1. Revolutionary War Part 3 U. S. History Mrs. Rieffel

2. 1777: The War for the North Washington wins the Battle of Princeton (1/3) Washington winters in Morristown, NJ (1/6-5/28) Flag Resolution (flag possibly designed by Hopkinson, likely sewn by Betsy Ross) (6/14) St. Clair surrenders Fort Ticonderoga to the British (7/5) Lafayette arrives in Philadelphia (7/27) British General Howe lands at Head of Elk, Maryland (8/25) British success at the Battle of Brandywine, PA (9/11) Burgoyne checked by Americans under Gates at Freeman's Farm, NY (9/19) The Battle of Saratoga Paoli Massacre, PA (9/21) British under Howe occupy Philadelphia (9/26) Americans driven off at the Battle of Germantown (10/4) Burgoyne loses second battle of Freeman's Farm, NY (at Bemis Heights) (10/7) Burgoyne surrenders to American General Gates at Saratoga, NY (10/17) British capture Fort Mifflin, PA (11/16) Americans repulse British at Whitemarsh, PA (12/5-7) The Winter at Valley Forge, PA (12/19/77-6/19/78)

7. Legend tells us that Betsy Ross designed and created the first American flag consisting of 13 stripes and 13 stars. It was Betsy’s grandson who first told this story. While it is tru e that Betsy was a seamstress and did make flags and banners supporting the Continental Army, there is no concrete evidence that she was petitioned by George Washington to create a flag for the new nation. Historians have not bee n able to find any historical record of the request or meeting. Betsy Griscom Ross

8. 1778: Valley Forge and the French Alliance The French Alliance (2/6) British General William Howe replaced by Henry Clinton (3/7) Von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge Battle of Barren Hill, PA (5/20) Washington fights to a draw at Battle of Monmouth (6/28) George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia, a French village near Detroit (7/4) French and American forces besiege Newport, RI (8/8) British occupy Savannah, GA (12/29)

18. Molly Pitcher Not many women are mentioned during the Revolutionary War. If they are, they are not always titled a "heroine." However, Molly Pitcher broke the trend by not only being a war hero, but also a loyal wife and hard worker. Born to German immigrants on Oct. 13, 1754, the future hero was given the name Mary. In 1769 Mary became a servant to Dr. William Irvine. Later Mary's employer became a colonel and a brigadier general in the colonial army. He also commanded men during the Battle of Monmouth. Leaving her career as a maid, Mary married a soldier by the name of John Casper Hays. When he enlisted in the Colonial artillery in 1775, the couple shadowed one another all the way out into the battlefield. During the cruel Battle of Monmouth, Mary would bring pitchers of water from a nearby creek to the thirsty soldiers. This act of courage and kindness earned Mary the nicknames of "Sergeant" and the more popular name of "Molly Pitcher." Both were good humored and well deserved names. Molly's acts did not stop at the pitcher. When Molly's husband collapsed while manning his cannon, Molly took over for him. This brought attention to Molly from George Washington who complimented her works. Molly's happiness came to an end when her husband died in 1789. Instead of staying a widow Molly married her second husband, George McCauley. However the two were not a happy couple. Her new spouse treated Mary as a servant. It would seem all was lost for Molly Pitcher, but in 1822 the legislator of Pennsylvania awarded Mary with annuity for life to repay her for her acts of kindness. Mary died on January 22, 1832. However, the example she set for those women who think they can't will live on forever. Molly Pitcher was definitely a heroine.

19. Margaret Corbin Revolutionary War (1775 - 1783) During the Revolutionary War, a few courageous females served in combat alongside their husbands. When Fort Washington on Manhattan Island came under attack by the Hessians under British Command on November 16, 1776, Margaret Corbin stood at a cannon beside her husband John and handled ammunition. When he was fatally wounded, she took his place at the cannon until she herself was wounded. After the battle, her comrades took her across the Hudson River to Fort Lee, New Jersey, where she received medical care. On June 29, 1779, the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, the decision-making body of the executive branch, allocated Margaret a $30 stipend "to relieve her present necessities" and recommended that the Board of War give her a pension. Congress received a letter from the Board of War supporting the Executive Council's recommendation. Congress immediately authorized that Margaret receive, for life, one-half of the monthly pay allotted to soldiers and as a one-time allocation, a complete outfit of clothing. . Molly Corbin - Photo of illustration by Herbert Knotel Sources: Archives of the US Army Women's Museum - Photos from personal donation. Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley gained a nickname of "Molly Pitcher" in 1778 by carrying water to the men on the Revolutionary battlefield at Monmouth, New Jersey. As did Margaret Corbin, Mary Hays McCauley replaced her husband, Captain John Hays, when he collapsed at his cannon. Many women who carried water to men on the battlefield were called "Molly Pitchers," a term. At the hands of storytellers after the Revolution, "the name and imagery of "Molly Pitcher" offered a popular and precious symbol of extraordinary female bravery - and marital fidelity - in war." A more recent association is "selfless service" during war. Battle of Monmouth (Associated with Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley) - Photo of a painting by Ferris in 1892.

20. 1779: The War Spreads Militia beat Tories at Kettle Creek, NC (2/14) American George Rogers Clark captures Vincennes on the Wabash in the Western campaign (2/25) Fairfield, CT, burned by British (7/8) Norwalk, CT, burned by British (7/11) American "Mad" Anthony Wayne captures Stony Point, NY (7/15-16) "Light Horse" Harry Lee attacks Paulus Hook, NJ (8/19) John Paul Jones , aboard the Bonhomme Richard , captures British man-of-war Serapis near English coast (9/23) Coldest Winter of the war, Washington at Morristown, NJ

22. GRClark’s battles and victories

24. 1780: The Campaign for the South British capture Charleston, SC (5/12) French troops arrive at Newport, RI, to aid the American cause (7/11) Benedict Arnold's plans to cede West Point to the British discovered (9/25) King's Mountain, SC: battle lasted 65 minutes. American troops led by Isaac Shelby and John Sevier defeated Maj. Patrick Ferguson and one-third of General Cornwallis' army. (10/7) Washington names Nathanael Greene commander of the Southern Army (10/14)

28. 1781: All But Done Mutiny of unpaid Pennsylvania soldiers (1/1) Patriot Morgan overwhelming defeated British Col. Tarleton at Cowpens, SC (1/17) Articles of Confederation adopted (3/2) British win costly victory at Guilford Courthouse, NC (3/15) Cornwallis clashed with Greene at Guilford Courthouse, NC (5/15) Americans recapture Augusta, GA (6/6) "Mad" Anthony Wayne repulsed at Green Springs Farm, VA (7/6) French fleet drove British naval force from Chesapeake Bay (9/15) Cornwallis surrounded on land and sea by Americans and French and surrenders at Yorktown, VA (10/19)

29. JOHN HANSON Discover the amazing truth about our nation's first president . George Washington is revered as the father of our country. He was not, however, our first president. Washington was the first president elected under the Constitution. But the United States existed as a nation for 13 years before the Constitution was enacted, held together by the Articles of Confederation. During this time- John Hanson of Maryland was elected by Congress as the first President of the United States! Hanson only served a year, and is now largely forgotten, but at the time, a colleague wrote to congratulate him on filling "The most important seat in the United States." That letter was signed… George Washington.

31. The following letter was published in the Pennsylvania Journal on December 27, 1775. It was signed by "An American Guesser," recently identified as Benjamin Franklin. Written after the Revolution began but before the Declaration of Independence was signed, it offers a unique glimpse into Franklin's observant mind . The Rattlesnake as a Symbol of America I observed on one of the drums belonging to the marines now raising, there was painted a Rattle-Snake, with this modest motto under it, "Don't tread on me." As I know it is the custom to have some device on the arms of every country, I supposed this may have been intended for the arms of America; and as I have nothing to do with public affairs, and as my time is perfectly my own, in order to divert an idle hour, I sat down to guess what could have been intended by this uncommon device — I took care, however, to consult on this occasion a person who is acquainted with heraldry, from whom I learned, that it is a rule among the learned of that science "That the worthy properties of the animal, in the crest-born, shall be considered," and, "That the base ones cannot have been intended;" he likewise informed me that the ancients considered the serpent as an emblem of wisdom, and in a certain attitude of endless duration — both which circumstances I suppose may have been had in view. Having gained this intelligence, and recollecting that countries are sometimes represented by animals peculiar to them, it occurred to me that the Rattle-Snake is found in no other quarter of the world besides America, and may therefore have been chosen, on that account, to represent her. But then "the worldly properties" of a Snake I judged would be hard to point out. This rather raised than suppressed my curiosity, and having frequently seen the Rattle-Snake, I ran over in my mind every property by which she was distinguished, not only from other animals, but from those of the same genus or class of animals, endeavoring to fix some meaning to each, not wholly inconsistent with common sense.

32. I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness, that of any other animal, and that she has no eyelids. She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance. She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders: She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage. As if anxious to prevent all pretensions of quarreling with her, the weapons with which nature has furnished her, she conceals in the roof of her mouth, so that, to those who are unacquainted with her, she appears to be a most defenseless animal; and even when those weapons are shown and extended for her defense, they appear weak and contemptible; but their wounds however small, are decisive and fatal. Conscious of this, she never wounds 'till she has generously given notice, even to her enemy, and cautioned him against the danger of treading on her. Was I wrong, Sir, in thinking this a strong picture of the temper and conduct of America? The poison of her teeth is the necessary means of digesting her food, and at the same time is certain destruction to her enemies. This may be understood to intimate that those things which are destructive to our enemies, may be to us not only harmless, but absolutely necessary to our existence. I confess I was wholly at a loss what to make of the rattles, 'till I went back and counted them and found them just thirteen, exactly the number of the Colonies united in America; and I recollected too that this was the only part of the Snake which increased in numbers. Perhaps it might be only fancy, but, I conceited the painter had shown a half formed additional rattle, which, I suppose, may have been intended to represent the province of Canada. 'Tis curious and amazing to observe how distinct and independent of each other the rattles of this animal are, and yet how firmly they are united together, so as never to be separated but by breaking them to pieces. One of those rattles singly, is incapable of producing sound, but the ringing of thirteen together, is sufficient to alarm the boldest man living. The Rattlesnake is solitary, and associates with her kind only when it is necessary for their preservation. In winter, the warmth of a number together will preserve their lives, while singly, they would probably perish. The power of fascination attributed to her, by a generous construction, may be understood to mean, that those who consider the liberty and blessings which America affords, and once come over to her, never afterwards leave her, but spend their lives with her. She strongly resembles America in this, that she is beautiful in youth and her beauty increaseth with her age, "her tongue also is blue and forked as the lightning, and her abode is among impenetrable rocks." An American Guesser In a 1784 letter to his daughter, Benjamin Franklin compared the eagle with the turkey as a symbol for America.

36. Lydia Darragh Lydia Darragh shares much in common with Betsy Ross. Both were Quaker woman who supported the war effort and both were read out of their meetings because of that support. The place of both in history is challenged because there is no concrete proof of their stories -- instead, a family member brought each one's memorable act to light. When the British occupied Philadelphia on September 26, 1777, Darragh was a housewife living on Second Street. The home of her neighbor John Cadwalader was occupied by General Howe for use as his headquarters during the occupation. (Cadwalader, a member of the Philadelphia Light Horse, would figure heroically in a skirmish at Whitemarsh.) Shortly after the British arrived, Major John Andre knocked on Darragh's door and ordered her to move out of the house so that it could be used by British officers. Lydia demurred as she had two children to take care of and no place to go. She had already sent her two youngest children to stay with relatives. She decided to visit Lord Howe personally and ask for his permission to remain in her house. On the way, she met a British officer who serendipitously turned out to be a second cousin, Captain Barrington, from Ireland. Due to Barrington's intervention, Darragh was allowed to stay in her home provided she kept a room available for British officers to hold meetings. So it was, on the night of December 2 that her house served as a conference center for top British Officers. The officers listened attentively as Howe fine-tuned his plans for a major offensive against Whitemarsh on the 4th. General Howe, acting on information from his spies, heard that the Americans were moving to a new camp. He wanted to catch the Americans out in the open. Also listening attentively was Lydia Darragh, who had positioned herself in a linen closet abutting the meeting room. Among those at Whitemarsh was Darragh's oldest son, Charles, who was serving with the 2nd Pennsylvania regiment. As the meeting was breaking up, Darragh sneaked back to bed and feigned sleep. Major John Andre knocked on the door at two different intervals, but she did not respond. On his third knock, she opened the door and acknowledged Andre who told her the officers were through with their meeting.

37. Lydia Darragh had two days to warn the Americans at Whitemarsh of the upcoming attack. She concocted a ruse. She went to Howe's headquarters and requested a pass from her cousin to go and get flour at a mill in Frankford. The request itself was not that unusual, as the poor were frequently given passes to purchase goods in the countryside. Darragh set out early on the morning of the 3rd carrying an empty flour sack. She walked several miles through the snow before heading toward the Rising Sun Tavern, which was north of the city. According to her daughter, Ann, shortly before she reached the tavern she ran into Thomas Craig, a member of the Pennsylvania militia and acquaintance of her son Charles. She passed on her news of the British plans to Craig, who promised he would take it to General Washington himself. But Elias Boudinot, Commissary of Prisoners, who was dining at the Rising Sun Tavern, told a different story. "After Dinner, a little poor looking insignificant Old Woman came in & solicited leave to go into the Country to buy some flour -- While we were asking some Questions, she walked up to me and put into my hands a dirty old needle book, with various small pockets in it." Boudinot told the woman to wait for the answer to her request, but she left in the interim. Boudinot poked through the book failing to find anything useful until he got to the last pocket where he "found a piece of paper rolled up into the form of a pipe shank. On unrolling it I found information that General Howe was coming out the next morning with 5,000 men, 13 pieces of cannon, baggage wagons, and 11 boat on wheels. On comparing this with other information, I found it true and immediately rode post to headquarters." Boudinot's telling of the story appears in his private journal. It differs from Ann Darragh's telling of the story in many details, particularly who transferred the message to Washington. Ann's account comes with a kicker, though. It was obvious to the British that the Americans had been well prepared for their attack and further knew when they were coming. Somebody had leaked word and the British were looking for the source. Several suspects were questioned including Lydia Darragh. On December 9th, Major Andre, the spymaster who would recruit Benedict Arnold to the British side, knocked on Darragh's door once more. Andre asked Darragh if anyone had been up on the night of the 2nd. She told Andre that everyone had been asleep early. Andre believed her. He left saying, "One thing is certain the enemy had notice of our coming, were prepared for us, and we marched back like a parcel of fools. The walls must have ears." The Quaker housewife had outwitted the British spymaster.

38. Can you imagine what it must have been like to be a member of the American army on that foggy October morning in 1777? The Annual Battle of Germantown was reenacted on the grounds of Cliveden and Upsala on Saturday, October 1, 2005. Hundreds of colorfully costumed re-enactors took the field on the site of this pivotal Revolutionary War Battle, where Washington's troops fought bravely through dense fog and smoke for hours before they were defeated and withdrew to Valley Forge for healing and regrouping . Battle Reenactments (12 noon and 3 p.m.) Nearly four hundred uniformed troops participate in the recreation of The Battle of Germantown, a pivotal battle of the Philadelphia Campaign of the American Revolution. Follow along with the action as author Tom McGuire provides an entertaining and educational play-by-play. In October, 1777, about 120 British infantrymen barricaded themselves inside a massive stone house on the Germantown Road to fend off an attack from thousands of American forces commanded by George Washington. The British successfully defended the house known as Cliveden for several hours, causing serious American losses while sustaining few casualties themselves. Today, Cliveden's narrated Battle reenactments attract thousands of visitors each year. The Battle of Germantown Reenactment October 1st

39. Deborah Sampson Gannet Deborah Sampson (originally Samson, but history has inserted the "p") was the first women to enlisted in the Revolutionary War. Under the name Robert Shurtleff (also spelled Shirtliff or Shirtlieff), Deborah endured two battle injuries. Her identity remained a secret until it was discovered by a doctor following her second injury. Deborah was honorably discharged from the army.

40. Nancy Morgan Hart is the only woman to have a Georgia county named for her. Hart County, carved from Elbert, Franklin and Wilkes counties in 1853, honors the legendary frontierswoman. Hart was not born in Georgia, nor did she die here, but the daring exploits of this fierce Revolutionary War patriot captured the imagination of her contemporaries and became part of the state’s folklore and history. As befits a legend, Hart is said to be related to pioneer Daniel Boone, Revolutionary War General Daniel Morgan, and by marriage to Senators Henry Clay and Thomas Hart Benton. As also befits a legend, her physical appearance was both dramatic and imposing: red hair, freckles, six feet tall, cross-eyed, and scars of small pox evident on her face. Nephew Thomas Hart Benton described her as muscular and erect at sixty. She was a hard swearer and a sharpshooter who could handle a rifle as well as any man. A mother of eight, her knowledge of frontier medicine made her a sought-after midwife. “ Poor Nancy, she was a honey of a Patriot, but the devil of a wife.” – A Neighbor

41. She was born around 1735 in North Carolina. She married Benjamin Hart and they migrated first to South Carolina, and then to the Georgia back country where they settled along the banks of the Broad River in Wilkes County in 1771. It was a time of civil strife so great as to be called the “War of Extermination,” and most of the women and children were relocated for their safety. Nancy Hart, however, chose to remain with her husband. Her most celebrated escapade occurred while Benjamin Hart was working in fields some distance from their house. Five or six Tories appeared and demanded that she prepare a meal for them. In the course of that preparation she managed to seize their rifles (after getting them tipsy with corn whiskey according to one version) and threatened to shoot the first man who moved. As one advanced on her anyway, she killed him, quickly picked up another gun and wounded another. Hart and his neighbors, who had rushed to the cabin upon being summoned by one of the children, suggested shooting the remaining captives. His wife, however, is reported to have said that shooting was too good for Tories. They were taken to the woods and hanged. A gang of workers grading a railroad bed about half a mile from the site of the Hart cabin discovered what may have been the remains of the hapless fellows when they dug up six skeletons in 1912.

42. “ Poor Nancy, she was a honey of a Patriot, but the devil of a wife.” – A Neighbor Little is known about the early life of Nancy Morgan, but she is believed to have been born in North Carolina. She and her husband, Benjamin Hart, moved first to South Carolina around 1771, and then to Georgia where they settled on the Broad River, near Elberton. During the Revolutionary War the spying and other exploits of Nancy Hart, a fierce patriot, earned her a reputation for combativeness that the neighboring Cherokees named her “Wahatchee,” or “War Woman.” The most famous episode involved varying accounts about a group of Tories who invaded her home. She served food and liquor to catch them off guard, then killed one, wounded another and held the rest at gunpoint until her husband and neighbors arrived. Nancy Hart also lived in Brunswick and Clarke County. In 1853 the newly formed Hart County was named for her. It is the only county in Georgia named for a woman.

43. Phillis Wheatley As a slave, Phillis Wheatley had no rights and few privileges. She was a house slave for Susannah Wheatley who taught her English. Susannah also helped Phillis learn to read and write Latin, literature, and poetry. At the age of fourteen, Phillis wrote the poem "On the Arrival of the Ships of War, and Landing of the Troops." Her poems were collected and published by her friend and mentor, Susannah. Phillis was released from slavery after Susannah’s death. She continued to write poetry about the war, new nation, and African heritage throughout her life. She died at age 31, in 1784. She was also a patriot and admirer of George Washington, about whom she wrote: A crown, a mansion, and a throne that shine, With gold unfading, Washington! be thine.

45. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, October 19th, 1781 John Trumbull

49. General George Washington Resigning his Commission to Congress as Commander in Chief of the Army at Annapolis, Maryland, December 23rd, 1783 John Trumbull

50. 1782 and Beyond Lord North resigned as British Prime Minister (3/20/82) British evacuated Savannah, GA (7/11/82) British sign Articles of Peace (11/30/82) British leave Charleston, SC (12/14/82) Congress ratifies preliminary peace treaty (4/19/83) Treaty of Paris (9/3/83) British troops leave New York (11/25/83) Washington Resigns as Commander (12/23/83) U.S. Constitution ratified (9/17/87)

52. American Flags—not quite Old Glory yet! American ships in New England waters flew a "Liberty Tree" flag in 1775. It shows a green pine tree on a white background. The Continental Navy used this flag upon its inception. The "Grand Union" shown here is also called The "Cambridge Flag." It was flown over Prospect Hill, overlooking Boston, January 1, 1776. In the canton (the square in the corner) are the crosses of Saint Andrew and Saint George, borrowed from the British flag.

53. The "Betsy Ross" flag. According to some sources, this flag was first used in 1777. It was used by the Third Maryland Regiment. There was no official pattern for how the stars were to be arranged. The flag was carried at the Battle of Cowpens, which took place on January 17, 1781, in South Carolina. The actual flag from that battle hangs in the Maryland State House. At the Battle of Bennington in August 1777 were two famous flags. One, shown here, is called the Bennington Flag or the Fillmore Flag. Nathaniel Fillmore took this flag home from the battlefield. The flag was passed down through generations of Fillmores, including Millard, and today it can be seen at Vermont's Bennington Museum.