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In the Name of Allah
Watershed Management
in Iran
with emphasis on
erosion and sediment
control
By : Seyed abolfazl mirghasemi
Contents :
• Objectives
• History and evolution of watershed
management
• Natural Features Of Iran (climate, land use ,geology)
• Reservoir dams of Iran
• Soil erosion in Iran
• Planning for erosion study & control
• Applied Measures
Objectives :
Conservation and development of water,
soil and plant resources
Soil erosion and sediment control
Flood control & spreading
Ground water Recharge & Mitigation of
drought Consequences
Improvement of living standards and welfare
of local communities;
History of watershed Management
In iran
• IRAN has practiced Watershed Management
since 3000 years ago. The historical
hydraulic structures , water harvesting
systems , water supply systems and working
on hillslope shows the efforts of Iranians in
the past.
• Qanats, construction of earth dams, Masonry
dams, Irrigation Canals, Traditional Rain Water
Harvesting System (khoshab & bandsar) and
terracing on steep slopes for cultivation are
some of the examples.
Traditional systems of soil & water
conservation
IRAN-Bushehr IRAN-Baluchestan
Traditional system soil & water conservation
IRAN - Fars IRAN - Kermanshah
Traditional system soil & water conservation
IRAN-fars & Bushehr
History and evolution of
Watershed Management in Iran
FAO report about critical situation of
Soil Erosion in Iran
in 1958
Establishment of
Soil & Water Conservation Committee
in 1958
Implementation of
Soil Conservation Pilot Project, by FAO
in 1959
Flood Damages in 1968
and
Sedimentation Problems in the Reservoir of 6 Big Dams
Establishment of Soil Technical Office in 1968
Restarting of Watershed Management Activities
in Karaj, Sefid-Rood and Dez River Basins, in 1969
Preparation of the First Watershed Management Master Plan
by Iranian experts in 1976
Progress in Watershed Management Activities
caused necessity of Coordination & Cooperation
Establishment of Watershed Management Superior Council in 1972
Establishment of Bureau of
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management in1972
Separation of Wind & Water Erosion Controls sectors in 1973
Reform in Watershed Management Organization and
establishment of Watershed Management Deputy
under Ministry of Jihad-e-Sazandegi in 1991
Similar / Parallel works between
Watershed Management Deputy & Forest and Range Organization
Reform in Watershed Management Organization by considering both sectors
under one Organization SINCE 2001
overview on Natural features of IRAN
Photo Mosaic of Landsat
ETM+ Images in 2000-2002
Climate:
• Predominant climate of Iran is Arid – Semi Arid
• Mean annual of precipitation is 250 mm
• Rainfall ranging from 50 – 2000 mm
• %75 of precipitation in autumn- winter & %25 in
spring
:Forest
Land use in Iran
Million ha. 14.3
:Range
Desert:
Cultivated land & etc
85
Million ha. 32.8
27.6
Million ha.
Million ha.
Range classification
• Good rang :7.2 mhaModerate range : 21.45 mha
Poor range : 56.31 mha
Forest
Commercial forest (hircanian) 1.9 mha Semi dense forest (zagros) 12.1 mha
Desert & Sand dune
Desert : 32.8 mha
Geological description
• Iran is divided into 4 geological zones:
• 1- Alborzo Zone
• 2-Zagros zones
• 3- khuzestan plain
• 4- central iran zones
• Existence of extensive neogene rocks and
quaternary deposits are the main sources of
sediment
High Erodible & soft rocks and soils
Clay Marl
LoessMarl
Reservoir Dams
•Aras dam Sefidrud dam
Soil erosion in Iran
Gully
Sheet &Rill
Landslide
Bank erosion
Area under Accelerated
Soil Erosion
Quantity of erosion in
Iran
Million ha. 125
B tones / yr Total annual Soil erosion
Area with High Runoff:
Specific Erosion
Area under Floods
2
Million ha. 91
Tons/ha /yr
255 Cities
8650 Villages
Roads & Infrastructures
20000 Qanats
1000000 ha Arable Lands
16.45
‫هزينه‬‫فرسايش‬‫در‬‫ايران‬‫معادل‬14‫درصد‬‫درآمد‬‫ناخالص‬‫ملي‬
‫مي‬‫باشد‬.
‫مأخذ‬:‫امور‬‫بررسيهاي‬‫برنامه‬‫عمران‬‫سازمان‬‫ملل‬،1991
‫مأخذ‬:‫ش‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫گ‬‫ده‬‫‌ساله‬‌‫ي‬‫آبخيزدار‬،‫به‬‫‌نقل‬‫از‬FAO
1 1.3 1.6
2.2
1.9
0
2
4
6
1350 1360 1370 1380 1390
‫ل‬ ‫سا‬ ‫در‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لياردت‬‫ي‬ ‫م‬Btones/years Trend of soil erosion in Iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
‫ا‬‫ثرات‬‫زيست‬‫محيطي‬
‫عمليات‬‫شاس‬
‫بر‬‫زيستگاه‬‫آبزيان‬‫رودخانه‬‫سفيد‬‫رود‬
‫گزارش‬ ‫به‬
‫اداره‬‫كل‬‫محيط‬‫زيست‬‫استان‬‫گيالن‬
‫د‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫سفيد‬ ‫سد‬‫سوب‬‫ر‬ ‫تخليه‬ ‫يچه‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫هدف‬:‫؟‬ ‫سوب‬‫ر‬‫يا‬ ‫است‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ذخيره‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫آو‬‫جمع‬!
‫سوب‌شده‌است‬‫ر‬‌‫د‌که‌پر‌از‬‫و‬‫‌سد‌سپيد‌ر‬‫ن‬‫مخز‬!‫؟‬
‫روان‬ ‫های‬ ‫شن‬ ‫و‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫فرسايش‬ ‫معضل‬(‫مواقعی‬ ‫در‬ ‫سد‬ ‫مخزن‬ ‫از‬ ‫شده‬ ‫حمل‬
‫باشد‬ ‫می‬ ‫پايين‬ ‫درياچه‬ ‫آب‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫که‬)‫س‬ ‫مخزن‬ ‫حاشيه‬ ‫روستاهای‬ ‫اراضی‬ ‫در‬‫د‬
(‫قزوين‬ ‫استان‬ ‫سفلی‬ ‫طارم‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫در‬ ‫سياهپوش‬ ‫روستای‬)
‫د‌پس‌از‌عمليات‌شاس‌و‬‫و‬‫پايين‌دست‌سد‌سپيد‌ر‬
‌‫مردمي‌كه‌در‌حال‌گرفتن‌ماهی‌از‌آب‌گل‌آلود‌می‌باشند‬!
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
‌‫يست‌مجيطی‌در‌پايين‌دست‌سد‬‫ز‬‌‫فاجعه‬!‫؟‬
‌‫صيد‌و‌صياد‬!‫؟‬
Effective factors in
Soil erosion
Natural factors :
 Hilly Terrain
 Erodible rocks
 Poor vegetation cover
 Arid & Semi-Arid
Climate
Man made Factors:
 Land use change
 Over grazing
 Plughing in slope
direction
 Deforstation
 Mining Operation
 Mis-Practice in Agricultur
Over grazing :
The number of livestock is 2.5 to 3 times of carrying capacity
of rangelands
Natural Erosion (Geological)
%10 percent of catchment area contribute in
production of %50 of sediment
Planning & study for W.M
• Watershed planning in 3 scale is
implemented
• 1- First phase on Scale(1:250000)
• 2- second phase on Scale 1:50000
• 3- Third phase on scale 1:25000
Basins and watersheds of Iran
• Iran is divided into 6
great basins:
• 1-Caspian Sea
• 2- Qaraqoom
• 3- hamoon
• 4- Persian Gulf & Oman
Sea
• 5-Orumieh lake
• 6- Central Desert
39
Erosion & sediment control Measures
• Structural Measures:
• 1- Designing and implementation
different types of Check dams
• 2- Designing Of small earthdam
• 2- Bio mechanical
measures on hillside
• 3- biological measures like
seedling and plantation of
fodder crops
• River engineering
• Flood spreading
Flood control & sediment trap by stony
check dam
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Sediment Trap
River Bank protection
The objectives of work
on Hillside are:
• Stabilizing of slopes & erosion control
• Rainwater harvesting
• Improving vegetation cover
• Increasing crop production (fruits and alfalfa)
• Improving incomes and welfare of local
people
• Improving food security and self sufficiency
Characteristics of WM projects
• Suitable land : Approximately 3.7 mha
• Executed : 245000 ha
• Planned for 5 years : 1 mha
• Type of Activities : Terracing , banquette ,
• Maine products: Olive, Almond, walnut, apple,
orange, Strawberry , grape, alfalfa
• Contribution of People
• Having Support of Government
Working on Hillside (terrace)
Working On Hillside
Hillside Rehabilitation (tree plantation & Alfalfa)
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Planting on hillside grading works
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Example of Watershed Management Measures
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
‫بم‬ ‫باريک‬ ‫آب‬ ‫آبخواندری‬ ‫ايستگاه‬ ‫در‬ ‫سيالب‬ ‫پخش‬ ‫از‬ ‫يی‬
‫بم‬ ‫باريک‬ ‫آب‬ ‫سيالب‬ ‫پخش‬ ‫ايستگاه‬ ‫در‬ ‫گياهی‬ ‫پوشش‬ ‫از‬ ‫يی‬
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Mirghasemi watershed management-in iran
Conclusion & recommendation
• Small Dam construction is useful for flood
control of heavy storm rainfalls
• Small scale water resource development &
Rainwater harvesting techniques are very
useful for arid & semi-arid region
• Biological & bio-mechanical measure have
high priority because they are
multipurpose and have more benefits to
local communities and also environment
Tank You for Your Attention

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