DNA histone protein a. Darkly stained heterochromatin and lightly stained euchromatin b. A nucleosome c. DNA unpacking H2A H2B H3 H1 H4 histone tail nucleosome accessible promoter DNA to be transcribed inaccessible promoter a: Courtesy Stephen Wolfe euchromatin heterochromatin nucleolus 1  m chromatin remodeling complex

22. X-Inactivation in Mammalian Females Coats of tortoiseshell cats have patches of orange and black. One X chromosome is inactivated in each cell. Which one is by chance. Females have two X chromosomes. active X chromosome inactive X inactive X active X chromosome allele for orange color allele for black color cell division Barr bodies © Chanan Photo 2004 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

25. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

26. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

27. Eukaryotic Transcription Factors Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. promoter DNA enhancer transcription activator mediator proteins mRNA transcription RNA polymerase transcription factor complex gene

29. Processing of mRNA Transcripts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. intron intron intron cap protein product 1 mRNA RNA splicing poly-A tail exon intron protein product 2 RNA splicing exon a. b. cap A B C D E A B C D E A B C C D E A D E B pre-mRNA mRNA pre-mRNA poly-A tail 5  3  5  3 

30. Function of microRNAs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. pre-mRNA MicroRNA is cut from a pre-mRNA and binds with proteins to form RISC. Complementary base pairing between RNAs allows RISC to bind to mRNA. Translation is inhibited. The mRNA is degraded. mRNA RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) microRNA (miRNA) proteins or RISC 5  3  3  5  5  3 

34. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

35. The Ames Test For Mutagenicity bacterial strain (requires histidine) Control Mutation did not occur Mutation occurred Suspected chemical mutagen bacterial strain (requires histidine) Plate onto petri plates that lack histidine. Incubate overnight bacterial growth Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

38. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

39. XerodermaPigmentosome Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Ken Greer/Visuals Unlimited

41. Point Mutations in Hemoglobin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. Normal red blood cell a. c. Sickled red blood cell No mutation Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu (normal protein) His His (abnormal protein) Glu Val (incomplete protein) Glu Stop C T C C T C T G G A G T C A C G T G G A G C T C C T C T G G A G T C A C G T G A G Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu C T C C A C T G G A G T C A C G T G G A G Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu C T C C A T G G A G T C A C G T G G A G T Val His Leu Thr Pro Stop A b, c: © Stan Flegler/Visuals Unlimited. Val 3  5 

46. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. regulator gene promoter operator structural genes DNA RNA polymerase RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter. mRNA enzymes inactive repressor a. Tryptophan absent. Enzymes needed to synthesize tryptophan are produced. DNA inactive repressor b. Tryptophan present. Presence of tryptophan prevents production of enzymes used to synthesize tryptophan. tryptophan active repressor 5  3 