from The Global City, Northwestern University, Summer 2011, graduate public policy course

1. Crises/Detroit MPPA-DL 452 Session 8 1

3. Circuits: Transnationals, Diasporas

4. Centers: Agglomeration, Sprawl

5. Margins: New Inequalities

6. Ecologies: Sustainability

7. Architectures: A Sense of Place

8. Crises: Globalization in Reverse

9. Frontiers: Looking Ahead2

10. The global crisis The advantage of diversity Voting with their feet In crisis, opportunity? 3

11. 4 “deindustrialization”

12. 5 Source: Accessed at http://tipstrategies.com/posts/notebook/#recovery on 11/16/09

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14. 7 “Never let a serious crisis go to waste.” - Rahm Emanuel

15. If we measure the New Deal by the degree to which it reshaped the nature of American life and left institutional arrangements in place thereafter that made the terms of life different for millions of people, once the economy did re-float after World War II, then it's a tremendous success. And in fact, it's a success on a scale that relatively few, if any, other administrations in the whole course of American history have managed to accomplish. What if, by some miraculous means, Roosevelt and the New Dealers had found the key to re-floating the economy in the Hundred Days, in the spring of 1933, so that by the end of that year or early the following year, 1934, the economy's back to 1928 levels of production, there's full employment again, and everything is going swimmingly? In that scenario, would there have been a New Deal as we know it? I think the answer is probably not. It took this continuing crisis atmosphere in order to give Roosevelt the political maneuvering room to persuade the country to undertake these quite novel initiatives - things like minimum wage legislation, regulation of the securities markets, new labor legislation, the Social Security Act. These are all the products of the sustained crisis of the 1930s. David M. Kennedy, interviewed by PBS; accessed 11/16/09 at http://www.pbs.org/fmc/interviews/kennedy.htm 8

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17. The global crisis The advantage of diversity Voting with their feet In crisis, opportunity? 10

18. The more variety, the more diversity, the more growing and living things in an ecosystem, the more resilient it is to misfortune. It becomes much harder to kill everything off at once. It also produces much more biomass per acre and per the amount of sunlight falling on it than one crop can produce. The same works for an economy, and I don't think it is coincidence. It has the same processes and principles behind it. It is easy to see in a natural ecosystem. But even asettlement or quite a large city like Detroit that specialized very much in one thing can serve as an example. Specialization for an economy is comparable to a one-crop ecosystem for the same reasons. It's vulnerable. And furthermore, it doesn't have the variety of generalities for further development of work. Detroit is an example of this too. Detroit used to be, during the 19th century, a city that was very, very good at developing new products for its own use and for its own people. And even more important than that, for its own industries to use and to export, because the same problems that Detroit or its industries had, other places had too. And if Detroit could solve them, there were automatically export markets for their solutions. If you solve problems and really do it successfully and economically, your exports take care of themselves. Jane Jacobs, interviewed in Government Technology magazine (2003) 11

19. 12 Detroit, 1920

20. 13 Detroit, 2009

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24. 17 Detroit city and suburban population 1900-2000

25. 18 (Detroit) has lost the essential density required to support the economics of any new urban strategy. Jeb Brugmann, Welcome to the Urban Revolution, p. 152

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29. Detroit central city statistics 900,000 population (half of 1950 high of 1.8 million) 82% African-American 1/3 live in poverty 14.8% infant mortality rate 58.2% high school graduation rate 25% of neighborhoods do not have a bank branch 33% decrease in housing stock since 1960 Price of a typical Detroit home: $7,100 In 2008 there were 17,428 violent crimes (including 306 murders) and more than 53,000 property crimes 22

30. The reason why services are so expensive in Detroit is because they're trying to serve a population that is half the size that it once was, but they still have the same land area that they have to cover. So police, for instance, or fire or sanitation, they might be traveling two or three times as far as they would in any other city to get the one or two remaining houses on a block in a devastated neighborhood. The city has to shrink its footprint. It has to come down to half the size than it is now. This has never happened before in America - in American history. But the notion of saying to somebody, look, I know you love your house, I know you love living here - you're the only person on the block, we can't protect you anymore. “Envisioning a Prosperous Future for Detroit,” Daniel Okrent, Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio, 10/1/09 23

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32. The point of “world class” does not seem to be the elimination of crisis or even the improvement in the city’s overall economic efficiency. In the global City, success is often measured, tacitly, through indexes of the incremental advantage gained by one of the City’s major interest groups over numerous others. Jeb Brugmann, Welcome to the Urban Revolution, p. 155 25

33. The global crisis The advantage of diversity Voting with their feet In crisis, opportunity? 26

34. Cities are spatial locations in a globally interdependent system of production and exchange. That global system is in crisis and transition. So the path a city follows in the future will depend upon the niche it comes to occupy in a changing international division of labor. Hill and Feagin, “Detroit and Houston: Two Cities in Global Perspective,” in The Global Cities Reader, p. 155 27

35. Four “niches” for major U.S. cities Coastal giants Talent magnets Regional hubs Challenged cores 28 Source: “Cities, Suburbs and Beyond,” Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (2003)

37. Strong Immigration

38. Employment Centers

39. High Inequality - Income and Educational Attainment

40. Very High Housing Costs

41. Retain and Build Middle Class - Schools, Safety

42. Promote Postsecondary Education, Entrepreneurship

43. Preserve Affordable HousingSource: “Cities, Suburbs and Beyond,” Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (2003) Coastal Giants

45. High Domestic Migration and Immigration

46. “Two Economy” Workforce

47. Rapidly Escalating Housing Costs

48. Balanced Metropolitan Growth

49. Pathways to Colleges & Universities for Workers

50. Metro-wide Affordable Housing Strategies

51. Connect Residents to Income Supports (Tax Credits, Health Insurance)Source: “Cities, Suburbs and Beyond,” Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (2003)

53. Significant Decentralization Metro-Wide and Within City

54. Lower, but Growing Immigration

55. Strong Middle Class

56. High Levels of Work

57. More Affordable Housing

58. Balanced Metropolitan Growth

59. Revitalization Beyond Downtown

60. Regional Employment/Skills Strategies for Low-Wage Workers

61. Move Families Toward Asset-Building, HomeownershipSource: “Cities, Suburbs and Beyond,” Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (2003)

63. Highly Segregated Metros

64. Little to No Immigration

65. Employment Suburbanized

66. Very Low Education Levels; Mostly Low-Wage Workforce

67. Moderately-Priced Housing Out of Reach for Residents

68. Fix Basics – Safety, Vacant Land, Adult/Child Literacy

69. Build on Assets – Location, Sectoral Strengths

70. Create Quality Neighborhoods – Market Housing Affordability

71. Balanced Metropolitan GrowthSource: “Cities, Suburbs and Beyond,” Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (2003)

72. 33 Unemployment Rates, March 2009 “It’s clear that the economic crisis is having uneven impacts on different types of workers and different kinds of communities. Highly educated people and highly educated places are holding up much better than others. “But among the most stable places in the current downturn are college towns. “Using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for March 2009, Martin Prosperity Institute researcher Patrick Adler put together a graph which plots the unemployment rate for various states, major commercial cities, and college towns. Source: Accessed 11/16/09 at http://www.creativeclass.com/creative_class/tag/unemployment/page/2/

73. The global crisis The advantage of diversity Voting with their feet In crisis, opportunity? 34

74. The key thing is to realize that when you have a place that has a skilled workforce that is unemployed, that has more engineers than any other place but Silicon Valley unemployed, that has beautiful houses that can be bought for - as we did, we bought a six-bedroom, three-story house in a very nice neighborhood for $99,000 - when you get into that sort of a circumstance, you are in a position to really remake your economic world. It's an opportunity for people who have entrepreneurial spirit to come in and reinvent Detroit. “Envisioning a Prosperous Future for Detroit,” Daniel Okrent, Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio, 10/1/09 35

75. 36 Source: Downtown Detroit in Focus, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, October 2006

76. Downtown Detroit market study $59,300 average household income in downtown Detroit. 83 percent of new downtown residents have a college degree or better, compared with the national average of 26 percent. Additionally, one-third of new downtown residents have a master's or other professional degree, compared with the national average of 10 percent. Larger population base than currently understood. 6,500 downtown residents; 74,300 residents in downtown and neighborhoods oriented toward downtown. $1.4 billion in annual aggregate income for the residents of downtown and the neighborhoods oriented toward downtown. 80,500 downtown workers, composing 21 percent of the city's total employment. 15 million annual downtown visitors 37 Source: Downtown Detroit in Focus, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, October 2006

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78. Warren Buffett describes his latest deal as “an all-in wager on the economic future of the United States”. On November 3rd his investment firm, Berkshire Hathaway, agreed to buy the 78% it did not already own of Burlington Northern Santa Fe, America’s second-biggest railway operator, in a deal valued at $44 billion. Burlington Northern is well-placed to benefit from the boost that the forthcoming expansion of the Panama Canal is expected to give to the port of Houston, as a gateway for trade between China and America’s heartland. Wal-Mart, the world’s biggest retailer, has already built a huge facility there to manage the transfer from ships to trains of goods on their way to its superstores in Chicago and other cities in the centre of the country. This route will attract far more traffic once ships can take advantage of the expanded canal, which is due to open in 2014. As for Mr. Buffett’s past worries that it is difficult to earn exciting returns in such a capital-intensive business, could he also be betting that America’s government will soon unveil big tax breaks or subsidies for infrastructure investments? “Express from Omaha: America’s most famous investor buys a railway company,” The Economist, 11/5/09 39

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