Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Was ist angesagt? (20)
Andere mochten auch
Ähnlich wie C:\Fakepath\Td Yd Urp Mb Kts Z Oq Or9 A=&Expires=1278457536&Aws Access Key Id=Akiajljt267 Degkzdheq
Ähnlich wie C:\Fakepath\Td Yd Urp Mb Kts Z Oq Or9 A=&Expires=1278457536&Aws Access Key Id=Akiajljt267 Degkzdheq (20)
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
C:\Fakepath\Td Yd Urp Mb Kts Z Oq Or9 A=&Expires=1278457536&Aws Access Key Id=Akiajljt267 Degkzdheq
- 1. What does it take to be an effective teacher in the year 2010 and beyond. Blah blah blah
- 7. Behaviourism
- 10. WHO ARE YOU ? What is the nature of the 21 st century learner? Collaborative Adaptive Creative Information, media and technology savvy Communicator Require instant gratification Multi-tasker. .
- 13. HOW DO WE TEACH YOU?
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Development is the process of changing and becoming larger, stronger, or more impressive, successful, or advanced (Encarta MSN, n.d.). Theories show that development in learning occurs through: - Cognitive development – a student’s cognitive development changes as they grow through their personal experiences, culture and environment, learning experience and maturation. Each student develops at different rates and stages in life. - Behaviourism – a view of observable behaviour and the way student’s behaviour is influenced by stimuli from the environment. - Cognitive learning theory – how student’s learning changes in mental structures and processes of acquiring, organising and using knowledge. - Social Cognitive theory – changes that occur in a learner’s development through the observation of others. Social interaction in the classroom is essential to a student’s learning experience. - Constructivism – a suggestion that learners create their own knowledge of the topics they study rather than receiving that knowledge as transmitted to them by some other source (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Social Constructivist, Vygotsky, suggests that learners construct knowledge in a social context and then internalise the knowledge individually.
- Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors (Health of Children, n.d.) Piaget describes cognitive learning in four stages: Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) Preoperational stage (2-7 years) Concrete operational (7-11 years) Formal operational (11 years-adult) A teacher needs to be aware of which stage each student is at with their development and choose appropriate learning materials and context to increase and improve students’ knowledge and skills. There needs to be a match between the demands of a learning task and the current cognitive capacity (ability) of the learners (Ace SchoolNet, n.d.) A teacher must also be aware of the importance social interaction has on development in the classroom. In today’s society, students come from a range of different cultures and backgrounds which influence the individual student’s learning development and experiences. By creating learning activities which involve interaction in groups and classroom discussions, students will help one another with learning new knowledge and skills. Vygotsky believes that knowledge is constructed through social interaction first and then internalised by individuals (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Teachers must always aim to teach at the student’s Zone of Proximal Development. That is between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently. Learners need to be in their zone of proximal development to benefit from the teacher’s assistance. The use of scaffolding when teaching is also effective in assisting students to complete tasks that they are unable to complete independently by using types of scaffolding such as modelling, thinking-aloud, questions and prompts and cues.
- Learning behaviourism is changes in behaviour that occur as a result of experience and is a measurement of observable behaviours produced by a learner’s response to stimuli. The main theories of behaviourism which a teacher of today can implement in their classroom are: - Classical conditioning - where a person learns involuntary emotional or psychological responses. If a teacher greets the students in a warm, friendly manner when they enter the classroom, it creates a positive experience for each student and they will comfortable and safe. This is an important goal, and one that can be reached with classical conditioning (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). - Operant Conditioning – is a consequence that changes observable responses. Where a teacher praises a student for giving a correct answer, this is a consequence, and the student is more likely to answer other questions. - Reinforcement can be positive and negative. A teacher can use positive reinforcement by offering rewards, such as stickers on the board that can lead to a prize/treat to students (a consequence) to increase the likelihood of the behaviour occurring and the teacher can use negative reinforcement in the classroom by instructing the class that if they do not do their work quietly they will not go out after lunch to play the game of basketball the teacher had organised for them to do. - Punishment - In some situations, teachers need to implement punishment to students. Effective forms of punishment teachers can use to discourage misbehaviour are signalling to the student to be quiet (detists), time outs, detentions and removal of reinforcers already given (response cost), - Antecedents – forms of antecedents are environmental conditions of the classroom such as lighting and prompts and cues which help the student produce the desirable behaviour. Teachers need to control behaviour in the classroom so that students of the 21st century perceive the classroom as a positive place for learning.
- Cognitive learning theories are changes in the mental structure and processes involved in acquiring, organising and using knowledge (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Teachers need to know how learners acquire experiences used to construct knowledge, how learners combine prior knowledge with new experiences and where and in what form is the constructed knowledge stored in the students’ memory stores. Teachers of the 21st century also need to know the cognitive processes: - Attention – teachers need to make sure their lessons will grab and maintain the student’s attention. - Perception – ask student’s questions to get their perspective of the object or events. - Encoding – teachers must create ways to help student encode the information learnt into their long term memory using strategies such as, imagery, organisation, schema activation and elaboration. Social cognitive learning derives from changes in development after observing others. Teachers must constantly use activities in the classroom which involve social interaction through group work and class discussions. Vygotsky’s theory concludes that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development (Learning-Theories, n.d.). Students experience learning through observing other students, teachers and their parents. Modelling is the central concept of social cognitive theory (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010) and refers to the changes that occur from observing models. Students learn through imitating others, imitating characters in books and movies and copying observed acts. Teachers need to apply modelling in their every day teaching to allow students to gain experience and development through observing the model shown to them. An effective way for a teacher to provide information/modelling to students which can be encoded in the students’ long term memory is by applying the information to the society of the 21st century learner.
- Cognitive constructivists are of the view that students construct their own knowledge. Instead of teachers directing the classroom from the front of the classroom, schools are now moving towards teaching the key skills that equip pupils with the tools to become effective independent learners (Teachers TV, n.d.). The characteristics of Constructivist Learning Theory are: - Learners construct knowledge that makes sense to them. - New learning depends on current understanding - Social Interaction facilitates learning - The most meaningful learning occurs within real-world tasks. From a social constructivist perspective, creating learning environments in which learners exchange ideas and collaborate in solving problems is an essential teacher role (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Allowing the students to exchange ideas and tsee how the correct answer is found through another student’s perspective will allow for conceptual change which alters the students’ beliefs about a topic. Teaching for conceptual change requires the teacher to implement Piaget’s concepts of disequilibrium, accommodation and assimilation. First the student must be dissatisfied with their existing concept of the topic to cause disequilibrium, second the teacher must provide an alternative conception of the topic to the student which the student can accommodate in a way which makes sense to them and thirdly, the teacher must use the concept to show how it can be used in the real world so that equilibrium can be re-established and the student is able to assimilate new experiences into it (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010).
- Generation Z: The net generation-the future of our tomorrow. This is a very young generation with the oldest currently around 12 years old. Despite their young age, the characteristics of this generation are quite apparent. They are exposed to technology very early in their lives and most already have an online identity. They are highly connected, many having had lifelong use of communications and media technologies such as the World Wide Web, instant messaging, text messaging, MP3 players, mobile phones and YouTube earning them the nickname “digital natives” They are also considered the most stressful generation for their involvement in too many extra-curricular activities. http://www.articlesbase.com/culture-articles/generation-xyz-522842.html#ixzz0rqa8SCNh Under Creative Commons License: Attribution
- It is now clear that as a result of this technological environment and the sheer volume of their interaction with it, today's students think and process information fundamentally differently from their predecessors. These differences go far further and deeper than most educators suspect or realize. “Different kinds of experiences lead to different brain structures, “ says Dr. Bruce D. Perry of Baylor College of Medicine. Because these young people know no other reality than their Internet-based world, they are likely to have heightened technical expectations, attitudes, and beliefs. For example, they expect libraries and research resources to be accessible remotely (from home), where they can download a song, chat to a friend online, multitask comfortably and snack and watch television.
- Today’s students live and learn in a world of massive information-overload. Rather than more information, they desperately need an education in how to manage and make sense of it, in how to filter it intelligently and bring different aspects together in meaningful ways. Because of this exposure to information students are more likely to connect to real life situations for problem solving, generation Z does this everyday out of school, through the internet our children are learning to collaborate and to problem solve. To be an effective teacher we must maximize students learning by helping them to deal with this overload by organising information through meaningful learning. Through connecting ideas relationships between learning is formed reducing cognitive load. Both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s views suggest that teachers limit lecturing and explaining as much as possible and move towards learning activities that put students in cognitively active roles. “Situated cognition suggests that “much of what is learned is specific to the situation in which it is learned” (J. Anderson et al.,1996, p.5.). What is good learning? That may be a subjective question. But it’s likely that many educators would give similar answers. … recognising differences in learning stages and abilities. … project-based learning, designed around real world contexts… … connecting with other students around the world, on topics of study…
- Teaching in the 21st century will involve learning skills to accommodate for such diversity as cultural, linguistic and religious beliefs. Approximately one quarter of all students in NSW government schools come from language backgrounds other than English. (Department of Education & Training, NSW, 2005). These diverse students, speak over 80 different languages as their first language, and hold a range of religious and spiritual beliefs. Multicultural education is an approach to education that attempts to make classrooms welcoming for all students by recognising, valuing, and building on the perspectives and experiences of all students cultures. (Eggen & Kauchack, 2010). Some strategies for Teachers in responding to such diversity are: Communicating that you respect all cultures and value the contributions that such diversity brings to learning Involving all students in learning activities Using curriculum resources that highlight multicultural perspectives Using role plays to provide student empathy for different cultures Using concrete experiences as a reference to points for language development Targeting important vocabulary, providing opportunities for all students to practice language