1. Terra Aqua Aura IGARSS 2010 July 28, 2010 TERRA, AQUA, AND AURA DIRECT BROADCAST- PROVIDING EARTH SCIENCE DATA FOR REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS Angelita C. Kelly, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Patrick L. Coronado, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Warren F. Case, SGT Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Amelia Franklin, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 1

2. 2 Purpose Provide an overview of the Earth Observing Missions Describe the EOS Direct Broadcast (DB) and DB/Direct Readout (DR) ground stations Discuss the benefits of DB and examples of how it is being used

3. 3 Earth Observing Missions NASA and other space agencies have invested in Earth observing missions, including NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS), consisting of Terra, Aqua, andAura: Sun-synchronous polar orbits 705 km altitude 98.2 degree inclination Terra Aqua Aura

4. 4 Earth Observing Constellations Landsat-5 Afternoon Constellation Morning Constellation OCO-2 (A-Train) GCOM-W1 Terra Aqua SAC-C CloudSat CALIPSO EO-1 Glory Aura PARASOL Landsat-7 2010 07 27

5. 5 EOS Data EOS science data are available two ways: All science data are recorded onboard and downlinked every orbit at 150 Mbps via: TDRSS (Terra) EOS Ground Stations at Norway, Alaska, and Wallops (Aqua and Aura) The data are processed, archived, and distributed (free of charge) to users worldwide Realtime science data are sent at 15 Mbps to DB stations Terra also has a Direct Downlink (DDL) capability for the ASTER instrument, but this has not been used operationally

6. EOS End-to-End System Overview Flight Operations, Data Capture, Initial Processing, Backup Archive Data Transport to Data Centers/ SIPSs Mission Operations Science Operations Science Data Processing, Data Mgmt, Interoperable Data Archive, & Distribution Data Acquisition Distribution and Data Access Spacecraft Terra Tracking & Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) Research Aqua Education Aura Value-Added Providers Internet EOS Data and Operations System (EDOS) Data Processing White SandsComplex(WSC) (Search, order, distribution) Interagency Data Centers EOSDIS Data Centers DB data EOS Operations Center (EOC) Mission Control Earth System Models DirectBroadcast(DB) International Partners NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN) Mission Services EOS PolarGround Stations Decision Support Systems Data backup Schedules Instrument Teamsand Science Investigator-ledProcessing Systems (SIPS) Direct Broadcast/ Direct Readout Stations

8. The latest estimate is that there are ~3,000 individual DB users associated with over 200 ground stations worldwide.Aura Aqua Terra MODIS

9. 8 Registered EOS Direct Broadcast Sites Worldwide

11. The ground station can be

12. Developed in-house using relatively inexpensive hardware, or

13. Purchased from a commercial provider (currently ~ $ 200K)

14. Hardware (see below) and software for receiving the data,

15. Access to science application algorithms, and

17. Antenna control unit

18. Frequency downconverter

19. Satellite receiver

20. Input/output boardSource: http://directreadout.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.cfm?section=portal%20info&page=faqs_subject& topic=Terra

22. The DRL acts as an intermediary between the missions and the DB community members that can make use of the science algorithms

23. Provides the algorithms (software) for processing the EOS data free of charge. See next slide.

24. Holds periodic meetings for the entire international DB community

26. IPOPP enables ground stations to create several products (MODIS, AIRS/AMSU) for near real-time applications such as environmental monitoring and forecasting, fire monitoring, etc.

27. Several U.S. organizations (Oregon State University, University of South Florida, Univ. of Miami, Florida International University, and University of Wisconsin) and many international organizations also provide DB processing software based on the software used by the EOS Science Teams

29. Provides easy and cost-effective access when broadband internet service is unavailable, restricted, or cost-prohibitive

30. Provides a secondary path for data to reach the ground with virtually no time delay

31. Serves as a back-up to the primary store and forward method and can be used to fill in data gaps for science processing

32. Real-time applications can be derived using NASA-provided software algorithms

33. Limitations:

35. Weather forecasting

36. Disaster prediction, monitoring, and management

37. Fire identification and monitoring

38. Fisheries

39. Air quality monitoring

40. Water management

42. Detects and monitors forest fires

43. Provides data to Forest Service and other agencies for resource management and environmental monitoring

44. Provides assistance in applying the most advanced geospatial technology toward improved monitoring and mapping of natural resourcesMODIS image of Wolf and Copper fires near Los Angeles provided by RSAC http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/rsac/

47. Increase production

48. Increase the quality of fish for export

49. Reduce the operational costs (search time and fuel) of multi-day fishing fleets

50. The initial experiments have shown positive results with fisheries corporation vessels netting large catches. http://www.nara.ac.lk/ 15

52. The stations collect data from more than a dozen satellites (including Aqua and Terra) covering all of Russia and the nearby territories

53. The MODIS DB data are used to observe the weather, map ice and vegetation, and monitor floods and fireshttp://www.scanex.com/en/stations/default.asp?submenu=uniscan&id=index ScanEx Station

55. FMI DB station produces near realtime ozone and ultraviolet OMI data products

56. Available via the internet 15 minutes after a pass since the end of 2004

57. Covers central Europe from the North Pole to the Mediterranean area.

58. OMI data were recently used by various volcanology centers in the U.S. and Europe following the Iceland volcano eruption.

59. Also receives MODIS DB data from Terra and Aqua:

60. Re-broadcast by the Finnish Meteorological Institute since March 2003

61. Delivered to other Finnish governmental institutes for scientific purposes and to NOAA’sNational Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://fmiarc.fmi.fi/fmiarc_new/ozone.html

63. Maintains an up-to-date archive of images from NOAA, SeaStar, Terra, and Aqua polar orbiting satellites.

64. Receives and archives MODIS data providing much-improved spatial and spectral resolution. The archive is kept on tape and CD- ROM, with a photographic archive kept for quick browsing

65. Can supply either enhanced photographic images produced from the data, or the data itself via the internet, tape, or disk. http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk/

66. 19 Examples of DB Data MODIS true color image displayed using Google Earth offers a different perspective of the oil slick.* *Courtesy of Liam Gumley, CIMSS

67. 20 Examples of DB Data MODIS Observation of the Jesusita Fire near Santa Barbara, California on May 8, 2009

68. 21 Examples of DB Data Terra MODIS image of yellow rust infection of crop lands in the Middle East – April 2010 Aqua MODIS image of the Arctic region June 28, 2010 Aqua MODIS image of the Great Escarpment, South Africa, April 2010 Aqua MODIS image of a phytoplankton bloom off the coast of Iceland – June 2010

69. 22 Examples of DB Data Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull Volcano observed by MODIS on May 12, 2010

71. National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP)

72. Joint Polar Satellite System (part of the former NPOESS)

73. Global Change Observation Missions (follow-on to AMSR-E)

75. The DB community appreciates having the data and the software

76. The use of EOS DB data is increasing every year

77. The free software and data access from NASA makes DB an attractive and cost-effective option, particularly for developing countries

78. The continued availability of realtime EOS-type data for operational use is needed

80. 26 Additional Information

82. DRL technologies developed for the NPP In-Situ Ground System (NISGS) will provide the IPOPP framework:

83. Freely available

84. Portable to Linux x86 platforms

85. Can be run efficiently on modest hardware

86. Simple to install and easy to use

87. Able to ingest and process DB overpasses of arbitrary size

90. Management is mainly based on the total allowable catch, calculated from the allowable biological catch.

91. Terra and Aqua DB data help determine the time period, location, and abundance of the target fish (taking onto account migration routes), which must be recorded in near-real time.Priority species Several species have been selected for management because of their importance and popularity as a food resource, and also because of concerns about their abundance Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) Pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) Queen crab (Chionoecetes opilio) Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Environment Sensing , Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Japan