2. 1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions Latin American Independence Movements
3. Imperialism in the Caribbean and South America, 1898â1917 4 Referred to as Banana Republics
4. 3 Latin American Wars of Independence What caused discontent in Latin America? How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America win independence? How did nations of South America win independence?
5. 3 What Caused Discontent in Latin America? By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule. Peninsulares were those born of Spanish parents in Spain; therefore, they had the most wealth, education, & status. Creoles resented their second-class status. Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power available to whites. Native Americans suffered economic misery under the Spanish. Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed for freedom.
9. 3 Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes European domination of Latin America Spread of Enlightenment ideas American and French revolutions Growth of nationalism in Latin America People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injustices Revolutionary leaders emerge Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Toussaint LâOuverture leads slave revolt in Haiti BolĂvar, San MartĂn, and others lead successful revolts in Latin America Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America Attempts made to rebuild economies 18 separate republics set up Continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments and to gain economic independence
11. Latin American Independence Movements, 18th & 19th C. Wars of Independence In Latin America Many Latin American nations tried a break for freedom while Napoleon was in power in Spain & Portugal
12. Results Caudillos Strong military leaders emerge Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge Dependency theory challenges âModernityâ theory Western European markets determine the product South America dependent upon others buying their one crop Banana Republics United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late 19th and early 20th century Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique put in power by the United States government in conjunction with the CIA and the US business lobby
13. Latin American social classes Peninsulareswere men born in Spain or Portugalwho held highest offices and important military and political positions Creoles were Spaniards born in the Latin American colonies who were officers in army, but not in government and controlled much of the land and business in the colonies. But they deeply resented power of the peninsulares. Mestizos made up the majority of the society because it was mixed European and Indian. They worked as servant to the peninsulares and Creoles and as plantation overseers and farmhands. The Native Americans/Africans were the lowest society group but also the largest. They were not known as citizens but did much labor. Mulatto-European and African mixed ancestry.
14. French colonies: Revolution in Haiti Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean Sea.
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16. There was a high demand of sugar and coffee from the small colony of Haiti
17. 500,000 to 560,000 people living in Haiti in the late 1700s were enslaved or had been
18. Unrest erupted in the early 1790âs when enslaved Africans led by François Toussaint-Louverture revolted by setting fires to plantation homes and fields of sugarcane.
19. Napoleon sent forces in 1802 in order to take control of the colony and successfully captured Toussaint-Louverture and imprisoned him in France until his death in 1803.
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21. Father Miguel Hidalgo was a Mexican priest who was the leader of the Mexican war for Independence. He started the movement of independence in 1810. With his help, the fight for independence lasted for 11 years but Miguel did not see it to the end. He was executed in 1811 because of traitors who sold him out to the Spaniards. Miguel Hidalgo was known as a risk taker with the motto: âWe want a free Mexico;â with this motto, his fight for independence never ended. May 8, 1753Â âJuly 30, 1811
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23. Hidalgoâs goals were political freedom, an end to slavery, and improvements to living conditions for Mexicoâs poor and revolt was the only way to bring change
24. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo gave a stirring address that became known as âel Grito de Doloresâ that called for Mexicans to fight for âIndependence and Liberty.â
29. Gran Colombia, 1820-1830 Bolivarâs vision of a united South America. Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. Short-lived due to dissension amongst various factions. Bolivar resigned in 1828. In 1830, Bolivarâs Gran Colombia divided into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903.
30. Brazil gains Independence Brazil gains independence without the bloodshed because when Napoleonâs French army had invaded Portugal, causing the Portuguese royal family to flee to Brazil. King JoĂŁo transferred his monarchy to Brazil and immediately introduced governmental reforms in Brazil. With the different reforms made by King JoĂŁo, Brazil was a self-governing kingdom without the Portuguese in 1815. In September 1822 Brazil won full independence from Portugal and crowned Dom Pedro as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil. In 1825, Portugal finally recognized Brazilâs independence.
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32. Stable food source is important to growth; building infrastructure is equally importantâschools, roads, hospitalsâŠ
33. In the Colonies the executive branch of the government had the political power.
36. The leaders were well educated but had no experience in the legislative process, and with low literacy rates, the people were slow to get a grip on democratic process.
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38. With the gain of independence came the increase of political conflicts. Liberals called for separation of Church and state, the breakup of large estates, higher taxes on land, public social services, and civilian control of the government. There were liberals than there were the creoles, most of whom were rich landowners, church leaders, and military officers. The decades that followed the wars for independence saw an ongoing struggle for economic strength and social justice.