Classzone Book

3. The GreaT War
Chapter 13 and 14.1 and 14.2
World War I and the Russian
Revolution (1914–1924)
& Chapter 15
Nationalism and Revolution Around
the World (1910–1939)

5. Summary: World War I and the
Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
By 1914, Europeans had enjoyed almost a century
without a major war. They had witnessed incredible
changes. Rapid advances in science and industry had
fed a belief in almost unlimited progress, peace, and
prosperity. That confidence vanished in August 1914,
buried in an avalanche of death and destruction. World
War I engulfed much of the world for four years. For
those who survived, it marked the beginning of a
disturbing new age. In Russia, the disastrous
consequences of World War I led to the collapse of the
monarchy and the rise of the Bolsheviks.

8. Canadian John McCrae
served as a military
In Flanders
Fields
doctor on the Western
Front in World War I. In
1915, McCrae wrote the
following poem in the
voice of those he had
watched die. “In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.”
The poppy became a symbol of remembrance for veterans after World War I.

11. American soldiers on a trench raid during World War I

13. The Road to War: 1890-1914
•1898: Germany begins its naval buildup.
•1902: Britain and Japan conclude a naval alliance
•1905: The First Moroccan Crisis.
World War I
•1907: Anglo-Russian treaty over Persia.
oTriple Entente is completed. 1914-1918
•1911: Italy annexes Tripoli
•1912: The First Balkan War Germany’s Glorious
Military Eager crowds
1913: The Second Balkan War
•1914: The Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in
watch a cavalry regiment, or
Sarajevo group of troops serving on
World War I begins horseback, ride through
Berlin in August 1914.
The Course of the War: 1914-1918
•1914: The Battle of the Marne
Germany’s army was known
oThe Ottoman Empire enters the war to be highly trained and well
•1915: The Armenian Massacre disciplined, making it a
•1916: The Battle of Verdun. formidable fighting
•1917: The February Revolution in Russia force. How are the people
oThe United States enters the war on the Allied side
oThe Balfour Declaration on Palestine pictured showing pride in
•1918: Germany and the Soviet Union conclude the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. their military?
oPresident Wilson's Fourteen Points
oArmistice ends the war.
The Aftermath
•1918: Revolutions in Germany, Austria and Turkey.
•1919: Allied governments intervene in Russia
•The Treaty of Versailles is ratified.
•The League of Nations is founded.

14. Who Started It?

16. Witness History
The The Spark
Spark On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a
The assassin, Gavrilo Princip member of a Serbian terrorist group,
killed Austrian Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.
“The first [bullet] struck the wife of the
Archduke, the Archduchess Sofia, in
the abdomen. . . . She died instantly.
The second bullet struck the Archduke
close to the heart. He uttered only
one word, ’Sofia’—a call to his
stricken wife. Then his head fell back
and he collapsed. He died almost
instantly.”
—Borijove Jevtic, co-conspirator
The assassinations triggered World
War I, called “The Great War” by
Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and
his wife Sophie people at the time.

17. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, far
right, was shot to death on June 28, 1914, shortly after
this photo was taken. His assassination triggered the
outbreak of World War I.

18. Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
• Family name: Hapsburg
• Fate: The Archduke and his
Heir to the Austrian Throne: wife Sophie were assassinated
Third in line to the throne at in Sarajevo on 28-Jun-1914
one point, he became heir (their fourteenth wedding
through two untimely deaths. anniversary) by Serbian
The first was of the Emperor's nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The
son, Crown Prince Rudolph, Archduke's role of Inspector
who killed himself (and his General of the Austrian army
sixteen year old mistress) in had brought him to Sarajevo
1889. The second was the for the summer maneuvers.
death of his father, Archduke Neither Emperor Franz Josef
Charles Louis, in 1896 or the Kaiser saw fit to attend
the funeral.

19. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
General Information
Family name: Hapsburg
Heir to the Austrian Throne: Third in line to the throne at one
point, he became heir through two untimely deaths. The first was of
the Emperor's son, Crown Prince Rudolph, who killed himself (and
his sixteen year old mistress) in 1889. The second was the death of
his father, Archduke Charles Louis, in 1896. Now it was Franz
Ferdinand that would be next in line for the Crown.
1863-1914
Politics: Considered more flexible in matters of military and
domestic affairs than his uncle Emperor Franz Josef, he was a
reformist with new ideas to be put into practice when he ascended to
the Hapsburg throne. One of these ideas was "trialism" - the
reorganization of the dual monarchy into a triple monarchy by
giving the Slavs an equal voice in the empire. This would put them
on an equal footing with the Magyars and Germans living inside the
Austro-Hungarian borders. These politics were in direct conflict
with those of the Serbian nationalists.

20. The ill-fated
couple arriving in
Sarajevo.
Personal:
Much has been said about Franz Ferdinand and very little of it good.
He has been referred to as a miser, a bigot, and a spoiled child.
Shunned by the elite of Viennese society, he was also called "the
loneliest man in Vienna". He lacked the two key elements for success
in this social scene - charm and elegance. His home life appears to
have been surprisingly better. His marriage to Countess Sophia von
Chotkowa und Wognin, Duchess of Hohenburg in 1900 was called
one of the world's great love affairs. Unfortunately the Emperor
considered the Duchess a commoner and tried to convince Franz
Ferdinand he was marrying beneath his station. They went through
with the marriage against the Emperor's wishes but had to renounce
rights of rank and succession for their children. In the years to come,
Sophie would not be allowed to ride in the same car with her husband
during affairs of state.
Fate:
The Archduke and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo on
28-Jun-1914 (their fourteenth wedding anniversary) by Serbian
nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The Archduke's role of Inspector General
of the Austrian army had brought him to Sarajevo for the summer
maneuvers. Neither Emperor Franz Josef or the Kaiser saw fit to
attend the funeral.

21. Ferdinand and Sophie
The Archduke with Sophie
and their children
The Heir with his uncle
Emperor Franz Josef.
The Archduke (left) with the
Kaiser on maneuvers in 1909.

22. Gavrilo Princip
A 19 year old tubercular Bosnian Serb student. A member of Mlada Bosna ("Young
Bosnia"), a movement dedicated to a Bosnia free of Hapsburg rule. He and his six fellow
assassins were equipped with pistols and bombs by a Serbian terrorist organization
known as the Black Hand.
On 28-Jun-1914, he succeeded where his accomplices failed in assassinating Archduke
Franz Ferdinand and his wife Countess Sophia in Sarajevo.
He attempted suicide at the scene, but the gun was knocked from his hand by an
onlooker. His second attempt at suicide was by cyanide, but it made him retch and he
vomited up the poison. He was taken into custody and made to stand trial. He was found
guilty but, because of his age, spared the death penalty. He died in prison of tuberculosis
in 1918. All in all, it seems he was treated fairly by the government he considered so
tyrannical.
"Ujedinjenje ili Smrt" is the Serbian "Black Hand". Link provides full background info
including their constitution listing Colonel Dimitrievitch (Apis) as a member.
"Narodna Odbrana" is the Serbian secret patriotic society of which "Mlada Bosna" was
a splinter group..
Quotes "There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing
away. I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a
torch to light my people on their path to freedom." Princip to the prison governor on
being moved to another prison

24. This map compares the
size of the different armies in World War I Troop
World War I with the number Strength and
of wounded and dead Casualties
among the major
combatants in the war. The
relatively light numbers of
American dead and
wounded reflect the late
entry of the United States in
the war. The major
European participants
suffered enormous losses.
Twice as many men died in
World War I as in all the
significant wars from 1790 to
1913 combined. (Note that
due to the scale of
destruction, the estimated
figures given here for
Russians and Ottomans
killed are probably low.)

26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCsldbh9hAY
Top Ten Tanks- #4: WWI Tank

27. Frederick Wilhelm Viktor Albert of Hohenzollern
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
Ascent: Emperor Wilhelm I dies 9-Mar-1888. Frederick III is crowned Emperor but cannot rule due to throat
cancer and a ninety-nine day coma. Wilhelm II succeeds his father and is crowned Emperor (midyear)
1888.
Noteworthy Relations Relationship Country
Crown Prince Wilhelm son Germany
Czar Nicholas II cousin Russia
King Edward VII uncle Britain
King George V cousin Britain
King Frederick III father Prussia
Queen Victoria grandmother Britain
Emperor Wilhelm I grandfather Germany
Politics: Above all, the Kaiser wanted "a place in the sun" for the German people. The problem was the
only places left were in the shade. There was very little room left for new colonization in the early part of
this century. Nevertheless, the Kaiser built up the German military machine and built a naval fleet to rival
that of Great Britain. The term "saber rattler" sums up his politics as well as his personality. Historian
Barbara Tuchman put it well when she referred to the Kaiser as "possessor of the least inhibited tongue
in Europe".
Personal: The Kaiser was born with a withered left arm. This, together with having some tough footsteps in
which to follow, led Wilhelm towards the military lifestyle. He loved his numerous uniforms and
surrounding himself with the elite of German military society.
Misconception: The Kaiser was a war monger solely responsible for the First World War. The Kaiser did not
start the war. The Kaiser did not want the war. "Saber rattling" is one thing, a war with the other major
European powers is something very different indeed! The most that can be said is that the Kaiser did not
do enough to try to control the actions of Austria-Hungary and prevent the outbreak of war. In the end he
accepted war.
Fate: The Kaiser was forced to abdicate as part of the Armistice. He went to Holland where he died in 1941.
He is buried at Doorn.

30. A wounded German soldier in 1915. World War I artillery shell

32. • The airplane was first used in combat during World War I. Airco D.H.4's, like this one,
were highly regarded British bombers. The D.H.4 held a pilot and a gunner and carried
bombs under its wings.
• The submarine proved its value as a warship in World War I. German submarines, like
this UB II, challenged British sea power. They fired torpedoes that struck surface ships
and then exploded.
• The tank was a British invention of World War I. Tanks were designed to rip through
barbed wire and cross trenches. Crews inside gunned down the enemy. This MK IV
tank first saw action in 1917. The machine gun made World War I more deadly than
earlier wars. The gun's rapid fire slaughtered attacking infantrymen. The 8-millimeter
Hotchkiss gun used by the French army is shown here.

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40. 
• U.K,
• Australia,
• New
Zealand,
• Canada,
• India, • Romania
• South (although
Africa, Romania
changed sides
• West Indies
half-way
through).

41. How Did the War Become a Global
Conflict?
EASTERN EUROPE SOUTHERN EUROPE
In August 1914, Russian armies
pushed into eastern Germany. In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central
Powers and helped crush Serbia.
After Russia was defeated in the
battle of Tannenburg, armies in the
east fought on Russian soil.
OUTSIDE EUROPE THE COLONIES
Japan, allied with Britain, tried to
impose a protectorate on China. The Allies overran German colonies
in Africa and Asia.
The Ottoman empire joined the
Central Powers in 1914. The great powers turned to their
Arab nationalists revolted against own colonies for troops, laborers,

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45. Anthony Michael Michalski
165th Infantry, KIA
John Rudolph Webb
and Crew
301st Tank Battalion

46. Dirigibles and
Zeppelins
The Zeppelin men: (from left) Hugo Eckener, Count
von Zeppelin, and Peter Strasser
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin died of
pneumonia on 8-Mar-1917 at the age of
seventy-eight. Peter Strasser, Chief of the
Naval Airship Division and the driving force
behind the German airship program, was
aboard the height-climber L 70 when it was
shot down over the English Channel on 5-
Aug-1918. This event marked the end of
the airship as a strategic bomber. Hugo
Eckener would go on to lead Germany's
postwar airship program.

47. The Art of War
One water bottle for 40 men
by G.P. Hoskins
Gassed by John Singer Sargent

48. Take a
Little Tour
• LEGEND:
• 1. A 3rd Class berth.
2. The 3rd Class Dining saloon.
3. The Bridge.
4. The Port Side Regal Suite.
5. The 1st Class Library.
6. The 1st Class Lounge.
7. The 1st Class Dining Saloon and 1914 Menu.
8. The 2nd Class Lounge.

49. By all accounts, she was riding low in the water.
What was she carrying? Supplies and shells?
Schwieger's log and the testimony of several survivors shows categorically that
he only fired one torpedo; but a larger, second explosion had occurred almost
instantaneously, which was highly likely to have been attributable to a particular
consignment of 5,000 live artillery shells in the hold. It was the second explosion,
caused we think by the sympathetic detonation of these munitions, which was
ultimately responsible for the ship's rapid demise.

50. Germany and Great Britain were at war. So were most of the other countries of Europe.
The United States, wanting to remain neutral, had not yet entered World War I. But the
Imperial Government of Kaiser Wilhelm II had issued a dire warning to American citizens:
Stay out of the waters around the British Isles. Those waters included the Irish Sea. How
many of the 1959 people on board the Lusitania on May 7, 1915 knew about Germany’s
threat to sink non-military ships? Of those who knew, how many really believed that
women and children would be treated like front-line soldiers of war?

51. "Torpedo coming on the starboard side!"
The torpedo struck the ship with a sound which Turner
later recalled was
"like a heavy door being slammed shut."
Almost instantaneously came a second, much larger
explosion, which physically rocked the ship.
A tall column of water and debris shot skyward,
wrecking lifeboat No. 5 as it came back down. The
clock on the bridge said 14.10.
Watching events through his periscope,
Kapitan-Leutnant Schwieger could not believe that so On the bridge of
much havoc the Lusitania,
could have been wrought by just one torpedo. Captain Turner
He noted in his log that "an unusually heavy could see
detonation" instantly that his
had taken place and noted that a second explosion had ship was
also occurred which he put down to "boilers, coal or doomed.
powder." He also noticed that the torpedo had hit the He gave the
Lusitania further forward of where he had aimed it. orders to
Schwieger brought the periscope down and U-20 abandon ship.
headed back to sea.

52. T Sinking of the
he
Lusitania
• Then, nearly instantaneously,
the Lusitania exploded. Not
from a second torpedo. From
an internal explosion.
• Nearly 2,000 people had 18
minutes to get off the mortally
wounded, quickly-sinking liner.
(Follow the link to a rare copy
of the "Annex to the Report,"
from the official inquiry
conducted by Lord Mersey.)
• The Lusitania was gone, and
with her had gone 1, 201
people.

53. Captain William Turner
As the stern of the ship settled back, the bridge
was awash and the Captain was swept into the
Irish Sea. He, unlike most others, survived.

54. Germany, however, was unapologetic. The
government had issued its warning. Their
actions were justified, they said, because they
believed the ship carried arms that would have
been used to kill Germans.

56. “I Dare You To
Come Out”
• This 1917 cartoon shows
the arrogant piratical
Kaiser defying American
Rights, national honor,
freedom of the seas, and
international law while
standing on the conning
tower of a German U-
boat.
• These are the things for
which we will fight!

57. Schlieffen Plan
In 1904 France and Britain
signed the Entente Cordiale
(friendly understanding). The
objective of the alliance was
to encourage co-operation
against the perceived threat
of Germany.
• Negotiations also began to add Russia to this alliance. As a
result of these moves the German military began to fear the
possibility of a combined attack from France, Britain and Russia.
Alfred von Schlieffen, German Army Chief of Staff, was
given instructions to devise a strategy that would be able to
counter a joint attack. In December, 1905, he began
circulating what later became known as the Schlieffen Plan.

58. • Schlieffen argued that if war took place it was vital that France was speedily
defeated. If this happened, Britain and Russia would be unwilling to carry on
fighting. Schlieffen calculated that it would take Russia six weeks to organize its
large army for an attack on Germany. Therefore, it was vitally important to force
France to surrender before Russia was ready to use all its forces.
Schlieffen's plan involved using 90% of Germany's armed forces to attack
France. Fearing the French forts on the border with Germany, Schlieffen
suggested a scythe-like attack through Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg.
The rest of the German Army would be sent to defensive positions in the
east to stop the expected Russian advance.
• When Helmuth von Moltke replaced Schlieffen as German Army Chief of Staff
in 1906, he modified the plan by proposing that Holland was not invaded. The
main route would now be through the flat plains of Flanders. Moltke argued that
Belgium's small army would be unable to stop German forces from quickly
entering France. Moltke suggested that 34 divisions should invade Belgium
whereas 8 divisions would be enough to stop Russia advancing in the east.
• On 2nd August 1914, the Schlieffen Plan was put into operation when the
German Army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium. However, the Germans were
held up by the Belgian Army and were shocked by the Russian Army's advance
into East Prussia. The Germans were also surprised by how quickly the British
Expeditionary Force reached France and Belgium.

59. T. E. Lawrence
• British archaeological scholar, adventurer, military strategist, and the writer of The Seven
Pillars of Wisdom (1927), an ambitious work, which combines a detailed account of the
Arab revolt against the Turks and the author's own spiritual autobiography. T.E.
Lawrence's (1888-1935) enigmatic personality still fascinates biographers and his legend
has survived many attempts to discredit his achievements.
• In 1914, he was quickly taken up by the Intelligence Service, and was based in
Cairo where he seems to have made an excellent impression on his superiors. In
1916 he was sent to Jeddah to liaise with the Sharif Hussein who had launched the
Arab Revolt on June 10th. He was later detached as permanent liaison, and
subsequently at Prince Faisal's request was named "advisor" to Faisal. He spent
the remainder of the Arab Revolt in this capacity, entered Damascus with the Arab
tribesmen to prepare the way for Faisal and later attended the Peace Conference at
Versailles with the Arab delegation.
• Disillusioned with the decisions taken there, he retired from any public activity and
was killed in a motorcycle accident in 1935.

60. Edith Cavell
• Edith Cavell (1865-1915) was a British
nurse serving in Belgium who was
executed on a charge of assisting Allied
prisoners to escape during World War
One.
• Many of the captured Allied soldiers who
were treated at Berkendael subsequently
succeeded in escaping - with Cavell's
active assistance - to neutral Holland.
Cavell was arrested on 5 August 1915 by
local German authorities and charged
with having personally aided in the
escape of some 200 such soldiers. She,
along with a named Belgian accomplice
Philippe Baucq, were duly pronounced
guilty and sentenced to death by firing
squad.

62. Miracle of the Marne
• The Battle of the Marne was a First World War battle
fought between 5 and 12 September 1914. It resulted
in a Franco-British victory against the German Army
under Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke.
• The battle effectively ended the month-long German
offensive that opened the war and had reached the
outskirts of Paris. The counter-attack of Allied
forces during the First Battle of the Marne ensured
that a quick German victory was impossible, and set
the stage for four years of trench warfare on the
Western Front.

63. http://www.firstworldwar.com/video/taxisofthemarne.htm
Parisian Taxi Cabs Save the Day!
• With German forces close to achieving a breakthrough against
beleaguered French forces outside Paris between 6-8 September
1914, a decision was taken by French military authorities to dispatch
emergency troop reinforcements from Paris.
• Extraordinarily these were dispatched - on 7 September - using a
fleet of Parisian taxi cabs, some 600 in all, ferrying
approximately 6,000 French reserve infantry troops to the front.
• The tactic worked and Paris was saved - barely. The incident
quickly gained legend as "the taxis of the Marne". Events at the
ensuing First Battle of the Marne led to a throwing back of German
forces, ensuring Paris' safety - and military stalemate and with it the
onset of trench warfare.

64. Second Battle
of Ypres
• The Allies planned a major counter-
offensive. Their attack was stopped
in its tracks by the German use of
chlorine gas. Although the Allies
knew of German plans, they were
unprepared, and there troops were
forced to withdraw in disarray.
• It was the first time a former colonial
force (Canadians) pushed back a
major European power (Germans)
on European soil, which occurred in
the battle of St. Julien-Kitcheners'
Wood.

65. • The Battle of Verdun was one of
the major battles during the First
The Battle of
World War on the Western Front. It
was fought between the German Verdun
and French armies, from 21
February to 18 December 1916 in
north-eastern France. The Battle of
Verdun ended in a French victory
The Battle of Verdun resulted in
more than a quarter of a million
battlefield deaths and at least half a
million wounded. Verdun was the
longest battle and one of the most
devastating in the First World War
and more generally in human
history. A total of about 40 million
artillery shells were exchanged by
both sides during the battle. In both
France and Germany it has come
to represent the horrors of war.

66. The Battle
of the
Somme
The Tank makes its debut!
• The Battle of the Somme took place during the First World
War between 1 July and 18 November 1916 One of the
largest battles of the First World War, by the time fighting
had petered out in late autumn 1916 more than 1.5 million
casualties had been suffered by the forces involved. It is
understood to have been one of the bloodiest military
operations ever recorded.

68. The Gallipoli Campaign
The Gallipoli Campaign took place at Gallipoli peninsula in
Turkey from 25 April 1915 to 9 January 1916, during the First
World War. A joint British and French operation was mounted
to capture the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, and secure a sea
route to Russia. The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on
both sides.
In Australia and New Zealand, the campaign was the first
major battle undertaken by a joint military formation, the
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and is
often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in
both of these countries.
The Ottoman Empire/Turkey was ably led by the nation's
revered founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
The Russians were in desperate need of war supplies. The
only route to them was blocked by the Turkish blockade of the
Dardanelle Straits. The British decided to land troops to
capture the heights overlooking the straits. In a campaign that
lasted eight months, the British failed to capture the straits,
and were forced to withdraw without accomplishing anything.
It probably hastened genocide against the Armenians.

69. Armenian
Refugees
A group of Armenian refugees wait for their daily rations from Near East Relief,
an American organization founded to help the surviving Turkish Armenians.
Public opinion, especially in the United States, was sympathetic to the
Armenians during and after World War I. However, the Allies’ attempts to
protect the Armenians through the treaty that ended the war with Turkey
ultimately failed.

70. 4
Total War
Warring nations engaged in total war, the channeling of a
nation’s entire resources into a war effort.
Economic impact
• Both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport and
supply huge fighting forces.
• All nations except Britain imposed universal military
conscription, or “the draft.”
• Governments raised taxes, borrowed money, and rationed
food and other products.
Propaganda
• Both sides waged a propaganda war. Propaganda is the
spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an

71. 4
Women
and War
Women played a critical role in total war:
• As men left to fight, women took over their jobs and
kept national companies going.
• Many women worked in war industries,
manufacturing weapons and supplies.
• Women grew food when shortages threatened.
• Some women joined branches of the armed forces.
• Women worked as nurses close to the front lines.

72. 4
Collapsing
Morale
By 1917, the morale of both troops and civilians had plunged.
• As morale collapsed, troops mutinied or deserted.
• Long casualty lists, food shortages, and the failure
of generals to win promised victories led to calls
for peace.
• In Russia, soldiers left the front to join in a full-
scale revolution back home.

79. 1917
Feb. 1 Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
April 6 The United States declared war on Germany.
June 24 American troops began landing in France.
Dec. 15 Russia signed an armistice with Germany, ending the fighting on the
Eastern Front.
1918
Jan. 8 President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis
for peace.
March 3 Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
March 21 Germany launched the first of its final three offensives on the Western
Front.
Sept. 26 The Allies began their final offensive on the Western Front.
Nov. 11 Germany signed an armistice ending World War I.

80. Mata Hari
• Mata Hari (1876-1917) was the stage name
of the Dutch exotic dancer and prostitute
Gertrud Margarete Zelle, who was shot by
the French as a spy on 15 October 1917.
• Born in 1876 in the Netherlands, Mata
Hari's name has since become
synonymous with espionage, although it
remains by no means clear that she was
guilty of the spying charges for which she
charged. Highly successful in Paris (among
other cities), Mata Hari's attractiveness, as
well as her apparent willingness to appear
almost nude on the stage, made her a huge
hit. She cultivated numerous lovers,
including many military officers.

81. • Still unclear today are the
circumstances around her alleged
spying activities. It was said that while
in The Hague in 1916 she was offered
cash by a German consul for
information obtained on her next visit to
France. Indeed, Mata Hari admitted
she had passed old, outdated
information to a German intelligence
officer when later interrogated by the
French intelligence service.
• Mata Hari herself claimed she had
been paid to act as a French spy in
Belgium (then occupied by German
forces), although she had neglected to
inform her French spymasters of her
prior arrangement with the German
consul. She was, it seemed, a double
agent, if a not very successful one.

82. • It appears that British intelligence picked up details of Mata Hari's
arrangements with the German consul and passed these to their
French counterparts.
• She was consequently arrested by the French on 13 February
1917 in Paris. Following imprisonment she was tried by a military
court on 24-25 July 1917 and sentenced to death by a firing
squad. The sentence was carried out on 15 October 1917 in
Vincennes near Paris. She was 41.
• To many she remains the unfortunate victim of a hysterical section
of the French press and public determined to root out evidence of
a non-existent enemy within, a scapegoat attractive as much for
her curious profession as for her crimes.

84. Why Did the United States
Enter the War?
• German submarines were attacking merchant and
passenger ships carrying American citizens. In May 1915, a
German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lusitania,
killing 1,200 passengers, including 120 Americans.
• Many Americans felt ties of culture and language to Britain
and sympathized with France as another democracy.
• In early 1917, the British intercepted a telegram sent by
German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman. It revealed
that, in exchange for Mexican support, Germany had
offered to help Mexico reconquer New Mexico, Texas, and
Arizona.

85. http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/wh_modern05/secured/resources/applications/
ebook/swf/animations/whs05_029_852.html

86. Steps to War!
1. The Lusitania is sunk! (1915)
2. Zimmerman Telegram discovered (1917)
3. Sussex pledge broken—unrestricted
submarine warfare is back!
4. Lenin freed from German jail, goes back to
Russia, and the Russians desert the Allies
for their Revolution.
5. We declare war on Germany/The Central
Powers on April 2, 1917.

87. Propaganda and Rationing
Food Management/Distribution
Can-do McAdoo, Herbert Hoover,
George Creel, & Bernard Baruch
Everything was all about Liberty!

88. Propaganda—Plain & Simple
British soldiers
are Tommies;
Germans are
Fritz or Krauts; &
we’re the Yanks
Our soldiers will be called “doughboys” in this war; GI’s will be in WWII.

89. James Montgomery Flagg

90. Liberty Pups and Victory Gardens

92. Bonds are
loans
to the
government
to help them
pay
for the war.
We call
them
US Savings
bonds
now.

93. The Zimmerman Telegram
• The German ambassador
Zimmerman telegraphs the
Mexican ambassador with
a proposition. The British
intercept it and decode it
for US.
• The Kaiser is offering
Mexico choice parts of the
US (CA, TX, NM) if they
attack US and keep US off
balance during The Great
War.
• This angers US so much
that we will join the Allies
against Germany.

94. • It is unrestricted
U-boat activity
in the North
Atlantic that
makes US
finally ditch
Isolationism &
join the war.

95. Jeanette Rankin
Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11,
1880 – May 18, 1973) was the first
woman to be elected to the United
States House of Representatives and
the first female member of the
Congress sometimes referred to as the
Lady of the House.
A lifelong pacifist and feminist, she voted
against the entry of the United States into
both World War I and World War II, the
only member of Congress to vote against
the latter.
To date, she is the only woman to be
elected to Congress from Montana.

96. The Great War/ Facts / Statistics
Dates: 1917-1918
World War I Troops: 4,734,991
Deaths: 116,516
• Americans reluctantly entered Europe’s “Great War” and tipped the balance
to Allied victory. In part the nation was responding to threats to its own
economic and diplomatic interests. But it also wanted, in the words of
President Woodrow Wilson, to “make the world safe for democracy.”
The United States emerged from the war a significant, but reluctant,
world power.
• The Yanks Are Coming!
• Under unprecedented government direction, American industry mobilized to
produce weapons, equipment, munitions, and supplies. Nearly one million
women joined the workforce. Hundreds of thousands of African
Americans from the South migrated north to work in factories.
• Two million Americans volunteered for the army, and nearly three million
were drafted. More than 350,000 African Americans served, in segregated
units. For the first time, women were in the ranks, nearly 13,000 in the navy
as Yeoman (F) (for female) and in the marines. More than 20,000 women
served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps.
• The first contingent of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF),
commanded by General John J. Pershing reached France in June, but it
took time to assemble, train, and equip a fighting force. By spring 1918, the
AEF was ready, first blunting a German offensive at Belleau Wood.

97. The Great War was without precedent ... never had so many
nations taken up arms at a single time. Never had the battlefield
been so vast… never had the fighting been so gruesome..."
•
The World War of 1914-18 - The Great War, as contemporaries called it -- was the
first man-made catastrophe of the 20th century. Historians can easily identify the
literal "smoking gun" that set the War in motion: a revolver used by a Serbian
nationalist to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir apparent to the Austro-
Hungarian throne) in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
But scholars are still debating the underlying causes. Was it the desire for
greater empire, wealth and territory? A massive arms race? The series of
treaties which ensured that once one power went to war, all of Europe would
quickly follow? Was it social turmoil and changing artistic sensibilities
brought about by the Industrial Revolution? Or was it simply a
miscalculation by rulers and generals in power? The answer provided in "The
Great War and The Shaping of the 20th Century" is that all of these volatile
elements combined to set off a gigantic explosion we now know as World War I.
"World War I marked the first use of chemical weapons, the first
mass bombardment of civilians from the sky, and the century's first
genocide..."
•
True to the military alliances, Europe's powers quickly drew up sides after the assassination.
The allies -- chiefly Russia, France and Britain -- were pitted against the Central Powers --
primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Eventually, the War spread beyond Europe
as the warring continent turned to its colonies and friends for help. This included the United
States, which joined the War in 1917 when President Woodrow Wilson called on
Americans to "make the world safe for democracy."

98. Manfred
Albrecht
Freiherr von
Richthofen
As a young cadet Manfred von Richthofen climbed a church steeple at Wahlstatt
and tied his handkerchief to its lighting rod, just for fun. He loved risk. He came
from a wealthy Junker family and in his youth enjoyed hunting and riding horses.
When the war broke out Manfred was a cavalry officer and saw duty on both the
Eastern and Western fronts scouting for the German Army. By May of 1915 he
was bored with scouting and asked to be transferred to the Flying service.
On September 17, 1916, Richthofen recorded his first aerial combat victory.
Before his career was over he shot down eighty allied aircraft and was the leading
ace of the war. As his success increased so did his popularity with the German
people. He was showered with military decorations and treated like a hero by the
Germans. His flaming red Fokker airplane became infamous to the troops in the
trenches. In the air he embodied deadly grace and his experience as a hunter
helped him as a pilot. By 1918 he had become such a legend that it was feared
that his death would be a blow to the morale of the German people. His superiors
asked him to retire, but he refused as long as there were still troops in the
trenches. He began to get more depressed and the emotional weight of being
responsible for so many deaths began to press on him. On April 21, 1918, his
career ended when he was shot down over enemy lines by Roy Brown of Canada.
His opponents had so much respect for the noble flyer, that he was given a hero’s
funeral.

99. Curse you, Red Baron!
Snoopy, the WWI flying
Ace in his Sopwith Camel
Who put the fatal bullet into the Red Baron as he
closed in on Canadian Wilfrid May along the Somme
River on April 21, 1918? Theories abound. Most
folks believe that Canadian Roy Brown got him.
Various Allied gunners on the ground
claimed to have shot the Baron down. To
whom that honor truly belongs will likely
never be known.

100. Over There, Over There
• The Americans entered a war that was deadlocked. Opposing armies were
dug in, facing each other in trenches that ran nearly 500 miles across
northern France—the notorious western front. Almost three years of horrific
fighting resulted in huge losses, but no discernable advantage for either side.
• American involvement in the war was decisive. Within eighteen months, the
sheer number of American “doughboys” added to the lines ended more than
three years of stalemate. Germany agreed to an armistice on November 11,
1918.
• Machine guns, poison gas, and a variety of other weapons killed tens of
thousands on both sides, but far more troops died under the rain of artillery
shells. The dead—often just parts of bodies—were carried back from the
front lines. Frequently, an American ambulance driver noted, “there wasn’t
anything left to bring.”
• Two million men in the American Expeditionary Force went to France. Some
1,261 combat veterans—and their commander, General Pershing—were
awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the nation’s second-highest award
for extraordinary heroism. Sixty-nine American civilians also received the
award.

101. “Over there, over
there”
“Over there, over there,
Send the word, send the word over
there,
That the Yanks are coming,
The Yanks are coming…
We’ll be over, we’re coming over,
And we won’t come back till it’s over
Over there.”
—George M. Cohan, from the song
“Over There,” written in 1917
On April 6, 1917, the United States
declared war on Germany.
A young woman bids farewell to her sweetheart

102. Mademoiselle from
Armentieres
|: Mademoiselle from Armentieres, 5 . |: Mademoiselle from gay Paree "Parley
or Three German Officers crossed the Rhine
Parlez-vous, :| voo"
Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Mademoiselle from gay Paree "Parley voo"
She hasn't been kissed for forty years, Mademoiselle from gay Paree
Chorus: You certainly did play heck with me
Hinky-dinky parlez-vous. Chorus:
2. |: Oh, Mademoiselle from Armentieres, 6. |: Oh, Mademoiselle from Armentieres,
Parlez-vous :| Parlez-vous :|
She got the palm and the croix de guerre, The cooties rambled through her hair;
For washin' soldiers' underwear, She whispered sweetly "C'est la guerre."
Chorus: Chorus:
3. |: The Colonel got the Croix de Guerre, 7. |: Oh, Mademoiselle from Armentieres,
Parlez-vous :| Parlez-vous :|
The Colonel got the Croix de Guerre, She'll do it for wine, she'll do it for rum,
The son-of-a-gun was never there! And sometimes for chocolate or chewing gum!
Chorus: Chorus: 8. |: Oh, Mademoiselle from
Armentieres,
4. |: Oh, Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parlez-vous :|
Parlez-vous :| You might forget the gas and shells
You didn't have to know her long, But you'll nev'r forget the Mademoiselles!
To know the reason men go wrong! Chorus:
Chorus: 9. |: Oh, Mademoiselle from Armentieres,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZNAoYsgSYY Parlez-vous :|
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Db5uGDcG0Rw Where are the girls who used to swarm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6k9XZB6O26w About me in my uniform?

103. In 1917, The United States declared war on
Campaign Germany.
to Victory
By 1918, about two million American soldiers had
joined the Allies on the Western Front.
“LaFayette,
we are here!” The Germans launched a huge offensive, pushing
the Allies back.
The Allies launched a counteroffensive, driving
German forces back across France and Germany.
Germany sought an armistice, or agreement to end
fighting, with the Allies. On November 11, 1918, the
war ended.

104. American Troops
“Over There”
The arrival of fresh
American troops in
Europe throughout 1918
helped turn the tide of the
war in favor of the Allies.
Recruitment posters, like
the one above, inspired
soldiers to enlist.
How was the experience
of American soldiers
different from that of
other Allied soldiers?

105. Sergeant Alvin C. York
York, 1919, • Born Alvin Cullum York, December 13, 1887, in Pall Mall,
in the Argonne Tennessee.
• His life was turned around by a woman, Gracie Williams, who
convinced him to give up his worldly ways and go to church.
Formed long held and firm religious beliefs as a result.
• Drafted in 1917.
• Impressed the regular army officers with his ability to use a gun.
Shot accurately at ranges of 200, 300 and 500 yards. Struggled
with the moral issue of killing human beings, and refused to shoot
at human silhouettes (targets).
• At the battle of the Argonne Forest in the fall of 1918, as a
member of the 82nd division, he killed 25 Germans, knocked
out 35 machine guns, and captured 132 prisoners almost
single-handed.
• Received the French Medaille Militaire and Croix de Guerre, the
1887-1964 Italian Croce de Guerra and the American Medal of Honor.
• Came home to the adulation of the American people, married
Gracie Williams, and died in Nashville, Tenn. on September 2, 1964
after having a cerebral hemorrhage.

106. • "Sir, I am doing wrong. Practicing to
kill people is against my religion."
York, speaking of target practice at
human silhouettes.
• "What you did was the greatest thing
accomplished by any private soldier
of all the armies of Europe."
Field Marshall Ferdinand Foch, on
York's feat in the Argonne.
• "This uniform ain't for sale."
York, on demands for his
endorsement.
• "It's over; let's just forget about it."
York's modesty about the event that
brought him the Medal of Honor.

107. Edward "Eddie"
Vernon
Rickenbacker
1890-1973
• The son of Swiss immigrants, Rickenbacker was the
American "Ace of Aces." He recorded 26 official
victories against German aircraft during World War I
and was awarded the Medal of Honor. Between WWI
and WWII, Rickenbacker bought and administered the
Indianapolis Speedway and became president of
Eastern Airlines. In October 1942, he was aboard a
B-17 bomber that crashed in the Pacific Ocean while
on a secret mission to New Guinea. "Iron Man Eddie"
and six companions survived 24 days afloat on life
rafts.
In 1995, the United States Postal Service issued a
postage stamp in honor of Rickenbacker's
accomplishments as an aviation pioneer.

108. Edward V. Rickenbacker
• Distinguished Service Cross (DSC)
• "For extraordinary heroism in action near Montsec,
France, 29 April 1918. Lt. Rickenbacker attacked an
enemy Albatross monoplane and after a vigorous
fight, in which he followed his foe into German
territory, he succeeded in shooting it down near
Vigneulles-les-Hatten-Chatel." DSC citation
• Medal of Honor
• "Edward V. Rickenbacker, Colonel, specialist
reserve, then first lieutenant, 94th Aero Squadron,
Air Service, American Expeditionary Forces. For
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and
beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy
near Billy, France, 25 September 1918. While on a
voluntary patrol over the lines Lieutenant.
Rickenbacker attacked seven enemy planes (five
type Fokker protecting two type Halberstadt
photographic planes). Disregarding the odds against
him he dived on them and shot down one of the
Fokkers out of control. He then attacked one of the
Halberstadts and sent it down also..." Medal of
Honor citation, awarded 6 November 1930

109. • World War I
- More than 400,000
African-American troops
fight against the
Germans.
* 6,000 of the 8,000
American Indians who
fought were volunteers.

110. The Battle of Henry Johnson
(1897-1929)
• Henry Johnson’s claim to fame was his
remarkable performance during WWI in
France. Johnson, born in 1897 in Winston-
Salem, North Carolina, moved to Albany,
New York with his family when he was still
a child. At the age of 20, Johnson worked
as a “Red-cap” porter at the Albany train
station. On June 5th of that ear, however,
he signed up to fight in World War I and
was eventually assigned to the all-black
New York 369th Infantry Regiment better
known as the “Harlem Hellfighters.”
• Nearly four months into his Army
enlistment, Johnson married Georgia Edna
Jackson of Great Barrington,
Massachusetts on September 17, 1917.

111. • Johnson and the other troops were trained in segregated
Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina. Due to racial
tensions between the black soldiers and the local red
necks, Johnson’s regiment was shipped over to Europe
earlier than others. They were attached to French units
despite Black Jack Pershing’s order. (The French were
not prejudiced along color lines.)
• On January 1, 1918, the unit arrived in Brest, France
and at first used as laborers and stevedores. By mid-
March the 369th was sent to the front and attached to
the 16th Division of the French Army.

112. • In 1923, he and his wife divorced. Denied work and
without a pension, Johnson became an alcoholic and died
in poverty and alone at the age of 32 in New York City on
July 2, 1929.
• He was, however, buried with full military honors in the
Arlington National Cemetery just outside Washington, D.C.
• On July 25, 1996 the U.S. Army awarded posthumously
awarded Johnson a Purple Heart for his battle wounds.
Six years later on March 19, 2002, he was awarded the
Distinguished Service Cross for bravery.

113. • On May 1, 1918, Johnson was promoted to sergeant.
Fourteen days later, on the night of May 14, Henry
Johnson and Needham Roberts were assigned to
sentry duty at a bridge held by American forces.
• They were ambushed by a 20 man German Army
raiding party. Although Roberts was taken prisoner,
Johnson killed four German soldiers in hand-to-hand
combat, wounded twenty others and rescued Roberts.
• His heroic stubborn defense of the bridge sent the
other German soldiers into retreat. After this skirmish
which was soon dubbed the Battle of Henry Johnson,”
it was discovered that the sergeant was wounded 21
times. He was treated in a French hospital for bayonet
wounds in the back, stabs on the left arm and knife
cuts on the face and lips. Johnson was awarded the
Croix de Guerre, France’s highest military honor,
becoming the first enlisted American soldier to win the
medal.

114. • Johnson went home a
hero of World War I.
• Discharged on February
14, 1919, he and the 369th
received a tumultuous
welcome when they
paraded up New York
City’s Fifth Avenue to
Harlem. Johnson was
personally greeted by New
York Governor Alfred E.
Smith and other officials
when his train arrived in
Albany. Despite the hero’s welcome which
included discussions of a movie
contract and proposals to name a
street after him, Johnson, who was
permanently disabled by his wounds,
was never able to fully support
himself in post-World War I America.

115. The extraordinary valor of the 369th
earned them fame in Europe and
America. Newspapers headlined
the feats of Corporal Henry
Johnson and Private Needham
Roberts. In May 1918 they were
defending an isolated lookout post
on the Western Front, when they
were attacked by a German unit.
Though wounded, they refused to
surrender, fighting on with whatever
weapons were at hand. They were the first Americans awarded
the Croix de Guerre, and they were not
the only Harlem Hellfighters to win
awards; 171 of its officers and men
received individual medals and the unit
received a Croix de Guerre for taking
Sechault.
Henry Johnson (left) and Needham Roberts
(NARA photo)

116. Henry Johnson
More than 83 years later, and following a campaign of several
369th Infantry years, the US Army has agreed to posthumously award Johnson
Awarded DSC the country's second-highest medal, the Distinguished Service
Cross. Now senators Hillary Clinton and Charles Schumer have
14 Feb 2003 proposed legislation to enable Johnson to receive the ultimate
recognition of his service, the Medal of Honor - and in doing so
have focused fresh attention on a largely unrecognized episode in
American military and racial history.
The 369th Regiment from New York - the "Harlem Hellfighters" -
were not conscripts. They were black soldiers who chose to sign up,
despite the US military's insistence that they would not be permitted
to fight alongside white troops. Mostly low-paid laborers in
Manhattan's service sector - waiters, doormen, messengers - they
were sent to South Carolina, a particularly racist state even by the
standards of the time, for rudimentary training using wooden sticks
for guns. Eventually, the army - facing a manpower crisis on the
European frontline - reluctantly allowed them to fight. To avoid
breaching segregation rules, they had them placed under the
command of the French.
"The French were horrified by the segregation, and by all these
directives that came from the American high command instructing
them not to praise the black troops, not to socialize with or speak to
black officers outside of the line of duty," says Gail Buckley, author
of American Patriots, a study of African-Americans in war. "The
French command apparently ordered [General John] Pershing's
directives to be burned."

117. • And the Hellfighters did return to something like a heroes' welcome. They had not
been permitted to march in the farewell parade before their departure, but now they
were at the helm of a tickertape parade that swept up Fifth Avenue into Harlem.
But it was not to last. It was the summer of 1919, and the Ku Klux Klan was on the
rise. The Harlem Hellfighters received no official American honors except the
standard Purple Heart - "just a recognition that he'd been wounded", says Herman
Johnson. "In spite of what some people may think of black people, we've fought in
every war this country's ever had... It's a classic example of racism in our country."
"For this American hero to be denied his due honors simply due to the color of his
skin is a tragic yet blatant reminder of the rampant racism that existed in this nation
during the first world war," said New York governor George Pataki recently. "The
time is now to right this eight decades-long injustice, and finally recognize the valor,
patriotism and grit of a man who was both a great New Yorker and an exemplary
American soldier."
Now, says John Howe, the Distinguished Service Cross "means the fable of Henry
Johnson is no longer a fable. It's not the award he deserves, but it makes him an
official part of American history. It makes him a real American hero. He's not just a
legend any more."
Herman Johnson holds Sunday the
Distinguished Service Cross awarded
posthumously to his father, Sergeant
Henry Johnson.
John Howe, left, was a key fighter for
recognition of Henry Johnson's
heroism.

118. Broken Promises & Broken
Dreams
We return
We return from fighting.
We return fighting.
-W.E.B. DuBois, after WWI
The world was perhaps not safe for democracy,
but hypocrisy was on the run.

121. Total Killed Prisoners Total Casualties %
Countries Wounded
Mobilized & Died & Missing Casualties of Mobilized
Allied Powers
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3
British
8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
Empire
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2
Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7
Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3
Central Powers
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

122. Cost in Dollars in
Celebrating the Central Powers 1914-18
Armistice
Germany 37,775,000,000
Around the globe,
crowds celebrated the Austria-Hungary 20,622,960,000
end of the war. Here, Turkey 1,430,000,000
British and American
soldiers and civilians Bulgaria 815,200,000
wave the American and
French flags in relief Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000
and jubilation.

123. Deaths Wounded
in Battle in Battle
Allies
France 1,357,800 4,266,000
British Empire 908,371 2,090,212
Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000
Italy 462,391 953,886
United States 50,585 205,690
Others 502,421 342,585
Central Powers
Germany 1,808,546 4,247,143
Austria-Hungary 922,500 3,620,000
Ottoman Empire 325,000 400,000

125. The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference. Lloyd George,
Vittorio Orlando, George Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson
from Britain, Italy, France and the United States, respectively.
The 11th day of the 11th
month, on the 11th hour of
1918, the war ends as
The Armistice was signed in a railroad car
Germany and Allies sign an
to cease "The War to End All Wars". A
Armistice.
bold, and later on, a false claim. That very
same railroad car was the scene of the
surrender of France to Germany in WWII.

126. At eleven o'clock on the
eleventh day of the
eleventh month of
1918, the war ends as
Germany and Allies
sign an Armistice.
It’s taken a bit longer than expected, but WWI is officially over. I know what you’re
thinking; didn’t the first World War end in 1919 when Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
the others sign the Treaty of Versailles with the US, British, and French in that train
car? Well yes and no. The hostilities officially ended, but as part of the armistice, the
Germans had to pay reparations to the French, British, and Americans for their actions
during the war. Germany, with a last payment of $94 million dollars (or 59.5
million pounds) officially paid off WWI as of 9/29/2010!

127. Woodrow Wilson
In 1916 Wilson ran on the slogan," he kept us out of war," and narrowly
defeated Supreme Court Justice Charles Even Hughes. Wilson managed to
keep America out of the war until it was clear that Germany's submarine warfare
would continue to claim American civilian lives. During the 976 days of neutrality
Wilson repeatedly tried to negotiate for an end to the fighting, and called on all
those involved to accept peace without victory. Facing the imminent defeat of
France, and seeing no end to Germany's attacks on civilian shipping, Wilson
asked Congress to declare war on Germany 2-Apr-1917. Neutrality had ended,
the nation was at war.
United States Involvement in WW1
Wilson continued to work for an end to the fighting while mobilizing the nation
for war. American forces led by General Pershing made a significant addition to
the allied fighting force in both numbers and morale. When America entered the
war France was on the verge of collapse. Within months the Germans agreed to
an armistice based on Wilson's 14 points. It was clear that they could not
continue.
The Versailles Peace Conference
"Punitive damages, the dismemberment of empire we deem childish
and in the end less than futile"
Wilson became the first President to leave the country while in office when he left for
France aboard the S.S. George Washington 4-Dec-1918. Wherever he went in Europe huge
crowds gathered to cheer him on. His 14 points were very popular and the common people saw
him as the savior of France, and the greatest hope for world peace. His efforts, for the most part,
would end in vain. British Prime Minister Lloyd George and French Prime Minister Georges
Clemenceau resisted most of his ideas. To them the goal was to punish Germany to the
extent that it could never make war again. They both were very conscious of the revengeful
attitude of constituents, and would not budge. Wilson, through much effort, did manage to
prevent some of the more extreme punishments against Germany, and convinced the allies that
a League of Nations was necessary. With these small victories in hand Wilson headed home.

128. 1. There should be no secret alliances between countries
Wilson’s
2. Freedom of the seas in peace and war 14 Points
3. The reduction of trade barriers among nations
4. The general reduction of armaments
5. The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as
of the colonial powers
6. The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the
society of nations
7. The restoration of Belgian territories in Germany
8. The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine
9. The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of
nationality
10. Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
11. The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia
12. Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all
nations through the Dardanelles
13. Independence for Poland, including access to the sea
14. A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence
and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike."

129. 4
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, a
list of his terms for resolving World War I and future wars.
He called for:
• freedom of the seas
• free trade
• large-scale reductions of arms
• an end to secret treaties
• self-determination, or the right of people to choose their
own form of government, for Eastern Europe
• the creation of a “general association of nations” to keep
the peace in the future –The League of Nations

130. We refuse to ratify the Treaty of
Versailles
• Wilson ruins his health trying to get support for his League of Nations
and the Treaty ratification, but his health fails—and then so does he.
US signs a separate peace with Germany, and does not join the League
of Nations, therefore dooming it to failure and another World War…
We, the people, are
the BOSS.
Congress refuses to
join the League of
Nations and signs a
separate peace.
The American people
do not override the
decision.

131. • Wilson could not convince people at home that it was time for America to
join the World Community. America had stepped back into isolationism, and
would not be budged. The Congress was in Republican hands and was
generally uncooperative with Wilson. Led by Wilson's longtime adversary
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republicans insisted that certain parts of
the League be altered. Wilson refused to make even the smallest
concessions, fearing it would make it impotent. The Senate would not agree
to the treaty so Wilson entered the final chapter of his relatively short
political story. He decided to take the matter directly to the public.
• His doctor warned him not to go. His wife begged him to reconsider. Wilson
was determined and would not be turned back. The Senate would not listen
to him, so he hoped to convince the public through an extensive speaking
tour, and thus pressure the Senate into ratifying the treaty. The tour started
out well. Enthusiastic supporters cheered him at each stop. Victory turned
out to be beyond his grasp. Wilson’s fragile health halted the tour abruptly in
Colorado. . "I don't seem to realize it," he commented to an advisor, "but I
seem to have gone to pieces."
• For the remainder of his administration Wilson was a near invalid. His wife,
Edith Wilson, looked over him carefully and was suspected of making
important decisions for him. His hope was not shattered, but his body was,
and that handicap was insurmountable. Wilson lived on until 1924, but never
fully regained his mental or physical abilities.
• He died with his wife by his side, confident to the end that wrongs would be
righted, and that America's mission would be fulfilled. His last words were
"Edith,(his wife) I'm a broken machine, but I'm ready."

132. Legacy
His influence has been significant. During his tenure there were 3 amendments
to the constitution. The Seventeenth provided for the direct election of
United States Senators.
The Eighteenth prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors. The Nineteenth, guaranteed suffrage for women. His
legislative successes included the Federal Reserve Act, the Clayton Anti-
trust Act, Keating-Owen Child Labor Act, and the Adamson Act which
established the eight-hour work day on railroads. According to Henry
Kissinger, his foreign policy has shaped 20th Century United States policy
like no other.
He was a man known for his principles, drawn from the pages of the Bible and
the doctrine of the Presbyterians. He was an unusual president in that he
had years of thinking and writing the philosophy of government, but little in
the way of political experience. In the end he may be remembered more for
his failure concerning the League of Nations than his progressive reform.
Wilson served in an era before Watergate, and before all of the scandals that
have reduced faith in government to tired cynicism. Wilson was a great man
in an age when people still believed in great men.
Epilogue :
"I can predict with absolute certainty that within another
generation there will be another world war if the nations of the
world do not concert the method by which to prevent it."
Woodrow Wilson, 1919

136. America's last World
War I veteran dies
Frank Buckles lied
about his age to get
into uniform
• MORGANTOWN, West Virginia — Frank
Buckles, the last surviving U.S. veteran of
World War I, has died, February 27, 2011.
He was 110.
• Buckles lied about his age to join the army
at age 16.The Missouri native was among
nearly 5 million Americans who served in
World War I in 1917 and 1918.

141. American Lives Lost:
Cause of
Overseas Domestic Total
Death
Killed in Action 36,926 5 36,931
Died of Wounds 13,628 45 13,673
Died of Accident 2,557 1,946 4,503
Drowned 328 399 727
Committed
296 671 967
Suicide
Murdered 159 159 318
Executed 11 25 36
Other Deaths 131 190 321
Total 54,036 3,440 57,476

142. 5
The Paris Peace Conference
The delegates to the Paris Peace Conference faced many
difficult issues:
• The Allied leaders had different aims.
• The Italians insisted that the Allies honor their secret
agreement to gain Austria-Hungary. Such secret
agreements violated Wilson’s principle of self-
determination.
• Many people who had been ruled by Russia, Austria-
Hungary, or the Ottoman empire now demanded national
states of their own. The territories claimed by these people
often overlapped, so it was impossible to satisfy them all.

143. 5
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty:
• forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war.
• imposed huge reparations upon Germany.
Russia was not included in any negotiations.
The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by:
• limiting the size of the German military,
• returning Alsace and Lorraine to France,
• removing hundreds of miles of territory from Germany,
• stripping Germany of its overseas colonies.
The Germans signed the treaty because they had no choice, but
German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the
international climate for 20 years and lead to an even deadlier world
war. Humiliated, bankrupt, and broken, Germany will vow revenge!

148. Lenin (1870–1924) was the son of a teacher and his wife
who lived in a little town on the Volga River. Vladimir lived
with his parents and five siblings in a rented wing of a
large house. By all accounts it was a happy home.
Vladimir excelled at school and looked up to his older
brother Alexander. But when Vladimir was 16, his father
died. When he was 17, his beloved brother Alexander
was hanged for plotting to kill the tsar.
Still reeling from the death of his brother, Vladimir
enrolled at Kazan University. There he met other
discontented young people. They united to protest the
lack of student freedom in the university. Within three
months, Vladimir was expelled for his part in the
demonstrations. Vladimir
How do you think Lenin’s early life affected his later Ilyich
political ideas?
Lenin

149. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
was a peace treaty signed on March
3, 1918 between the Russian
SFSR and the Central Powers, but
prior to that on February 9, 1918,
the Central Powers signed an
exclusive protectorate treaty with
the Ukrainian People's Republic as
part of the negotiations that took
place in Brest-Litovsk, Minsk
Governorate (now Brest, Belarus)
recognizing the sovereignty of the
republic. Although not formally
annexing the territory of the former
Russian Empire, the
Germany and Austria-
Hungary secured a food supply
support in return for the military
protection.

150. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
• Lenin (1870–1924) was the son of a teacher
and his wife who lived in a little town on the
Volga River. Vladimir lived with his parents and
five siblings in a rented wing of a large house.
By all accounts it was a happy home. Vladimir
excelled at school and looked up to his older
brother Alexander. But when Vladimir was 16,
his father died. When he was 17, his beloved
brother Alexander was hanged for plotting to kill
the tsar.
• Still reeling from the death of his brother,
Vladimir enrolled at Kazan University. There he
met other discontented young people. They
united to protest the lack of student freedom in
the university. Within three months, Vladimir
was expelled for his part in the demonstrations.
• How do you think Lenin’s early life affected
his later political ideas?

152. Rasputin, the
Mad Monk
• During the fateful last evening of Rasputin's life, the conspirators
drugged with poisoned wine (he had taken enough cyanide to kill six
men), poisoned with cyanide in the cakes, shot at point blank range,
beaten, and then dumped in the river. Yet the monk survived all of
these and actually died by drowning when his body, wrapped in a
carpet was thrown into the Moika Canal on the Neva River.
Rasputin's corpse was discovered under the ice of the Neva on
December 19. His hands had been untied and there was water in
his lungs. He died from drowning.

153. Tsar Nicholas
The Last of the of Russia
Romanovs
• The Romanovs
were murdered by
the Bolshevik
guards, machine-
gunned to death,
thus eliminating
the threat of a
counter-coup by
the supporters of
the Czar. Rumors Nicholas II, Olga,
The Last of the persisted that Tatiana, Marie,
Romanovs:
L to R: Olga, Marie, Anastasia had Anastasia, and Alexei
Nicholas II, Alexandra, escaped this fate. (photo taken by
Anastasia, Alexei, Alexandra)
Tatiana

154. Anastasia Lives?
Most persistent was the claim that the Tsar’s youngest daughter,
the Grand Duchess Anastasia, survived. (Anastasia is Greek for
“the woman who rose again.”) Only 17 at the time of the
execution, the Russian report had it that she had not been hit by
bullets (some may have ricocheted off her jewelry) but merely
fainted. She revived moments later in a pool of her family’s blood
and began screaming. At this point she was run through with
many bayonets and bludgeoned to death. This much was
reported and this much was confirmed in recent excavations.
The Anastasia rumors lived, bolstered perhaps by her failure to
die in the initial volley. As early as 1925 Grand Duchess Olga
(the Tsar’s sister) interviewed one Anna Anderson in Berlin.
Anderson was a young woman with a history of mental illness,
and Olga quickly rejected her claim to be Anastasia. Yet just
three years later the first of at least four books was published
claiming Anna Anderson was Anastasia. One, purporting to be a
first-person account, titled I am Anastasia, was even rejected as
a forgery by Anderson herself. Her claim was featured in a 1956
cover article in Life. Over the years additional faux-Anastasias
appeared, many of them interviewed and rejected by Olga, who
died in 1960. The Anastasia mania inspired four films, five plays,
a musical, two ballets, two TV shows, and a 1956 song by Pat
Boone. Ingrid Bergman copped an Oscar for her role in the 1956
eponymously titled movie.

155. Lenin
• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин), original
surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) (April 22 (April 10 (O.S.)), 1870 – January
21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party,
the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of
Leninism.
• "Lenin" was one of his revolutionary pseudonyms. He is believed to have
created it to show his opposition to Georgi Plekhanov who used the
pseudonym Volgin, after the Volga River; Ulyanov picked the Lena which
is longer and flows in the opposite direction. However, there are many
theories on where his name came from and he himself is not known to
have ever stated exactly why he chose it. He is sometimes erroneously
referred to in the West as "Nikolai Lenin", though he has never been
known as such in Russia.
• Lenin was chilling in a German jail until his sudden release. He was put
on a train back to Russia and he fomented a revolution that took Russia
out of The Great War.

156. Key Events in the Russian Revolution
1914–1917 World War I pressures Russia.
March 1917 March Revolution causes tsar to
abdicate; the provisional government takes power.
November 1917 Bolsheviks under Lenin topple
provisional government (November Revolution).

157. 1
Russian Civil War
How did the Communists defeat their
opponents in Russia’s civil war?
Lenin quickly made peace with Germany so that the
Communists could focus all their energy on defeating enemies
at home.
The Communists adopted a policy called “war communism.”
They took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads,
took control of food produced by peasants, and drafted
peasant laborers into military or factory work.
Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force.
When the Allies intervened to support the Whites, the
Communists appealed to nationalism and urged Russians to
drive out the foreigners.

158. Famine in Russia
Years of war took its toll on Russian people, like these
starving families in the Volga region. An American
journalist, accompanying an international relief team in
Russia, described the horrible desolation. In village after
village, he noted, “no one stirred from the little wooden
house…where Russian families were hibernating and
waiting for death.”

162. Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54. His death
set off a power struggle among Communist
leaders. The chief contenders were Trotsky
and Joseph Stalin. Trotsky was a brilliant
Marxist thinker, a skillful speaker, and an
architect of the Bolshevik Revolution. Stalin,
by contrast, was neither a scholar nor an
orator. He was, however, a shrewd political
operator and behind-the-scenes organizer.
Trotsky and Stalin differed on the future of
communism. Trotsky urged support for a
worldwide revolution against capitalism. Stalin,
more cautious, wanted to concentrate on
building socialism at home first.
Eventually, Stalin isolated Trotsky within the
party and stripped him of party membership.
Trotsky fled the country in 1929, but continued
to criticize Stalin. In 1940, a Stalinist agent
murdered Trotsky in Mexico.
Lenin’s embalmed body has
been on public display there
since shortly after his death in
1924.

163. Leon Trotsky was a close friend of Lenin and shared idealistic ideas
about the Communist state. He can be seen with Lenin in both photos.
But Trotsky was deported in1929 and declared “an enemy of the State”, as a
threat to Stalin’s power, so Stalin had Trotsky airbrushed out of the pix.
Many
others
will be
“erased”.
Some
for real!

164. The Case of the
Vanishing
Commissar
Stalin’s enemies just seem to
disappear!
Nikolai Yezhov, chief of the
Soviet secret police
Knew where too many bodies
were buried, so he is made to
vanish.

166. 2
Soviet Foreign Policy
Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued two
very different goals in foreign policy.
As Communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to bring
about the worldwide revolution that Marx had
predicted.
• Lenin formed the Communist International, or Comintern, which
aided revolutionary groups around the world.
As Russians, they wanted to guarantee their nation’s
security by winning the support of other countries.
•The Soviet Union sought to join the League of Nations.
The Comintern’s propaganda against capitalism made
western powers highly suspicious of the Soviet Union.

167. 3
A Totalitarian State
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. In
this form of government, a one-party dictatorship attempts to
regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens.
• To ensure obedience, Stalin used secret police (the
KGB),
censorship, violent purges, and terror.
• The party bombarded the public with relentless
propaganda.
• The Communists replaced religion with their own
ideology.

169. 5
Europe 1914
in 1914
and
1920

170. Europe
5
1920
in 1914
and
1920

171. 1914
1920

172. Widespread Dissatisfaction
5
Eastern Europe remained a center of conflict.
Colonized peoples from Africa to the Middle East and across
Asia were angry that self-determination was not applied to
them.
Italy was angry because it did not get all the lands promised in
a secret treaty with the Allies.
Japan was angry that western nations refused to honor its
claims in China.
Russia resented the reestablishment of a Polish nation and
three Baltic states on lands that had been part of the Russian
empire.

173. 5
World War I: Cause and Effect
Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
Imperialist and economic rivalries among Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and
European powers Herzegovina
European alliance system Fighting in the Balkans
Militarism and arms race Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Nationalist tensions in Balkans German invasion of Belgium
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Enormous cost in lives and money
Russian Revolution Economic impact of war debts on Europe
Creation of new nations in Eastern Europe Emergence of United States and Japan as
important powers
Requirement that Germany pay reparations
Growth of nationalism in colonies
German loss of its overseas colonies
Rise of fascism
Balfour Declaration
World War II
League of Nations

175. How did the poppy become a symbol of
remembrance?
• Flanders is the name of the whole western part of
Belgium. It saw some of the most concentrated
and bloodiest fights at the first world war . There
was complete devastation: buildings, roads, trees
and natural life is simply disappeared. Where
once there were homes and farms, there was now
a sea of mud and graves for the dead where the
men still lived and fought.
• Only one other living thing survived and that was
the poppy ,flowering each year with the coming of
the warm weather brought life, hope, color and
reassurance to those still fighting.
• Poppies on flower thrive in uprooted soil. Their
seeds can lay in the ground for years without
germinating and will only grow after the ground
has been disturbed.

176. In Flanders Fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row
In Flanders
That mark our place; and in the sky Fields
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead.
Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie,
In Flanders Fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders Fields.
John McCrae 1915

177. By 1918 the poem was well known
throughout the allied world. Moina
Michael, an American woman, wrote
these lines in reply.
We cherish too, the Poppy red
That grows on fields where valor
led,
It seems to signal to the skies
That blood of heroes never dies.
She then adopted the custom of wearing
a red poppy in memory of the
sacrifices of war and also as a symbol
of keeping the faith.

178. • Since it began in 1921, the Poppy Appeal has raised over £518m for
war veterans and their families. Poppies will go on sale this
weekend but after the death of the last British World War One
veteran, Sam Wood asks whether the poppy is still relevant
• MY granddad tells me about what it was like to grow up during the war
with the rationing and everything," says 10-year-old Megan Armstrong.
"Soldiers fought and died to save this country and we should remember
that."
• Megan and her classmates at Canning Street Primary School in
Newcastle will be among 40 million people who buy poppies as part of
the Royal British Legion’s annual campaign this year. In the North East
alone 200,000 veterans and their families are eligible for support, and
£10,000 is distributed every week in the region.

179. • But after the death of the last surviving
World War One veteran Harry Patch
earlier this year, questions have been
raised about whether the poppy – a
symbol of the killing fields of the Great
War – is still relevant today.
• Dr Martin Farr, of the School of
Historical Studies at Newcastle
University, said it would be almost
impossible to come up with a symbol as
powerful and simple as the poppy.
He said: "Current conflicts add resonance and make people think. Some
of the images we have seen coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan
have been shocking and that will strengthen the support for the appeal I
would think.
"If you paid an expensive London advertising company top money, they
could not come up with a better symbol than the poppy. It is just so
simple and gets the message across. There are still legs in it even after
the sad death of Harry Patch.

180. • A French woman, Madam Guerin, visiting
the United States, learned of the custom
and took it one step further. When she
returned to France she decided to hand
make the red poppies and sell them to
raise money for the benefit of the
orphaned and destitute women and
children in war-torn areas of France.
• This tradition spread to The United
Kingdom, Canada, The United States and
Australia and is still followed today. The
money collected from the sale of poppies
goes to fund various veterans programs.

183. Causes and
Effects of
World War I

184. Far from the deadliest epidemic.
The Bubonic Plague.
Just mention the name and you will send shivers down the spine of many
people. There is no doubt that this disease was deadly. Deadly and gruesome to
watch.
The death rate was 90% for those exposed to the bacterium. It was transmitted
by the fleas from infected Old English black rats. The symptoms were clear:
swollen lymph nodes (buboes, hence the name), high fever, and delirium. In the
worst case, the lungs became infected and the pneumonic form was spread from
person to person by coughing, sneezing, or simply talking.
From the time of infection to death was less than one week.
There were three major epidemics - in the 6th, 14th, and 17th centuries. The
death toll was 137 million victims. As a result, the plague is considered to be the
worst epidemic of all time, but it wasn't (not that we are downplaying the severity
of the plague).
At its worst, the bubonic plague killed 2 million victims a year.
This is certainly a bad situation, but there is one that is worse.