1. Tomographic Profiling (TP) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver A Scheme for Vertical Backscatter Profiling of Biogeophysical Targets at Constant Incidence Angles Keith Morrison 1 & John Bennett 2 1 Department of Informatics & Systems Engineering, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK [email_address] 2 Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Sheffield University, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK

2. Tomographic Profiling IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Vertical backscatter profiles through biophysical and geophysical target volumes: - snow - ice - vegetation - forestry From a single pass, it provides: - retrieval of a set of images at different incidence angles - the incidence angle is constant at every point within an image PRESENTATION - Description of technique - Theory - Experimental examples

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10. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver r 1 r n Image region p d L D dx i i L - D dx P z

11. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver V s H s

12. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver i R θ syn r_res = c 2B x_res = Θ syn R = λ R 2 D cos i

13. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver V s i r_res V x_res V V s = r_res V + x_res V H s

14. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver V s nadir r_res V x_res V

15. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver V s r_res V x_res V H s i

16. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Across-Track Resolution

17. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver V t = { R.(1-cos Ф ½ ) + r_res.cos Ф ½ ) }.cos i = Ф .R V t F Ф

18. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Resolution with Incidence Angle: Airborne F-SAR X-band (9.6GHz, B =800MHz) L-Band (1.33GHz, B =150MHz) H=3000m D =300m Ф = 5º V = argmax { V s (p) , V t (p) } F = 260m

19. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver UAV L-band (1.33GHz,B=150MHz) H=300m D =100m Ф = 4º TP Resolution with Incidence Angle: UAV F = 20m

20. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver TP Resolution with Incidence Angle: UAV UAV X-band (9.6GHz,B=800MHz) H=300m D =100m Ф = 4º F = 20m

22. TP Imaging: Forest Canopy IGARSS 2011 Vancouver

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25. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver HH VV VH 0 20 40 60

26. TP Imaging: Snowpack IGARSS 2011 Vancouver

27. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver 42cm X-Band TP Image

28. TP Imaging: Laboratory IGARSS 2011 Vancouver

29. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver Ku-band (17GHz, B =4GHz) H=2m, D =0.10m, Ф = 10º

31. TP Imaging: Resolution IGARSS 2011 Vancouver C-band (5GHz,B=1.75GHz) H=2-9m, D =0.2m, Ф = 30º